This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D570 − 22

Standard Test Method for

Water Absorption of Plastics1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D570; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative 3.1 For definitions of terms that appear in this practice
rate of absorption of water by plastics when immersed. This relating to plastics, refer to Terminology D883.
test method is intended to apply to the testing of all types of 3.2 For definitions of terms that appear in this practice
plastics, including cast, hot-molded, and cold-molded resinous relating to quality and statistics (such as precision and bias),
products, and both homogeneous and laminated plastics in rod refer to Terminology E456.
and tube form and in sheets 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) or greater in
thickness. 4. Significance and Use
1.2 The values given in SI units are to be regarded as 4.1 This test method for rate of water absorption has two
standard. The values stated in parentheses are for information chief functions: first, as a guide to the proportion of water
only. absorbed by a material and consequently, in those cases where
NOTE 1—This test method and ISO 62 are technically equivalent when
the relationships between moisture and electrical or mechanical
the test specimen described in 6.2 is used.
properties, dimensions, or appearance have been determined,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the as a guide to the effects of exposure to water or humid
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the conditions on such properties; and second, as a control test on
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- the uniformity of a product. This second function is particu-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- larly applicable to sheet, rod, and tube arms when the test is
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. made on the finished product.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- 4.2 Comparison of water absorption values of various plas-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the tics made on the basis of values obtained in accordance with
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 8.1 and 8.4 have been found useful.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical 4.3 Ideal diffusion of liquids4 into polymers is a function of
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. the square root of immersion time. Time to saturation is
strongly dependent on specimen thickness. For example, Table
2. Referenced Documents 1 shows the time to approximate time saturation for various
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 thickness of nylon-6.
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics 4.4 The moisture content of a plastic is very intimately
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics related to such properties as electrical insulation resistance,
2.2 ISO Standard: dielectric losses, mechanical strength, appearance, and dimen-
ISO 62 Plastics—Determination of Water Absorption3 sions. The effect upon these properties of change in moisture
content due to water absorption depends largely on the type of
exposure (by immersion in water or by exposure to high
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics humidity), shape of the part, and inherent properties of the
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.50 on Durability of Plastics. plastic. With nonhomogeneous materials, such as laminated
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2022. Published September 2022. Originally
approved in 1940. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D570 - 98 (2018).
DOI: 10.1520/D0570-22.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Additional information regarding diffusion of liquids in polymers can be found
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM in the following references: (1) Diffusion, Mass Transfer in Fluid Systems, E. L.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Cussler, Cambridge University Press, 1985, ISBN 0-521-29846-6, (2) Diffusion in
the ASTM website. Polymers, J. Crank and G. S. Park, Academic Press, 1968, and (3) “Permeation,
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., Diffusion, and Sorption of Gases and Vapors,” R. M. Felder and G. S. Huvard, in
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. Methods of Experimental Physics, Vol 16C, 1980, Academic Press.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 D570 − 22
TABLE 1 Time to Saturation for Various Thickness of Nylon-6 cloth. Sawing, machining, and sandpapering operations shall
Thickness, mm
Typical Time to 95 % be slow enough so that the material is not heated appreciably.
Saturation, h
1 100
NOTE 2—If there is any oil on the surface of the specimen when
2 400 received or as a result of machining operations, wash the specimen with
3.2 1 000 a cloth wet with gasoline to remove oil, wipe with a dry cloth, and allow
10 10 000 to stand in air for 2 h to permit evaporation of the gasoline. If gasoline
25 62 000 attacks the plastic, use some suitable solvent or detergent that will
evaporate within the 2-h period.
6.7 The dimensions listed in Table 2 for the various speci-
forms, the rate of water absorption is sometimes known to be mens shall be measured to the nearest 0.025 mm (0.001 in.).
widely different through each edge and surface. Even for Dimensions not listed shall be measured within 0.8 mm
otherwise homogeneous materials, it has been observed to be (60.031 in.).
slightly greater through cut edges than through molded sur-
faces. Consequently, attempts to correlate water absorption 7. Conditioning
with the surface area must generally be limited to closely 7.1 Three specimens shall be conditioned as follows:
related materials and to similarly shaped specimens: For 7.1.1 Specimens of materials whose water-absorption value
materials of widely varying density, relation between water- would be appreciably affected by temperatures in the neigh-
absorption values on a volume as well as a weight basis needs borhood of 110°C (230°F), shall be dried in an oven for 24 h
to be considered. at 50 6 3°C (122 6 5.4°F), cooled in a desiccator, and imme-
5. Apparatus diately weighed to the nearest 0.001 g.
5.1 Balance—An analytical balance capable of reading NOTE 3—If a static charge interferes with the weighing, lightly rub the
surface of the specimens with a grounded conductor.
0.0001 g.
7.1.2 Specimens of materials, such as phenolic laminated
5.2 Oven, capable of maintaining uniform temperatures of
plastics and other products whose water-absorption value has
50 6 3°C (122 6 5.4°F) and of 105 to 110°C (221 to 230°F).
been shown not to be appreciably affected by temperatures up
6. Test Specimen to 110°C (230°F), shall be dried in an oven for 1 h at 105 to
110°C (221 to 230°F).
6.1 The test specimen for molded plastics shall be in the
7.1.3 When data for comparison with absorption values for
form of a disk 50.8 mm (2 in.) in diameter and 3.2 mm
other plastics are desired, the specimens shall be dried in an
(0.125 in.) in thickness. Permissible variations in thickness are
oven for 24 h at 50 6 3°C (122 6 5.4°F), cooled in a
60.18 mm (60.007 in.) for hot-molded and 60.30 mm
desiccator, and immediately weighed to the nearest 0.001 g.
(60.012 in.) for cold-molded or cast materials.
6.2 ISO Standard Specimen—The test specimen for homo- 8. Procedure
geneous plastics shall be 60 by 60 by 1 mm. Tolerance for the 8.1 Twenty-Four Hour Immersion—The conditioned speci-
60-mm dimension is 62 mm and 60.05 mm for the 1-mm mens shall be placed in a container of distilled water main-
thickness. tained at a temperature of 23 6 1°C (73.4 6 1.8°F), and shall
6.3 The test specimen for sheets shall be in the form of a bar rest on edge and be entirely immersed. At the end of 24, +1⁄2,
76.2 mm (3 in.) long by 25.4 mm (1 in.) wide by the thickness −0 h, the specimens shall be removed from the water one at a
of the material. When comparison of absorption values with time, all surface water wiped off with a dry cloth, and weighed
molded plastics is desired, specimens 3.2-mm (0.125-in.) thick to the nearest 0.001 g immediately. If the specimen is 1⁄16 in. or
shall be used. Permissible variations in thickness shall be 0.20 less in thickness, it shall be put in a weighing bottle immedi-
mm (60.008 in.) except for materials which have greater ately after wiping and weighed in the bottle.
standard commercial tolerances. 8.2 Two-Hour Immersion—For all thicknesses of materials
6.4 The test specimen for rods shall be 25.4-mm (1-in.) long having a relatively high rate of absorption, and for thin
for rods 25.4 mm in diameter or under and 12.7-mm (0.50-in.) specimens of other materials which may show a significant
long for larger-diameter rods. The diameter of the specimen weight increase in 2 h, the specimens shall be tested as
shall be the diameter of the finished rod. described in 8.1 except that the time of immersion shall be
6.5 The test specimen for tubes less than 76 mm (3 in.) in reduced to 120 6 4 min.
inside diameter shall be the full section of the tube and
25.4-mm (1-in.) long. For tubes 76 mm (3 in.) or more in inside
diameter, a rectangular specimen shall be cut 76 mm in length TABLE 2 Critical Specimen Dimension Measurements
in the circumferential direction of the tube and 25.4 mm in Type of Dimensions
width lengthwise of the tube. Specimen
Molded disk thickness
6.6 The test specimens for sheets, rods, and tubes shall be Sheet thickness
machined, sawed, or sheared from the sample so as to have Rod length and diameter
Tube inside and outside diameter, and
smooth edges free from cracks. The cut edges shall be made wall thickness
smooth by finishing with No. 0 or finer sandpaper or emery

