527 1 2019 - Iso

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 527-1
Third edition
2019-07
Plastics — Determination of tensile

properties —
Part 1:
General principles
Plastiques — Détermination des propriétés en traction —
Partie 1: Principes généraux
Reference number
ISO 527-1:2019(E)
© ISO 2019
Provided by IHS Markit under license with ANSI
ISO 527-1:2019(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context o f its implementation, no part o f this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country o f the requester.
ISO copyright o ffice
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
ISO 527-1:2019(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... v
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
4 Principle and methods ................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
4.1 Principle ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
4.2 Method ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5 Apparatus ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
5.1 Testing machine ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
5.1.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
5.1.2 Test speeds ............................................................................................................................................................................ 7
5.1.3 Grips ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
5.1.4 Force indicator................................................................................................................................................................... 8
5.1.5 Strain indicator.................................................................................................................................................................. 8
5.1.6 Recording of data.......................................................................................................................................................... 10
5.2 Devices for measuring width and thickness of the test specimens ........................................................ 11
6 Test specimens..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
6.1 Shape and dimensions ................................................................................................................................................................... 11
6.2 Preparation of specimens ........................................................................................................................................................... 11
6.3 Gauge marks ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
6.4 Checking the test specimens .................................................................................................................................................... 11
6.5 Anisotropy ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
7 Number of test specimens ....................................................................................................................................................................... 12
8 Conditioning........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
9 Procedure.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
9.1 Test atmosphere ................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
9.2 Dimensions of test specimen ................................................................................................................................................... 13
9.3 Gripping ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
9.4 Prestresses ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
9.5 Setting o f extensometers ............................................................................................................................................................. 14
9.6 Test speed ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
9.7 Recording of data ............................................................................................................................................................................... 15
10 Calculation and expression of results .......................................................................................................................................... 15
10.1 Stress ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
10.2 Strain ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
10.2.1 Strains determined with an extensometer ............................................................................................. 15
10.2.2 Nominal strain ................................................................................................................................................................ 16
10.3 Tensile modulus .................................................................................................................................................................................. 17
10.3.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
10.3.2 Chord slope ........................................................................................................................................................................ 17
10.3.3 Regression slope ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
10.4 Poisson's ratio ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
10.5 Statistical parameters .................................................................................................................................................................... 18
10.6 Significant figures .............................................................................................................................................................................. 18
11 Precision .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
12 Test report................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 18
Annex A (informative) Determination of strain at yield ............................................................................................................... 20
Annex B (informative) Extensometer accuracy for the determination of Poisson's ratio ......................... 23

iii
ISO 5 2 7-1 : 2 01 9(E)
Annex C (normative) Calibration requirements for the determination of the tensile modulus ......... 2 4
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 6
iv
ISO 527-1:2019(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work o f preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters o f
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the di fferent approval criteria needed for the
di fferent types o f ISO documents should be noted. This document was dra fted in accordance with the
editorial rules o f the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some o f the elements o f this document may be the subject o f
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identi fying any or all such patent rights. Details o f
any patent rights identified during the development o f the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is in formation given for the convenience o f users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature o f standards, the meaning o f ISO specific terms and
expressions related to con formity assessment, as well as in formation about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso .org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 2,
Mechanical properties.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 527-1:2012), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— an error in Figure 1 concerning εtM has been removed;
— the inconsistency concerning the accuracy o f the elongation used in the calculation o f the tensile
modulus between 5.1.5.1 , Figure 1 and Annex C has been removed. For gauge lengths L0 ≤ 50 mm,
the accuracy is set to ±1 µm;
— the normative references (see Clause 2) have been updated;
— minor editorial changes have been applied;
— language has been clarified.
A list of all parts in the ISO 527 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso .org/members .html.

v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 527-1:2019(E)
Plastics — Determination of tensile properties —

Part 1:
General principles
1 Scope
1.1 This do cument s p ecifies the general p rincip les fo r determining the tens ile p ro p erties o f p las tics
and p las tic co mp o s ites under defined co nditio ns . S everal di fferent typ es o f tes t s p ecimen are defined to
s uit di fferent typ es o f material which are detailed in s ub s equent p arts o f I S O 5 2 7 .
1.2 The methods are used to investigate the tensile behaviour of the test specimens and for determining
the tens ile s trength, tens ile mo dulus and o ther as p ects o f the tens ile s tres s /s train relatio ns hip under the
co nditio ns defined.
1.3 The metho ds are s electively s uitab le fo r us e with the fo llo wing materials :
— r i g id a nd s em i-r i g id mo u ld i ng , e x tr u s io n a nd c a s t ther mo p l a s tic m ater i a l s , i nclud i ng fi l le d a nd
rei n fo rce d co mp o u nd s i n add i tio n to u n fi l le d typ e s ; r i g id a nd s em i-r i g id ther mo p l a s tic s s he e ts
a nd fi l m s ;
— rigid a nd s em i-rigid thermo s e tti ng mou ld i ng materia l s , i nclud i ng fi l le d a nd rei n force d comp ou nd s;
rigid a nd s em i-rigid thermo s e tti ng she e ts , i nclud i ng lam i nate s;
— fibre -rei n force d thermo s e ts a nd thermoplas tic comp o s ite s i ncorp orati ng un id i re c tiona l or non-
u n id i re c tiona l rei n forcements , s uch as mat, woven fabrics , woven rovi ngs , chopp e d s trand s ,
combi nation and hybrid rei n forcement, rovi ngs a nd m i l le d fibre s; she e t made from pre -i mpregnate d
materials (prepregs);
— thermo tropic l iquid c r ys ta l p olymers .
T he me tho d s a re no t norma l ly s uitable for u s e with rigid cel lu lar materi a l s , for wh ich I S O 19 2 6 i s u s e d,
or for sandwich structures containing cellular materials.

2 Normative references
T he fol lowi ng do c u ments are re ferre d to i n the tex t i n s uch a way th at s ome or a l l o f thei r content
con s titute s re qu i rements o f th i s do c u ment. For date d re ference s , on ly the e d ition cite d appl ie s . For
u ndate d re ference s , the late s t e d ition o f the re ference d do c ument (i nclud i ng a ny amend ments) appl ie s .
I SO 2 91 , Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing

I S O 2 6 02 , Statistical interpretation of test results — Estimation of the mean — Con fidence interval
Metallic materials — Calibration and verification of static uniaxial testing machines — Part 1:
I S O 75 0 0 -1 ,
Tension/compression testing machines — Calibration and verification of the force-measuring system

I S O 9 51 3 : 2 01 2 , Metallic materials — Calibration of extensometer systems used in uniaxial testing
I S O 16 01 2 , Plastics — Determination of linear dimensions of test specimens
ISO 23529 Rubber — General procedures for preparing and conditioning test pieces for physical test methods
,
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 1

