Cambridge International AS & A Level Further Mathematics 9231 syllabus for 2020, 2021 and 2022.

5 List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

PURE MATHEMATICS

Mensuration
Volume of sphere = 4
3
πr 3

Surface area of sphere = 4πr 2

1
Volume of cone or pyramid = 3
base area height

Area of curved surface of cone = πr slant height

Arc length of circle rθ ( θ in radians)
Area of sector of circle 1
2
r 2θ ( θ in radians)

Algebra
For the quadratic equation ax 2 bx c 0 :

−b b 2 − 4ac
x
2a
For an arithmetic series:
un a (n − 1)d , Sn 1
2
n( a l ) 1
2
n{2a (n − 1) d }

For a geometric series:

a(1 − r n ) a
un ar n −1 , Sn (r ≠ 1) , S∞ r 1
1− r 1− r
Binomial series:
n n −1 n n−2 2 n n −3 3
( a b) n an a b a b a b K b n , where n is a positive integer
1 2 3

n n!
and
r r!(n − r )!

n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) 3

(1 x) n 1 nx x x K , where n is rational and x 1
2! 3!

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Further Mathematics 9231 syllabus for 2020, 2021 and 2022. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

Trigonometry
sin θ
tan θ
cos θ
cos 2 θ sin 2 θ 1, 1 tan 2 θ sec 2 θ , cot 2 θ 1 cosec 2 θ
sin( A B) sin A cos B cos A sin B
cos( A B) cos A cos B sin A sin B

tan A tan B
tan( A B )
1 tan A tan B
sin 2 A 2sin A cos A
cos 2 A cos 2 A − sin 2 A 2cos 2 A − 1 1 − 2sin 2 A
2 tan A
tan 2 A
1 − tan 2 A
Principal values:
− 12 π ⩽ sin −1 x ⩽ 12 π , 0 ⩽ cos −1 x ⩽ π , − 12 π tan −1 x 1
2
π

Differentiation
f( x ) f ( x)

xn nx n −1
1
ln x
x
ex ex
sin x cos x
cos x − sin x
tan x sec 2 x
sec x sec x tan x
cosec x − cosec x cot x
cot x − cosec 2 x
1
tan −1 x
1 x2
du dv
uv v u
dx dx
du dv
v −u
u dx dx
v v2
dy dy dx
If x f(t ) and y g(t ) then
dx dt dt

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Further Mathematics 9231 syllabus for 2020, 2021 and 2022. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

Integration
(Arbitrary constants are omitted; a denotes a positive constant.)

f( x ) f( x ) dx

xn 1
xn (n ≠ −1)
n 1
1
ln x
x
ex ex
sin x − cos x
cos x sin x
sec 2 x tan x
1 1 x
2 2
tan −1
x a a a
1 1 x−a
ln (x a)
x − a2
2
2a x a

1 1 a x
ln x a
a − x2
2
2a a − x
dv du
u dx uv − v dx
dx dx
f ( x)
dx ln f ( x)
f ( x)

Vectors
If a a1i a2 j a3k and b b1i b2 j b3k then

a.b a1b1 a2b2 a3b3 a b cos θ

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Further Mathematics 9231 syllabus for 2020, 2021 and 2022. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS

Algebra
Summations:
n n n
r 1
2
n(n 1) , r2 1
6
n(n 1)(2n 1) , r3 1
4
n 2 (n 1) 2
r 1 r 1 r 1

Maclaurin’s series:
x2 xr (r )
f( x) f(0) x f (0) f (0) K f (0) K
2! r!
x2 xr
ex exp( x) 1 x K K (all x)
2! r!
x2 x3 xr
ln(1 x) x− − K (−1) r 1
K (–1 x ⩽ 1)
2 3 r
x3 x5 x2r 1
sin x x− − K (−1) r K (all x)
3! 5! (2r 1)!

x2 x4 x2r
cos x 1 − − K (−1) r K (all x)
2! 4! (2r )!