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 D570 − 22
8.3 Repeated Immersion—A specimen may be weighed to taken as the sum of the increase in weight on immersion and of
the nearest 0.001 g after 2-h immersion, replaced in the water, the weight of the water-soluble matter.
and weighed again after 24 h.
10. Calculation and Report
NOTE 4—In using this test method the amount of water absorbed in 24
h may be less than it would have been had the immersion not been 10.1 The report shall include the values for each specimen
interrupted. and the average for the three specimens as follows:
8.4 Long-Term Immersion—To determine the total water 10.1.1 Dimensions of the specimens before test, measured
absorbed when substantially saturated, the conditioned speci- in accordance with 6.6, and reported to the nearest 0.025 mm
mens shall be tested as described in 8.1 except that at the end (0.001 in.),
of 24 h they shall be removed from the water, wiped free of 10.1.2 Conditioning time and temperature,
surface moisture with a dry cloth, weighed to the nearest 0.001 10.1.3 Immersion procedure used,
g immediately, and then replaced in the water. The weighings 10.1.4 Time of immersion (long-term immersion procedure
shall be repeated at the end of the first week and every two only),
weeks thereafter until the increase in weight per two-week 10.1.5 Percentage increase in weight during immersion,
period, as shown by three consecutive weighings, averages less calculated to the nearest 0.01 % as follows:
than 1 % of the total increase in weight or 5 mg, whichever is wet weight 2 conditioned weight
greater; the specimen shall then be considered substantially Increase in weight, % 5 3 100
conditioned weight
saturated. The difference between the substantially saturated
10.1.6 Percentage of soluble matter lost during immersion,
weight and the dry weight shall be considered as the water
if determined, calculated to the nearest 0.01 % as follows (see
absorbed when substantially saturated.
Note 5):
8.5 Two-Hour Boiling Water Immersion—The conditioned Soluble matter lost, %5
specimens shall be placed in a container of boiling distilled conditioned weight 2 reconditioned weight
water, and shall be supported on edge and be entirely im- conditioned weight
3 100
mersed. At the end of 120 6 4 min, the specimens shall be NOTE 5—When the weight on reconditioning the specimen after
removed from the water and cooled in distilled water main- immersion in water exceeds the conditioned weight prior to immersion,
tained at room temperature. After 15 6 1 min, the specimens report “none” under 10.1.6.
shall be removed from the water, one at a time, all surface 10.1.7 For long-term immersion procedure only, prepare a
water removed with a dry cloth, and the specimens weighed to graph of the increase in weight as a function of the square root
the nearest 0.001 g immediately. If the specimen is 1⁄16 in. or of each immersion time. The initial slope of this graph is
less in thickness, it shall be weighed in a weighing bottle. proportional to the diffusion constant of water in the plastic.
8.6 One-Half-Hour Boiling Water Immersion—For all thick- The plateau region with little or no change in weight as a
nesses of materials having a relatively high rate of absorption function of the square root of immersion time represents the
and for thin specimens of other materials which may show a saturation water content of the plastic.
significant weight increase in 1⁄2 h, the specimens shall be NOTE 6—Deviation from the initial slope and plateau model indicates
tested as described in 8.5, except that the time of immersion that simple diffusion may be a poor model for determining water content.
shall be reduced to 30 6 1 min. In such cases, additional studies are suggested to determine a better model
for water absorption.
8.7 Immersion at 50°C—The conditioned specimens shall
10.1.8 The percentage of water absorbed, which is the sum
be tested as described in 8.5, except that the time and
of the values in 10.1.5 and 10.1.6, and
temperature of immersion shall be 48 6 1 h and 50 6 1°C
10.1.9 Any observations as to warping, cracking, or change
(122.0 6 1.8°F), respectively, and cooling in water before
in appearance of the specimens.
weighing shall be omitted.
8.8 When data for comparison with absorption values for 11. Precision and Bias5
other plastics are desired, the 24-h immersion procedure 11.1 Precision—The 95 % repeatability limit and 95% re-
described in 8.1 and the equilibrium value determined in 8.4 producibility limit have been determined as shown in Table 3.
shall be used.