ISO 5 2 7-1 : 2 01 9(E)
3 Terms and definitions

For the pu rp o s e s o f th i s do c ument, the fol lowi ng term s and defi nition s apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www.iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www.electropedia .org/
3 .1
gauge length
L 0
initial distance between the gauge marks on the central part of the test specimen
N o te 1 to entr y: I t i s e x pre s s e d i n m i l l i me tre s (m m) .
N o te 2 to entr y: T he va lue s o f the gauge leng th that a re i nd ic ate d for the s p e c i men typ e s i n the d i fferent p a r ts o f
I S O 5 2 7 rep re s ent the m a xi mu m rele va nt gauge leng th .
3.2
thickness
h
smaller initial dimension of the rectangular cross-section in the central part of a test specimen
3.3
width
b
larger initial dimension of the rectangular cross-section in the central part of a test specimen
3 .4
cross-section
A
product of initial width (3.3) and thickn ess (3.2 ) , A = bh , o f a te s t s p e ci men
N o te 1 to entr y: I t i s e x pre s s e d i n s qu a re m i l l i me tre s , (m m

2 ).
3.5
tes t speed
v
rate o f s ep aration o f the grippi ng j aws
N o te 1 to entr y: I t i s e x pre s s e d i n m i l l i me tre s p er m i nute (m m/m i n) .
3 .6
stress
σ
normal force per unit area of the original cross-section (3.4) within the gauge len gth (3.1)
N o te 1 to entr y: I t i s e x pre s s e d i n me gap a s c a l s ( M P a) .
N o te 2 to entr y: I n order to d i fferenti ate from the tr ue s tre s s rel ate d to the ac tu a l c ro s s - s e c tion o f the s p e c i men ,
th i s s tre s s i s fre quentl y c a l le d “en gi ne er i n g s tre s s ”.
2 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

ISO 5 2 7-1 : 2 01 9(E)
3 . 6 .1
stress at yield
σy
stress at the yield strain (3.7.1)
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in megapascals (MPa).
Note 2 to entry: It may be less than the maximum attainable stress (see Figure 1 , curve 2).
3 .6.2
strength
σm
stress at the first local maximum observed during a tensile test
Note 2 to entry: This may also be the stress at which the specimen yields or breaks (see Figure 1).
3 .6. 3
stress at x % strain
σx
stress at which the strain, ε, reaches the specified value x expressed as a percentage
Note 2 to entry: Stress at x % strain may, for example, be use ful i f the stress/strain curve does not exhibit a yield
point (see Figure 1 , curve 4).
3 . 6 .4
stress at break
σb
stress at which the specimen breaks
Note 2 to entry: It is the highest value o f stress on the stress-strain curve directly prior to the separation o f the
specimen, i.e directly prior to the load drop caused by crack initiation.
3 .7
strain
ε
increase in length per unit original length of the gauge
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed as a dimensionless ratio, or as a percentage (%).
3 .7.1
strain at yield
yield strain
εy
first occurrence in a tensile test o f strain increase without a stress increase
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed as a dimensionless ratio, or as a percentage (%).
Note 2 to entry: See Figure 1 , curves (2) and (3).
Note 3 to entry: See Annex A for computer-controlled determination o f the yield strain.

ISO 5 2 7-1 : 2 01 9(E)
3 .7. 2
strain at break
εb
strain at the last recorded data point before the stress (3.6 ) i s re duce d to le s s th an or e qua l to 10 % o f
the strength (3.6.2 f ) i the bre a k o cc u rs prior to yield i ng
N o te 1 to entr y: I t i s e x pre s s e d a s a d i men s ion le s s ratio , o r a s a p ercentage (%) .
N o te 2 to entr y: S e e Figure 1 , c u r ve s (1) a nd (4) .
3 .7. 3
strain at strength
εm
strain at which the strength (3.6.2) is reached
3.8
nominal strain
εt
representation of strain (3.7) calculated from grip displacement and the gripping distance (3.11 ) b y one
of the methods in 10.2.2

N o te 2 to entr y: I t m ay b e c a lc u l ate d either b a s e d o n the gr ip d i s p l acement from the b e gi n n i n g o f the te s t or b a s e d
on the i nc re a s e o f gr ip d i s p l acement b eyond the s tra i n at yield , i f the l atter i s de ter m i ne d with a n e x ten s ome ter
(preferred for multipurpose test specimens).

3 . 8 .1
nominal strain at break
εtb
nominal strain at the last recorded data point before the stress (3.6 ) i s re duce d to le s s th an or e qua l to
strength (3.6.2 f
10 % o f the f ) i the bre a k o cc u rs a ter yield i ng
N o te 2 to entr y: S e e Figure 1 , c u r ve s (2 ) a nd (3 ) .
3.8.2
nominal strain at strength
ε
tm
nominal strain at which the strength (3.6.2) is reached
N o te 2 to entr y: S e e Figure 1 , c u r ve s (2 ) , (3 ) a nd (4) .
3 .9
tensile modulus
modulus of elasticity under tension
Et
slop e o f the s tre s s/s trai n c u r ve σ(ε) i n the i nter va l b e twe en the two s trai n s ε1 = 0 , 0 5 % a nd ε2 = 0,25 %
N o te 1 to entr y: I t i s e x pre s s e d i n me gap a s c a l s ( M P a) .
N o te 2 to entr y: I t m ay b e c a lc u l ate d either a s the chord mo du lu s or a s the s lop e o f a l i ne a r le a s t- s qu a re s
regression line in this interval (see Figure 1 , c u r ve 4) .
N o te 3 to entr y: T h i s de fi n ition do e s no t ap p l y to fi l m s .

ISO 527-1:2019(E)
3.10
Poisson's ratio
µ
negative ratio of the strain change Δεn , i n one o f the two a xe s norma l to the d i re c tion o f ex ten s ion,
to the corresponding strain change Δεl i n the d i re c tion o f ex ten s ion, with i n the l i ne a r p or tion o f the
longitudinal versus normal strain curve

N o te 1 to entr y: I t i s e xpre s s e d a s a d i men s ion le s s ratio .
N o te 2 to entr y: Si nce the l atera l s tra i n ch a n ge Δ ε

n i s a ne gative nu mb er a nd the lon gitud i n a l s tra i n ch a nge Δ ε
l is
p o s itive , the Po i s s on s ratio a s de fi ne d i n 3.10 is a positive number.
3.11
gripping distance
L
initial length of the part of the specimen between the grips
N o te 1 to entr y: I t i s e xpre s s e d i n m i l l i me tre s (m m) .
3.12
rigid plastic
pla s tic that ha s a mo du lu s o f elas ticity i n flexu re (or, i f th at i s no t appl ic able, i n ten s ion) gre ater than
700 MPa under a given set of conditions

3.13
semi-rigid plastic
pla s tic that h as a mo du lu s o f ela s ticity i n flexure (or, i f th at i s no t appl ic able, i n ten s ion) b e twe en 70 M Pa
and 700 MPa under a given set of conditions

ISO 527-1:2019(E)
Key
X strain and/or nominal strain
Y stress
1 Curve (1 ) rep res ents a b rittle material, b reaking witho ut yielding at lo w s trains . Curve (4) rep res ents a s o ft
rub b erlike material b reaking at larger s trains (> 5 0 % ) .
2, 3 Curves (2 ) and (3 ) rep res ent materials that have a yield p o int with (2 ) o r witho ut (3 ) s tres s increas e a fter
yielding. Curves (2 ) and (3 ) are curves “s tres s vs . s train” up to the yield p o int and “s tres s vs . no minal s train”
b eyo nd the yield p o int.
4 Curve (4) may b e either s tres s vs . s train o r s tres s vs . no minal s train dep ending o n equip ment us ed.
Figure 1 — Typical stress/strain curves
4 Principle and methods