x3 x5 x2r 1
tan −1 x x− − K (−1) r K (–1 ⩽ x ⩽ 1)
3 5 2r 1
x3 x5 x2r 1
sinh x x K K (all x)
3! 5! (2r 1)!

x2 x4 x2r
cosh x 1 K K (all x)
2! 4! (2r )!

x3 x5 x2r 1
tanh −1 x x K K (–1 < x < 1)
3 5 2r 1

Trigonometry
If t tan 12 x then:

2t 1− t2
sin x and cos x
1 t2 1 t2

Hyperbolic functions
cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x 1 , sinh 2 x 2sinh x cosh x , cosh 2 x cosh 2 x sinh 2 x

sinh −1 x ln( x x 2 1)

cosh −1 x ln( x x 2 − 1) (x 1)

1 x
tanh −1 x 1
2
ln (| x | 1)
1− x

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Further Mathematics 9231 syllabus for 2020, 2021 and 2022. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

Differentiation
f( x ) f ( x)
1
sin −1 x
1 − x2
1
cos −1 x −
1 − x2
sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x
tanh x sech 2 x
1
sinh −1 x
1 x2
1
cosh −1 x
x2 − 1
1
tanh −1 x
1 − x2

Integration
(Arbitrary constants are omitted; a denotes a positive constant.)

f( x ) f( x ) dx

sec x ln| sec x tan x | ln| tan( 12 x 1

4
π) | x 1
2
π

cosec x − ln| cosec x cot x | ln| tan( 12 x) | (0 x π)

sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x
sech 2 x tanh x
1 x
sin −1 x a
a2 − x2 a

1 x
cosh −1 (x a)
x2 − a2 a

1 x
sinh −1
a2 x2 a

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Further Mathematics 9231 syllabus for 2020, 2021 and 2022. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

MECHANICS

Uniformly accelerated motion

v u at , s 1
2
(u v)t , s ut 1
2
at 2 , v2 u2 2as

FURTHER MECHANICS
Motion of a projectile
Equation of trajectory is:
gx 2
y x tan θ −
2V 2 cos 2 θ

Elastic strings and springs

x x2
T , E
l 2l

Motion in a circle
For uniform circular motion, the acceleration is directed towards the centre and has magnitude

2 v2
r or
r

Centres of mass of uniform bodies

Triangular lamina: 23 along median from vertex

Solid hemisphere of radius r: 83 r from centre

1
Hemispherical shell of radius r: 2
r from centre

r sin
Circular arc of radius r and angle 2 : from centre

2r sin
Circular sector of radius r and angle 2 : from centre
3
3
Solid cone or pyramid of height h: 4
h from vertex

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Further Mathematics 9231 syllabus for 2020, 2021 and 2022. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

Summary statistics
For ungrouped data:

x ( x − x )2 x2
x , standard deviation − x2
n n n
For grouped data:

xf ( x − x )2 f x2 f
x , standard deviation − x2
f f f

Discrete random variables

E( X ) xp , Var( X ) x 2 p − {E( X )}2
For the binomial distribution B(n, p) :

n
pr p r (1 − p) n − r , np , 2
np(1 − p )
r
For the geometric distribution Geo(p):
1
pr p(1 − p) r −1 ,
p
For the Poisson distribution Po( )
r
pr e− , , 2
r!

Continuous random variables

E( X ) x f( x) dx , Var( X ) x 2 f( x) dx − {E( X )}2

Sampling and testing

Unbiased estimators:

x ( x − x )2 1 ( x)2
x , s2 x2 −
n n −1 n −1 n

Central Limit Theorem:

2
X ~N ,
n

Approximate distribution of sample proportion:

p (1 − p)
N p,
n

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Further Mathematics 9231 syllabus for 2020, 2021 and 2022. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

FURTHER PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

Sampling and testing

Two-sample estimate of a common variance:
( x1 − x1 ) 2 ( x2 − x2 ) 2
s2
n1 n 2 − 2

Probability generating functions

G X (t ) E(t X ) , E( X ) G X (1) , Var( X ) G X (1) G X (1) − {G X (1)}2

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Further Mathematics 9231 syllabus for 2020, 2021 and 2022. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

If Z has a normal distribution with mean 0 and

variance 1, then, for each value of z, the table gives
the value of Φ(z), where

Φ(z) = P(Z ⩽ z).