9. Reconditioning
9.1 When materials are known or suspected to contain any 5
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
appreciable amount of water-soluble ingredients, the be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D20-1064.
specimens, after immersion, shall be weighed, and then recon-
ditioned for the same time and temperature as used in the TABLE 3 Precision and Bias
original drying period. They shall then be cooled in a desicca- Repeatability Reproducibility
tor and immediately reweighed. If the reconditioned weight is Average absorption above 2.33 % 4.89 %
lower than the conditioned weight, the difference shall be 1 % (2 materials)
Average absorption below 9.01 % 16.63 %
considered as water-soluble matter lost during the immersion 0.2 % (1 material)
test. For such materials, the water-absorption value shall be

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 D570 − 22
11.2 Bias—No information is presented on the bias of the 12. Keywords
procedure in Test Method D570 for measuring the percentage 12.1 absorption; immersion; plastics; water
water absorbed because no material having an accepted refer-
ence value is available.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D570 - 98
(2018)) that may impact the use of this standard. (September 1, 2022)

(1) Moved the ISO technical equivalency clause from Speci- (4) Confirmed all cross references and renumbered sections.
men section to a note under the Scope in accordance with D20 (5) Updated Precision and Bias section in accordance with
best practice. Procedure for Modifications of Statistical Terminology and
(2) Added new Section 3 on Terminology in accordance with P&B Statements.
ASTM Form and Style and D20 best practice.
(3) Added table numbers/titles in accordance with ASTM Form
and Style.

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