4.1 Principle
T he te s t s p e ci men i s e xtende d a long its maj or longitud i na l a xi s at a con s ta nt te s t s p e e d u nti l the
specimen fractures or until the stress (load) or the strain (elongation) reaches some predetermined
va lue . D u ri ng th i s pro ce du re, the lo ad s u s tai ne d b y the s p e c i men a nd the elongation a re me a s ure d .
4.2 Method
4.2.1 The metho ds are ap p lied us ing s p ecimens which may b e either mo ulded to the cho s en dimens io ns
o r machined, cut o r p unched fro m finis hed and s emi- finis hed p ro ducts , s uch as mo uldings , laminates ,
films and extruded o r cas t s heet. The typ es o f tes t s p ecimen and their p rep aratio n are des crib ed in the

ISO 5 2 7-1 : 2 01 9(E)
relevant p art o f I S O 5 2 7 typ ical fo r the material. I n s o me cas es , a multip urp o s e tes t s p ecimen may b e
used. Multipurpose and miniaturized test specimens are described in ISO 20753.
4.2 .2 The metho ds s p eci fy p re ferred dimens io ns fo r the tes t s p ecimens . Tes ts which are carried o ut
o n s p ecimens o f di fferent dimens io ns , o r o n s p ecimens which are p rep ared under di fferent co nditio ns ,
may p ro duce res ults which are no t co mp arab le. O ther facto rs , s uch as the s p eed o f tes ting and the
co nditio ning o f the s p ecimens , can als o influence the res ults . C o ns equently, when co mp arative data are
required, thes e facto rs s hall b e care fully co ntro lled and reco rded.
5 Apparatus
5 .1 Testing machine
5 .1 .1 General
T he m ach i ne s h a l l co mp l y w i th ISO 7500-1 and ISO 9513 , a nd me e t the s p e c i fic atio n s g i ve n i n 5.1.2
to 5.1.6.
5 .1 .2 Test speeds
The tensile-testing machine shall be capable of maintaining the test speeds chosen within the tolerances
Table 1.
s p e ci fie d i n
Table 1 — Recommended test speeds
Tes t s p eed Tolerance
v %
mm/min
0 ,1 2 5
0, 25
0, 5
1 ±20
2
5
10
20
50
100
200 ±10
300
500
5 .1 .3 Grips
Grip s for hold i ng the te s t s p e ci men sh a l l b e attache d to the mach i ne s o th at the maj or a xi s o f the te s t
s p e ci men coi nc ide s with the d i re c tion o f ex ten s ion th rough the centre l i ne o f the grip a s s embly. T he
te s t s p e c i men s ha l l b e held s uch th at s l ip relative to the grippi ng j aws i s prevente d . T he grippi ng s ys tem
sh a l l no t c au s e prematu re frac tu re at the j aws or s qua sh i ng o f the s p e c i men i n the grip s .

ISO 527-1:2019(E)
For the determination of the tensile modulus, it is essential that the strain rate is constant and does not
change, for example, due to motion in the grips. This is important especially i f wedge action grips are used.
NOTE For the prestress, which can be necessary to obtain correct alignment (see 9.3) and specimen seating
and to avoid a toe region at the start o f the stress/strain diagram, see 9.4.
5.1.4 Force indicator

The force measurement system shall comply with class 1 as defined in ISO 7500-1.
5.1.5 Strain indicator
5.1.5.1 Extensometers
Contact extensometers shall comply with ISO 9513, class 1. The accuracy o f this class shall be attained
in the strain range over which measurements are being made. Non-contact extensometers may also be
used, provided they meet the same accuracy requirements.
The extensometer shall be capable o f determining the change in the gauge length o f the test specimen at
any time during the test. It is desirable, but not essential, that the instrument should record this change
automatically. The instrument shall be essentially free o f inertia lag at the specified speed o f testing.
For the determination o f tensile modulus, the instrument shall be capable o f measuring the change in
the gauge length o f the specimen with an accuracy o f 1 % o f the relevant value or better for all gauge
lengths o f 50 mm or higher, corresponding to a requirement o f absolute accuracy o f ±1 μm for a gauge
length o f 50 mm and to ±1,5 μm, in case a gauge length o f 75 mm is used.
For smaller gauge lengths between 20 mm and 50 mm an absolute accuracy o f ±1 μm is su fficient (see
Figure 2 and Annex C .)
NOTE Depending on the gauge length used, the accuracy requirement o f 1 % translates to di fferent absolute
accuracies for the determination o f the elongation within the gauge length. The constant absolute accuracy for
the measurement o f change in gauge length leads to relative accuracies o f 2 % for gauge length 25 mm and o f
2,5 % for gauge length 20 mm (see Figure 2).

ISO 5 2 7-1 : 2 01 9(E)
Figure 2 — Accuracy requirements for extensometers for tensile modulus determination at
different gauge lengths
C om mon ly used op tica l e xten s ome ters re cord the de formation ta ken at one bro ad te s t- s p e ci men
s ur face: In the case o f s uch a s i ngle - s ide d s trai n-te s ti ng me tho d, en s u re that low s trai n s are no t
fa l s i fie d by b end i ng , wh ich may re s u lt from even fai nt m i s a l ign ment and i n itia l wa rp age o f the te s t
s p ec i men, and wh ich generate s s tra i n d i fference s b e twe en opp o s ite s u r face s o f the te s t s p e ci men . I t
is recommended to use strain-measurement methods that average the strains of opposite sides of the
f
te s t s p e c i men . T h i s i s releva nt f f
or ten s i le mo du lu s de term i nation, but le s s s o or me a s u rement o l arger
strains.
5 .1 .5 .2 Strain gauges
Sp ec i men s may a l s o b e i n s tru mente d with longitud i na l s trai n gauge s; the acc urac y o f wh ich s ha l l b e
1 % o f the relevant va lue or b e tter. T h i s corre s p ond s to a s trai n acc urac y o f 2 0 × 10

−6
(20 microstrains)
for the me a s u rement o f the ten s i le mo du lu s . T he gauge s , s u r face prep aration and b ondi ng agents s hou ld
b e cho s en to e xh ibit ade quate p er formance on the s ubj e c t materia l .

ISO 5 2 7-1 : 2 01 9(E)
5 .1 .6 Recording of data
5 .1 .6.1 General
T he data acqu i s ition fre quenc y ne e de d for the re cord i ng o f data (force , s trai n, elongation) s ha l l b e
s u ffic iently h igh i n order to me e t acc urac y re qu i rements .
5 .1 .6.2 Recording of strain data
T he m i n i mum data acqu i s ition fre quenc y fmin , ne e de d for i nte gra l tran s m i s s ion from the s en s or to the
i nd ic ator, c a n then b e c a lc u l ate d as s hown i n Formula (1):

× 0
L
fmin =
v
60 L ⋅ r (1)
where
fmin i s the fre quenc y, e xpre s s e d i n her tz (H z) ;
v i s the te s t s p e e d , e xpre s s e d i n m m/m i n;
L0 / L is the ratio between the gauge length L0 and initial gripping distance L;
r i s the m i n i mu m re s o lutio n, e xpre s s e d i n m i l l i me tre (m m) , o f the s tra i n s ig n a l re qu i re d to
ob tai n acc u rate data . Typic a l ly, it i s ha l f the acc u rac y va lue or b e tter.
T he re cordi ng fre quenc y o f the te s t mach i ne s ha l l b e at le as t e qua l to th i s data rate fmin .