For negative values of z, use Φ(–z) = 1 – Φ(z).

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ADD
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141 4 8 12 15 19 23 27 31 35
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517 4 7 11 15 19 22 26 30 34
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879 4 7 11 14 18 22 25 29 32

0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224 3 7 10 14 17 20 24 27 31
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549 3 7 10 13 16 19 23 26 29
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133 3 5 8 11 14 16 19 22 25
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389 3 5 8 10 13 15 18 20 23

1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621 2 5 7 9 12 14 16 19 21
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177 2 3 5 6 8 10 11 13 14
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319 1 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 13

1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 11
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5

2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Critical values for the normal distribution

If Z has a normal distribution with mean 0 and

variance 1, then, for each value of p, the table
gives the value of z such that

P(Z ⩽ z) = p.

p 0.75 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 0.9975 0.999 0.9995

z 0.674 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.090 3.291

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Further Mathematics 9231 syllabus for 2020, 2021 and 2022. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE -DISTRIBUTION

If T has a t-distribution with degrees of freedom, then,

for each pair of values of p and , the table gives the value
of t such that:

P(T ⩽ t) = p.

p 0.75 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 0.9975 0.999 0.9995

=1 1.000 3.078 6.314 12.71 31.82 63.66 127.3 318.3 636.6
2 0.816 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 14.09 22.33 31.60
3 0.765 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 7.453 10.21 12.92
4 0.741 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 5.598 7.173 8.610

5 0.727 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 4.773 5.894 6.869

6 0.718 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.208 5.959
7 0.711 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.029 4.785 5.408
8 0.706 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 3.833 4.501 5.041
9 0.703 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 3.690 4.297 4.781

10 0.700 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 3.581 4.144 4.587

11 0.697 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 3.497 4.025 4.437
12 0.695 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.428 3.930 4.318
13 0.694 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.372 3.852 4.221
14 0.692 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.326 3.787 4.140

15 0.691 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.286 3.733 4.073

16 0.690 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.252 3.686 4.015
17 0.689 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.222 3.646 3.965
18 0.688 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.197 3.610 3.922
19 0.688 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.174 3.579 3.883

20 0.687 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.153 3.552 3.850

21 0.686 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.135 3.527 3.819
22 0.686 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.119 3.505 3.792
23 0.685 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.104 3.485 3.768
24 0.685 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.091 3.467 3.745

25 0.684 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.078 3.450 3.725

26 0.684 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.067 3.435 3.707
27 0.684 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.057 3.421 3.689
28 0.683 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.047 3.408 3.674
29 0.683 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.038 3.396 3.660

30 0.683 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.030 3.385 3.646

40 0.681 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 2.971 3.307 3.551
60 0.679 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 2.915 3.232 3.460
120 0.677 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 2.860 3.160 3.373
∞ 0.674 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.090 3.291

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Further Mathematics 9231 syllabus for 2020, 2021 and 2022. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

2
CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE -DISTRIBUTION

If X has a 2 -distribution with degrees of

freedom then, for each pair of values of p and ,
the table gives the value of x such that
P(X ⩽ x) = p.

p 0.01 0.025 0.05 0.9 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 0.999

=1 0.031571 0.039821 0.023932 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879 10.83