5 .1 .6.3 Recording of force data
T he re qu i re d re cord i ng rate dep end s on the te s t s p e e d, the s trai n range, the acc u rac y and the i n iti a l
grippi ng d i s tance . T he ten s i le mo du lu s , the te s t s p e e d and the grippi ng d i s ta nce de termi ne the ri s e rate
of force . T he ratio o f ri s e rate o f force to the acc u rac y ne e de d de term i ne s the re cord i ng fre quenc y. See
b elow for e xample s .
Ri s e rate o f force i s given b y Formula (2):

Et ⋅ A ⋅ v
F =
60 L (2)
where
i s the ri s e rate o f force ,
F e xpre s s e d i n new ton s p er s e cond (N/s) ;
Et i s the ten s i le mo du lu s , e xpre s s e d i n megap a s c a l s (M Pa) ;
A i s the cro s s - s e c tiona l are a o f the te s t s p e ci men, e xpre s s e d i n s qua re m i l l i me tre s (m m

2 );
v i s the te s t s p e e d, e xpre s s e d i n m i l l i me tre s p er m i nute (m m/m i n) ;
L i s the grippi ng d i s ta nce, expre s s e d i n m i l l i me tre s (m m) .
Us i ng the force d i fference i n the ten s i le mo du lu s range to defi ne acc u rac y re qui rement i n the s a me way
as for the ex ten s ome ter, Formulae (3) to (5) apply, as s u m i ng th at the relevant force i s to b e de termi ne d
to with i n 1 % .

ISO 527-1:2019(E)
Force difference in the tensile modulus determination range:

∆F = E t ⋅ A ⋅ ( ε 2 − ε 1 ) = E t ⋅ A ⋅ ∆ε (3)
Accuracy (hal f o f 1 %):
r = 5 ⋅ 10 −3 ⋅ ∆F = 5 ⋅ 10 −3 ⋅ E t ⋅ A ⋅ ∆ε (4)
Recording frequency:
Et ⋅ A ⋅ v
fforce =
F
= (5)
r E t ⋅ A ⋅ ∆ε ⋅ 60 ⋅ L ⋅ 5 ⋅ 10 −3
EXAMPLE With v = 1 mm/min, Δ ε = 2 × 10 −3 and L = 115 mm, a recording frequency of fforce = 14,5 Hz is found.
5.2 Devices for measuring width and thickness of the test specimens
See ISO 16012 and ISO 23529, where applicable. Use measurement tips/kni fe edges o f such size and
orientation as to allow the precise determination of the dimension in the desired location.
6 Test specimens
6.1 Shape and dimensions
See the part of ISO 527 relevant to the material being tested.
6.2 Preparation of specimens
6.3 Gauge marks
See the appropriate part of ISO 527 for the relevant conditions of the gauge length.
I f optical extensometers are used, especially for thin sheet and film, gauge marks on the specimen may
be necessary to define the gauge length. These shall be equidistant from the midpoint (±1 mm), and the
gauge length shall be measured to an accuracy o f 1 % or better.
Gauge marks shall not be scratched, punched or impressed upon the test specimen in any way that may
damage the material being tested. It shall be ensured that the marking medium has no detrimental
e ffect on the material being tested and that, in the case o f parallel lines, they are as narrow as possible.
Extension o f the gauge marks due to stretching shall not influence the strain measurements.
6.4 Checking the test specimens

Ideally, the specimens should be free o f twist and should have mutually perpendicular pairs o f parallel
sur faces (see NOTE 1, NOTE 2 and Figure 3 ). The sur faces and edges shall be free from de fects that may
influence the test results like scratches, pits, sink marks and flash. Dra ft angles o f up to 2° and sink
marks with a thickness di fference o f Δ h ≤ 0,1 mm are acceptable, as are purely optical e ffects that do
not affect the test result.
The specimens shall be checked for con formity with these requirements by visual observation against
straight-edges, squares or flat plates, or with micrometer callipers.

ISO 5 2 7-1 : 2 01 9(E)
Specimens showing observed or measured departure from one or more o f these requirements shall be
rejected. I f non-con forming specimens are tested, report the reasons.
NOTE 1 Injection-moulded specimens typically have dra ft angles o f 1° (in the gauge section) to 2° (at the
shoulders) to facilitate demoulding. Also, injection-moulded test specimens are never absolutely free o f sink
marks. Due to di fferences in the cooling history, generally the thickness in the centre o f the specimen is smaller
than at the edge.
NOTE 2 ISO 294-1:2017, Annex D gives guidance on how to reduce sink marks in injection-moulded test
specimens.
Key
1 width determination
2 thickness determination
3 smallest thickness, h min
4 greatest thickness, h max
5 micrometer tip
a The edge o f the micrometer tip shall have contact to the specimen within ± 0,5 mm from the centre.
b The micrometer tip shall have contact to the specimen within ± 3,25 mm from the centre.
NOTE Δ h = h max – h min ≤ 0,1 mm.
Figure 3 — Cross-section of inj ection-moulded test specimen with sink marks and draft angle
(exaggerated) and micrometer tips
6.5 Anisotropy
7 Number of test specimens
7.1 A minimum o f five test specimens shall be tested for each o f the required directions o f testing. The
number o f measurements may be more than five i f greater precision o f the mean value is required. It is
possible to evaluate this by means o f the confidence interval (95 % probability, see ISO 2602).

ISO 527-1:2019(E)
7.2 Dumb-bell specimens that break or slip inside the grips shall be discarded and further specimens
shall be tested.
8 Conditioning
The test specimen shall be conditioned as specified in the appropriate standard for the material
concerned. In the absence o f this in formation, the most appropriate set o f conditions from ISO 291 shall
be selected and the conditioning time is at least 16 h, unless otherwise agreed upon by the interested
parties, for example, for testing at elevated or low temperatures.
The pre ferred atmosphere is (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 10) % RH, except when the properties o f the material
are known to be insensitive to moisture, in which case humidity control is unnecessary.
9 Procedure
9.1 Test atmosphere
Conduct the test in the same atmosphere used for conditioning the test specimen, unless otherwise
agreed upon by the interested parties, for example, for testing at elevated or low temperatures.
9.2 Dimensions of test specimen
9.2.1 Measure the width and the thickness of the test specimen (see 9.2.2 ), following the general
guidance o f ISO 16012 or ISO 23529, as applicable, within the limits indicated in Figure 3 , to the nearest
0,1 mm for the width and to the nearest 0,01 mm for the thickness.
Avoid measuring the thickness at the edge o f the specimen and directly in the centre (see NOTE). With
rectangular or sharp tip faces the long side of the tip shall be parallel to the width direction when
measuring thickness, and parallel to the thickness direction when measuring width.
NOTE This excludes the maximum and minimum thickness, which for injection moulded test specimens
usually is found at the edge and in the centre, respectively. Injection moulded test specimens prepared according
ISO 294-1, will generally have thickness di fferences due to sink marks o f Δ h = h max – h min ≤ 0,1 mm (see Figure 3).
For injection-moulded test specimens, it is su fficient to determine the width and thickness within 5 mm
midway between the shoulders.
9.2.2 In the case o f injection-moulded specimens, obtained from multiple-cavity moulds, ensure that
the dimensions o f the specimens do not di ffer by more than ±0,25 % between cavities.
For test specimens cut from sheet or film material, it is permissible to assume that the mean width
o f the central parallel portion o f the die is equivalent to the corresponding width o f the specimen.
The adoption of such a procedure should be based on comparative measurements taken at periodic
intervals.
For the purposes o f this document, the test specimen dimensions used for calculating tensile properties
are measured at ambient temperature only. For the measurement o f properties at other temperatures,
there fore, the e ffects o f thermal expansion are not taken into account.
9.3 Gripping
Place the test specimen in the grips, taking care to align the longitudinal axis o f the test specimen with
the axis o f the testing machine. Tighten the grips evenly and firmly to avoid slippage o f the test specimen
and movement o f the grips during the test. Gripping pressure shall not cause fracture or squashing o f
the test specimen (see NOTE 2).
NOTE 1 Stops can be used to facilitate alignment o f the test specimen, especially in manual operation.

ISO 527-1:2019(E)
For gripping test specimens within a temperature chamber, it is recommended to close initially only
one grip and to tighten the second one only a fter the temperature o f the test specimen is equilibrated,
unless the machine is capable o f continuously reducing thermal stress i f it arises.
NOTE 2 Fracture in the grips can happen, for example, when testing o f specimens a fter heat aging. Squashing
can occur in tests at elevated temperatures.
9.4 Prestresses
The specimen shall not be stressed substantially prior to testing. Such stresses can be generated
during centring o f a film specimen, or can be caused by the gripping pressure, especially with less rigid
materials. They are, however, necessary to avoid a toe region at the start o f the stress/strain diagram
(see 5.1.3). The prestress σ0 at the start of a test shall be positive but shall not exceed the following value:
a) for tensile modulus measurement:
0 < σ 0 ≤ E t / 2 000 (6)
which corresponds to a prestrain of ε0 ≤ 0,05 %, and
b) for measuring relevant stresses σ*, for example, σ* = σy or σm:
0 < σ 0 ≤ σ * /100 (7)
I f, a fter gripping, stresses outside the intervals given by Formulae (6) and (7) are present in the
specimen, remove these by slow movement o f the crosshead, for example with 1 mm/min, until the
prestress is within the allowed range.
I f the tensile modulus or the stress value needed to adjust the prestress is not known, per fom a
preliminary test to obtain an estimate o f these values.
9.5 Setting of extensometers

A fter setting the prestress, set and adjust a calibrated extensometer to the gauge length o f the test
specimen, or provide longitudinal strain gauges, in accordance with 5.1.5. Measure the initial distance
(gauge length) i f necessary. For the measurement o f Poisson's ratio, two elongation- or strain-measuring
devices shall be provided to act in the longitudinal and transverse axes simultaneously.
For optical measurements o f elongation, place gauge marks on the specimen in accordance with 6.3 , i f
required by the system used.
Extensometers shall be positioned symmetrically about the middle o f the parallel portion and on the
centre line of the test specimen. Strain gauges shall be placed in the middle of the parallel portion and
on the centre line of the test specimen.
9.6 Test speed
Set the test speed in accordance with the appropriate standard for the material concerned. In the
absence o f this in formation, the test speed shall be selected from Table 1 or agreed upon between the
interested parties.
For the measurement o f the tensile modulus, the selected test speed shall provide a strain rate as near
as possible to 1 % o f the gauge length per minute. The resulting testing speed for di fferent types o f
specimens is given in the part of ISO 527 that is relevant to the material being tested.
It may be necessary or desirable to adopt di fferent speeds for the determination o f the tensile modulus,
o f the stress/strain diagram up to the yield point, and o f properties beyond the yield point. A fter
determining stresses for the tensile modulus determination (up to the strain of ε2 = 0,25 %), the same
test specimen can be used to continue the test.
ISO 5 2 7-1 : 2 01 9(E)
I t i s pre ferable to u n lo ad the te s t s p e ci men b e fore te s ti ng at a d i fferent s p e e d , but it i s a l s o accep table
to change the speed without unloading after the tensile modulus has been determined. When changing
the s p e e d du ri ng the te s t, ma ke s u re that the ch ange i n s p e e d o cc u rs at s trai n s ε≤ 0, 3 % .
For a ny o ther te s ti ng pu rp o s e s , s ep arate s p e c i men s sh a l l b e u s e d for d i fferent te s t s p e e d s .
9.7 Recording of data
P re ferab ly re cord the force and the corre s p ond i ng va lue s o f the i nc re a s e o f the gauge leng th and o f the
d i s tance b e twe en the grip s du ri ng the te s t. T h i s re qu i re s th re e data chan nel s for data acqu i s ition . I f
on ly two chan nel s are ava i lable, re cord the force s igna l a nd the e xten s ome ter s igna l . I t i s pre ferab le to
u s e an automatic re cord i ng s ys tem .
1 0 Calculation and expression of results
1 0.1 Stress
C a lc u l ate a l l s tre s s va lue s , defi ne d i n 3.6 , u s i ng Formula (8):

F
σ=
A
(8)
where
σ i s the s tre s s va lue i n que s tion, expre s s e d i n megap as c a l s (M Pa) ;
F i s the me as u re d force concerne d, expre s s e d i n new ton s (N ) ;
A i s the i n iti a l c ro s s - s e c tiona l a re a o f the s p e ci men, e xpre s s e d i n s qua re m i l l i me tre s (m m

2 ).
When de term i n i ng s tre s s at x % s tra i n, x sh a l l b e ta ken from the releva nt pro duc t s ta nda rd or agre e d
up on b y the i ntere s te d p ar tie s .
1 0.2 Strain
1 0.2 .1 Strains determined with an extensometer
For materials and/or test conditions for which a homogeneous strain distribution is prevalent in the
p a ra l lel s e c tion o f the te s t s p e ci men, i . e .
f or s tra i n s prior and up to a yield p oi nt, c a lc u late a l l s trai n
3.7
va lue s , defi ne d i n Formula (9):
, u s i ng
∆L0
ε=
L0
(9)
where
ε i s the s trai n va lue i n que s tion, expre s s e d as a d i men s ion le s s ratio, or a s a p ercentage;
L0 i s the gauge leng th o f the te s t s p e c i men, e xpre s s e d i n m i l l i me tre s (m m) ;
Δ L0 i s the i ncre as e o f the s p e ci men leng th b e twe en the gauge marks , expres s e d i n m i l l i me tre s (mm) .
T he de term i nation o f s tra i n va lue s u s i ng a n e xten s ome ter average s s trai n s over the gauge leng th .
T h i s i s corre c t a nd u s e fu l, a s long as the de formation o f the te s t s p e c i men with i n the gauge leng th
i s homo gene ou s . I f the materia l s tar ts ne cki ng , the s tra i n d i s tribution b e come s i n homo gene ou s a nd
s tra i n s de term i ne d with a n e xten s ome ter a re s trongly i n fluence d b y the p o s ition and s i z e o f the ne ck
z one . I n s uch c as e s , u s e nom i na l s trai n to de s crib e the s trai n evolution a fter a yield p oi nt.

ISO 5 2 7-1 : 2 01 9(E)
1 0.2 .2 Nominal strain
1 0.2 .2 .1 General
Nominal strain is used when no extensometer is used, for example, on miniaturized test specimens
or when strain determination with extensometers becomes meaningless due to strain localization
(necking) a fter a yield point. Nominal strain is based on the increase o f distance between the grips
relative to the initial gripping distance. Instead o f measuring the displacement between the grips, it is
acceptable to record crosshead displacement.
NOTE Depending on the type o f grips used and other sources o f compliance such as load cells and fixtures,
crosshead displacement can be di fferent from grip displacement especially at the beginning o f the test. Where
this is o f concern, it is intended to correct crosshead displacement for compliance e ffects.
Nominal strain may be determined using Method A (see 10.2.2.2) and Method B (see 10.2.2.3).
1 0.2 .2 .2 Method A
Record the displacement between the grips of the machine from the beginning of the test. Calculate
nominal strain using Formula (10):
εt = t
L
L
(10)
where
εt is the nominal strain, expressed as a dimensionless ratio or percentage;
L is the gripping distance, expressed in millimetres (mm); the gripping distance is defined in the
relevant parts of ISO 527;
Lt is the increase o f the gripping distance occurring from the beginning o f the test, expressed in
millimetres (mm).
1 0.2 .2 .3 Method B
Method B is pre ferred for use with multipurpose test specimens that show yielding and necking, but
where the strain at yield has been precisely determined with an extensometer. Record the displacement
between the grips of the machine from the beginning of the test. Calculate nominal strain using
Formula (11):
∆L t
εt =εy +
L
(11)
where
εt is the nominal strain, expressed as a dimensionless ratio or percentage;
εy is the yield strain, expressed as a dimensionless ratio or percentage;
L is the gripping distance, expressed in millimetres (mm); the gripping distance is defined in the
relevant parts of ISO 527;
Δ Lt is the increase o f the gripping distance from the yield point onwards, expressed in
millimetres (mm).

ISO 527-1:2019(E)
10.3 Tensile modulus
10.3.1 General
C a lc u l ate the ten s i le mo du lu s , defi ne d i n 3.9 , u s i ng one o f the fol lowi ng a lternative s [s e e Formulae (12)
to (13)].
10.3.2 Chord slope
σ 2 −σ 1
E
t =
ε2 −ε1
(12)
where
E t i s the ten s i le mo du lu s , e xpre s s e d i n megap a s c a l s (M Pa) ;
σ1 is the s tres s , expres sed in megapascals (M Pa) , meas ured at the s train value ε1 = 0,0 0 0 5 (0,05 %) ;
σ2 is the s tres s , expres sed in megapascals (M Pa) , meas ured at the s train value ε2 = 0,0 02 5 (0, 2 5 %) .
10.3.3 Regression slope

t
With computer-a ide d e qu ipment, the de term i nation o f the ten s i le mo du lu s , E , u s i ng two d i s ti nc t s tre s s/
s tra i n p oi nts c an b e replace d b y a l i ne ar re gre s s ion pro ce du re appl ie d on the p ar t o f the c u r ve b e twe en
these mentioned points.

dσ
Et =
dε
(13)
σ
where d
dε
i s the s lop e o f a le as t- s qua re s regre s s ion l i ne fit to the p ar t o f the s tre s s/s trai n c u r ve i n the
s tra i n i nter va l 0 , 0 0 0 5 ≤ ε ≤ 0 , 0 02 5 , expre s s e d i n megap a s ca l s (M Pa) .
10.4 Poisson's ratio

Plo t the width or th ickne s s o f the s p e ci men as a fu nc tion o f the leng th o f the gauge s e c tion, exclud i ng
the ten s i le mo du lu s re gion, tho s e s e c tion s th at may b e i n fluence d b y change s i n te s t s p e e d and the yield
p oi nt, i f pre s ent.
D e term i ne the s lop e Δ n /Δ L o f the cha nge -i n-width (th ickne s s) vers u s the ch ange -i n- leng th c ur ve b y
u s i ng a l i ne a r le a s t- s quare s regre s s ion a na lys i s . Poi s s on's ratio i s de term i ne d from Formula (14):
∆ε n L ∆n
µ=−
∆ε l
=− 0
n 0 ∆L
(14)
where
μ is Poisson's ratio; it is dimensionless;
Δε
n is the change in s train in the s elec ted trans vers e direc tion, whi le the longitudinal s trai n increas es
b y Δ ε , e xpre s s e d a s a d i men s ion le s s ratio or p ercentage;

l
Δε
l i s the change i n s trai n i n the longitud i na l d i re c tion, expre s s e d as a d i men s ion le s s ratio or p er -
centage;
L 0 i s the gauge leng th i n the longitud i na l d i re c tion, expre s s e d i n m i l l i me tre s (m m) ;

ISO 527-1:2019(E)
n0 is the gauge length in the transverse direction, expressed in millimetres (mm);

Δn is the decrease of the specimen length in the transverse direction: n = b (width) or n = h (thick-
ness), expressed in millimetres (mm);
Δ L is the corresponding increase o f the length in the longitudinal direction, expressed in
millimetres (mm).
Poisson's ratio is indicated as μb (width direction) or μh (thickness direction) according to the
relevant axis.
I f extensometers are used, it is recommended to determine Poisson's ratio in a strain range 0,3 % ≤ ε < εy
(see Annex B). The validity of the evaluation region can be determined from a plot o f Δ n vs. Δ L ,
(dimension change in transverse direction vs. dimension change in longitudinal direction within the
relevant gage section). Poisson's ratio is determined from the slope of the linear part of this plot.
I f strain gauges are used to determine Poisson’s ratio, measurement can also be done in the strain
region where the tensile modulus is determined (0,05 % ≤ ε ≤ 0,25 %).
NOTE Plastics are viscoelastic materials. As such, Poisson's ratio is dependent on the stress range where it is
determined. There fore, the width (thickness) as a function o f length might not be a straight line.
10.5 Statistical parameters

Calculate the arithmetic means o f the test results and, i f required, the standard deviations and the 95 %
confidence intervals o f the mean values in accordance with the procedure given in ISO 2602.
1 0 . 6 S i g n i fi c a n t fi g u re s
Calculate the stresses and the tensile modulus to three significant figures. Calculate the strains and
Poisson's ratio to two significant figures.
11 Precision
12 Test report
The test report shall include the in formation specified in Items a) to q). Add the word “tensile” to
individual and average properties, see Items m), n) and o):
a) a reference to the relevant part of ISO 527;
b) all the data necessary for identification o f the material tested, including type, source, manu facturer's
code number and history, where these are known;
c) description o f the nature and form o f the material in terms o f whether it is a product, semi-finished
product, test panel or specimen; it should include the principal dimensions, shape, method o f
manu facture, succession o f layers and any pretreatment;
d) type o f test specimen;
e) method o f preparing the test specimens, and any details o f the manu facturing method used;
f ) i f the material is in product form or semi-finished product form, the orientation o f the specimen in
relation to the product or semi-finished product from which it is cut;
g) number of the test specimen tested;

ISO 5 2 7-1 : 2 01 9(E)
h) s ta nda rd atmo s phere for cond ition i ng and te s ti ng , plu s a ny s p e ci a l cond ition i ng tre atment, if
re qu i re d b y the releva nt s tandard for the materi a l or pro duc t concerne d;
i) acc u rac y grad i ng o f the te s t mach i ne and e xten s ome ter (s e e I S O 75 0 0 -1 , I S O 9 51 3 a nd 5.1.5);
j) typ e o f elongation or s trai n i nd ic ator, a nd the gauge leng th L
0;
k) typ e o f grippi ng device, the grippi ng d i s tance L;
l) testing speeds;
m) for e ach te s t s p e c i men width , th ickne s s and te s t re s u lts o f the prop er tie s defi ne d i n Clause 3;
n) me a n va lue(s) o f width, th ickne s s and o f the me a s u re d prop er ty(ie s) ;
o) s ta nda rd devi ation, and/or co e fficient o f vari ation, and/or con fidence l i m its o f the me a n, if
re qu i re d;
p) s tatement a s to whe ther any te s t s p e c i men s have b e en rej e c te d and replace d, and , i f s o , the re as on s ,
and reasons for testing non-conforming specimens;

q) d ate o f me as u rement.

ISO 5 2 7-1 : 2 01 9(E)
Annex A
(informative)
Determination of strain at yield
Historically, strain at yield was determined by drawing a horizontal tangent to a continuously recorded
stress-strain curve. With the advent o f computer-controlled machines, the evaluation o f stress/strain
curves had to use a set of discrete data points sampled according to the properties of the recording
electronics. Due to signal noise (electronic as well as mechanical), there is always some scatter in the
data set available and this should be taken into account when deriving properties.
For the determination o f the yield point, the following items are important.
a) Plastic materials show a wide range o f di fferent stress/strain behaviours. The yielding region may
be a narrow peak (e.g. for ASA) or a wide plateau (e.g. POM, moist PA6).
b) Determination o f the strain at yield involves identi fying the highest data point within the yielding
region (necessary condition).
c) However, the point selected should be physically meaning ful: Signal noise may cause selection o f
unsuitable points.
d) The point should allow meaning ful design decisions. For example, for a material showing a yielding
plateau, a use ful design limit would be close to its beginning rather than in the centre.
Determining such points from digital data can be done by di fferent methods.
— Point-to-point comparison for a maximum value. This is a simple procedure, but it needs additional
checks to prevent selecting noise-related maximum values erroneously. This may, for example,
involve employing a moving evaluation interval, the width o f which will be system dependent.
System in this sense means the combined e ffects o f material behaviour and experimental set-up.
— Slope method: This would be a method involving a higher amount o f calculation, but feasible within
the computing power provided by current PCs. A slope criterion would also involve a moving
evaluation interval within which the regression slope of the stress/strain curve is calculated. This
method has a smoothing /filtering e ffect and reduces noise influence. Additionally, a criterion
should be defined for which slope would be indicative o f having found a yield point, for example:
— centre-point o f the evaluation interval for which the slope becomes negative for the first time;
— centre-point of the evaluation interval for which the slope attains some limiting positive value
for the first time;
Formula (A.1) is a proposed criterion, applied to the centre-point of a moving interval, for which the
slope becomes equal to or smaller than the stress value at this point:
 dσ 
ε y =ε  ≤σ  (A.1)
 d 
The advantage o f such a criterion would be to identi fy only such yield strains that are close to the
first major slope change o f the stress/strain curve. Yield strain values, however, would be smaller
than with the current methods. This method is less use ful for broad yielding peaks.
Also, for a slope method, the correct width o f the evaluation interval is again system dependent
and identi fying it requires the user to have a thorough understanding o f the test method and the
material.

ISO 5 2 7-1 : 2 01 9(E)
These examples show that there are multiple ways to determine strain at yield. Selecting and imposing
one o f them for the sake o f comparability o f test results would, in principle, be possible but, considering
existing machines and the di fferent so ftware packages, this would be a futile attempt.
One solution could be a verification system. This verification system would involve re ference data sets
(stress/strain curves) for which the relevant properties are agreed on by experts. These data sets can
be fed to any evaluation so ftware and used to check whether, or under which parameters, the so ftware
returns the “correct values”. This system would ensure comparability o f test results while allowing
different evaluation procedures.
A similar system for tensile testing o f metals was worked out. More in formation on this may be found
under Re ference [5].
For the estimation o f the width o f strain intervals, Formula (A.3) can be used.
∆ε
n = f ∆t = f
ε
(A.2)
v n 60 Lr
∆ε = ε
n
f
=
60 L vL0
=
nr
L0
(A.3)
where
n is the number of data points;
f is the data rate o f the machine, see Formula (1) in s−1 ;
Δε is the strain interval;
ε is the strain rate, in s−1 ;
v is the crosshead rate, in mm/min;
L is the gripping distance, in mm;
L0 is the gauge length, in mm;
r is the resolution, in mm.
The strain interval according to Formula (A.2) is shown in Figure A.1 as a function of the number of
data points with the resolution r as parameter.

ISO 5 2 7-1 : 2 01 9(E)
Key
X number of data points

Y s train interval, %
r= 0 , 5 μm
r= 1 μm
r= 3 μm
Figure A.1 — Strain interval according to Formula (A. 2 )

ISO 527-1:2019(E)
Annex B
(informative)
Extensometer accuracy for the determination of Poisson's ratio
It is not recommended to determine Poisson's ratio in the strain region used for the tensile modulus
determination.
In the tensile modulus region, the elongation o f the gauge length is determined with an accuracy o f
1 %, i.e. using a multipurpose test specimen, the extensometer should be capable o f measuring the
elongation to within 1,5 µm (see 5.1.5 and Figure 2) when a gauge length of 75 mm is used. Assuming a
Poisson's ratio o f 0,4, which is typical for most thermoplastics, and a gauge length o f 75 mm, the length
o f the gauge section increases by 150 µm while the width decreases by 8 µm. In order to have the same
relative accuracy o f 1 % as for the longitudinal direction, the measurement system for determining the
transverse de formation should be capable o f measuring within 0,1 µm, which is a severe condition.
Assuming that Poisson's ratio is determined in a range o f 0,3 % < ε < 1,5 %, the decrease in width will
be 50 µm, requiring a resolution o f 0,5 µm for a 1 % accuracy in lateral contraction.

ISO 5 2 7-1 : 2 01 9(E)
Annex C
(normative)
Calibration requirements for the determination of the tensile
modulus
C.1 General
T he genera l re qu i rements for e xten s ome ter veri fic ation are de s crib e d i n 5.1.5 . I f the e qu ipment i s
intended to perform measurements of tensile modulus t

E , the ex ten s ome ter s ha l l s ati s fy a n add itiona l ,
more s tri ngent, acc u rac y re qui rement. T h i s an ne x s p e ci fie s the pro ce du re s u s e d and the p er formance
o f the c a l ibration e qu ipment re qu i re d to veri fy that the ex ten s ome ter me e ts th i s add itiona l acc u rac y
re qu i rement.
NO TE I S O 9 51 3 a l lows the u s er to de fi ne d i fferent me a s u r i ng ra nge s for wh ich e x ten s ome ters a re c a l ib rate d .
T he s e ra n ge s a re de fi ne d b y the ratio o f the me a s u re d de for m atio n i n e ach ra n ge . Ra nge a) i s de fi ne d fo r lm a x /

lmin ≤ 10 , a nd ra n ge b) for 10 < l
max
/ min
l ≤ 10 0 . Ra n ge a) app l ie s to the de ter m i n atio n o f the ten s i le mo du lu s ( l
max
/
lmin = 5 ) a nd ra n ge b) ap p l ie s to me a s u rements up to ab out 2 5 % (at 5 0 m m gau ge len g th) .
C.2 Calibration procedure
C.2 .1 General
I t i s exp e c te d that the add itiona l veri fic ation wi l l ta ke place at the s ame ti me a s the veri fic ation to
I S O 9 51 3 ; however, the veri fic ation ca n b e c arrie d out i ndep endently. Un le s s o ther wi s e s tate d, the
conditions of calibration shall be the same as described in ISO 9513.

Per form the pro ce du re de s crib e d i n I S O 9 51 3 to prep are the s ys tem for the veri fic ation .
Fol low the pro ce du re de s crib e d i n I S O 9 51 3 , u s i ng two add itiona l me as u rements i n the i ncre as i ng
travel d i re c tion corre s p ond i ng to 0 , 0 5 % a nd 0 , 2 5 % o f the re qu i re d gauge leng th . T he average va lue o f
the difference between the two readings from two runs shall then be compared to the difference in the
appl ie d d i s placements . I n order to comply with the re qu i rements o f th i s do c ument, the rel ati ve error
b e twe en the appl ie d d i s placement a nd the i nd ic ate d d i s placement s ha l l b e le s s tha n or e qua l to ±1 % o f
the d i s pl acement for gauge leng th s o f 5 0 m m or ab ove or le s s tha n or e qua l to ±1 µm for gauge leng th s
less than 50 mm.

Table C .1 — E xtensometer accuracy requirements
Gauge Firs t Second C hange in Accuracy
length dis placement displacement displacement requirement
(see 5.1.5)
mm µm µm µm ± µm
75 3 7, 5 1 8 7, 5 150 1,5
50 25 125 100 1
25 12 ,5 62 , 5 50 1
20 10 50 40 1
NO TE T he e x ten s ome ter er ror l i m its ap p l y to the ch a nge in re ad i ng b e twe en the fi rs t a nd s e co nd
displacement.

ISO 5 2 7-1 : 2 01 9(E)
Because o f the di fficulty in achieving the extensometer per formance required at gauge lengths below
50 mm, it is recommended that tensile modulus measurements are made on specimens with gauge
lengths of 50 mm and greater.
C.2 .2 Calibration-apparatus accuracy requirements
The calibration apparatus shall con form to the requirements given in ISO 9513:2012, Table 2, for
class 0,2.
C.2 .3 Calibration report
The calibration report shall contain the following information:

a) a re ference to this annex o f this document, i.e. ISO 527-1:2019, Annex C;
b) the name and address o f the owner o f the extensometer system;
c) all other in formation required to be reported in ISO 9513;
d) the result of the calibration.

ISO 5 2 7-1 : 2 01 9(E)
Bibliography
[1] ISO 294-1:2017, Plastics — Injection moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials —
Part 1: General principles, and moulding of multipurpose and bar test specimens
[2] ISO 1926, Rigid cellular plastics — Determination of tensile properties
[3] ISO 20753, Plastics — Test specimens
[4] ASTM D638, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
[5] RIDES M., LORD J. TENSTAND final report: Computer-controlled tensile testing according to
EN 10002-1: Results of a comparison test programme to validate a proposal for an amendment of
the standard. National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, 2005

ISO 5 2 7-1 : 2 01 9(E)
ICS 83.080.01
Price based on 26 pages

527 1 2019 - Iso

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

527 1 2019 - Iso

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

527 1 2019 - Iso

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

INTERNATIONAL ISO

Plastics — Determination of tensile

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

Plastics — Determination of tensile properties —

s uit di fferent typ es o f material which are detailed in s ub s equent p arts o f I S O 5 2 7 .

— r i g id a nd s em i-r i g id mo u ld i ng , e x tr u s io n a nd c a s t ther mo p l a s tic m ater i a l s , i nclud i ng fi l le d a nd

rei n fo rce d co mp o u nd s i n add i tio n to u n fi l le d typ e s ; r i g id a nd s em i-r i g id ther mo p l a s tic s s he e ts

rigid a nd s em i-rigid thermo s e tti ng she e ts , i nclud i ng lam i nate s;

or for sandwich structures containing cellular materials.

I SO 2 91 , Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing

Tension/compression testing machines — Calibration and verification of the force-measuring system

© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 1

3 Terms and definitions

I S O 5 2 7 rep re s ent the m a xi mu m rele va nt gauge leng th .

N o te 1 to entr y: I t i s e x pre s s e d i n s qu a re m i l l i me tre s , (m m

N o te 1 to entr y: I t i s e x pre s s e d i n m i l l i me tre s p er m i nute (m m/m i n) .

th i s s tre s s i s fre quentl y c a l le d “en gi ne er i n g s tre s s ”.

2 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 3

the strength (3.6.2 f ) i the bre a k o cc u rs prior to yield i ng

N o te 1 to entr y: I t i s e x pre s s e d a s a d i men s ion le s s ratio , o r a s a p ercentage (%) .

N o te 2 to entr y: S e e Figure 1 , c u r ve s (1) a nd (4) .

of the methods in 10.2.2

N o te 2 to entr y: I t m ay b e c a lc u l ate d either b a s e d o n the gr ip d i s p l acement from the b e gi n n i n g o f the te s t or b a s e d

(preferred for multipurpose test specimens).

nominal strain at break

N o te 1 to entr y: I t i s e x pre s s e d a s a d i men s ion le s s ratio , o r a s a p ercentage (%) .

nominal strain at strength

N o te 2 to entr y: S e e Figure 1 , c u r ve s (2 ) , (3 ) a nd (4) .

modulus of elasticity under tension

N o te 1 to entr y: I t i s e x pre s s e d i n me gap a s c a l s ( M P a) .

N o te 2 to entr y: I t m ay b e c a lc u l ate d either a s the chord mo du lu s or a s the s lop e o f a l i ne a r le a s t- s qu a re s

regression line in this interval (see Figure 1 , c u r ve 4) .

4 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

longitudinal versus normal strain curve

N o te 2 to entr y: Si nce the l atera l s tra i n ch a n ge Δ ε

700 MPa under a given set of conditions

and 700 MPa under a given set of conditions

© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 5

rub b erlike material b reaking at larger s trains (> 5 0 % ) .

b eyo nd the yield p o int.

Figure 1 — Typical stress/strain curves

4 Principle and methods

6 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

Table 1 — Recommended test speeds

Tes t s p eed Tolerance

sh a l l no t c au s e prematu re frac tu re at the j aws or s qua sh i ng o f the s p e c i men i n the grip s .

© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 7

5.1.4 Force indicator

8 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

Figure 2 — Accuracy requirements for extensometers for tensile modulus determination at

different gauge lengths

1 % o f the relevant va lue or b e tter. T h i s corre s p ond s to a s trai n acc urac y o f 2 0 × 10

b e cho s en to e xh ibit ade quate p er formance on the s ubj e c t materia l .

© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 9

s u ffic iently h igh i n order to me e t acc urac y re qu i rements .

5 .1 .6.2 Recording of strain data