2 0.02010 0.05064 0.1026 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.60 13.82
3 0.1148 0.2158 0.3518 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.34 12.84 16.27
4 0.2971 0.4844 0.7107 7.779 9.488 11.14 13.28 14.86 18.47
5 0.5543 0.8312 1.145 9.236 11.07 12.83 15.09 16.75 20.51
6 0.8721 1.237 1.635 10.64 12.59 14.45 16.81 18.55 22.46
7 1.239 1.690 2.167 12.02 14.07 16.01 18.48 20.28 24.32
8 1.647 2.180 2.733 13.36 15.51 17.53 20.09 21.95 26.12
9 2.088 2.700 3.325 14.68 16.92 19.02 21.67 23.59 27.88
10 2.558 3.247 3.940 15.99 18.31 20.48 23.21 25.19 29.59
11 3.053 3.816 4.575 17.28 19.68 21.92 24.73 26.76 31.26
12 3.571 4.404 5.226 18.55 21.03 23.34 26.22 28.30 32.91
13 4.107 5.009 5.892 19.81 22.36 24.74 27.69 29.82 34.53
14 4.660 5.629 6.571 21.06 23.68 26.12 29.14 31.32 36.12
15 5.229 6.262 7.261 22.31 25.00 27.49 30.58 32.80 37.70
16 5.812 6.908 7.962 23.54 26.30 28.85 32.00 34.27 39.25
17 6.408 7.564 8.672 24.77 27.59 30.19 33.41 35.72 40.79
18 7.015 8.231 9.390 25.99 28.87 31.53 34.81 37.16 42.31
19 7.633 8.907 10.12 27.20 30.14 32.85 36.19 38.58 43.82
20 8.260 9.591 10.85 28.41 31.41 34.17 37.57 40.00 45.31
21 8.897 10.28 11.59 29.62 32.67 35.48 38.93 41.40 46.80
22 9.542 10.98 12.34 30.81 33.92 36.78 40.29 42.80 48.27
23 10.20 11.69 13.09 32.01 35.17 38.08 41.64 44.18 49.73
24 10.86 12.40 13.85 33.20 36.42 39.36 42.98 45.56 51.18
25 11.52 13.12 14.61 34.38 37.65 40.65 44.31 46.93 52.62
30 14.95 16.79 18.49 40.26 43.77 46.98 50.89 53.67 59.70
40 22.16 24.43 26.51 51.81 55.76 59.34 63.69 66.77 73.40
50 29.71 32.36 34.76 63.17 67.50 71.42 76.15 79.49 86.66
60 37.48 40.48 43.19 74.40 79.08 83.30 88.38 91.95 99.61
70 45.44 48.76 51.74 85.53 90.53 95.02 100.4 104.2 112.3
80 53.54 57.15 60.39 96.58 101.9 106.6 112.3 116.3 124.8
90 61.75 65.65 69.13 107.6 113.1 118.1 124.1 128.3 137.2
100 70.06 74.22 77.93 118.5 124.3 129.6 135.8 140.2 149.4

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Further Mathematics 9231 syllabus for 2020, 2021 and 2022. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

WILCOXON SIGNED-RANK TEST

The sample has size n.

P is the sum of the ranks corresponding to the positive differences.

Q is the sum of the ranks corresponding to the negative differences.

T is the smaller of P and Q.

For each value of n the table gives the largest value of T which will lead to rejection of the null hypothesis at
the level of significance indicated.

Critical values of

Level of significance
One-tailed 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
Two-tailed 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01
n=6 2 0
7 3 2 0
8 5 3 1 0
9 8 5 3 1
10 10 8 5 3
11 13 10 7 5
12 17 13 9 7
13 21 17 12 9
14 25 21 15 12
15 30 25 19 15
16 35 29 23 19
17 41 34 27 23
18 47 40 32 27
19 53 46 37 32
20 60 52 43 37

1
For larger values of n, each of P and Q can be approximated by the normal distribution with mean 4
n(n 1)
1
and variance 24
n(n 1)(2n 1) .

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Further Mathematics 9231 syllabus for 2020, 2021 and 2022. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

WILCOXON RANK-SUM TEST

The two samples have sizes m and n, where m ⩽ n.

Rm is the sum of the ranks of the items in the sample of size m.

W is the smaller of Rm and m(n + m + 1) – Rm.

For each pair of values of m and n, the table gives the largest value of W which will lead to rejection of the
null hypothesis at the level of significance indicated.

Critical values of

Level of significance
One-tailed 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01
Two-tailed 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02
n m=3 m=4 m=5 m=6
3 6 – –
4 6 – – 11 10 –
5 7 6 – 12 11 10 19 17 16
6 8 7 – 13 12 11 20 18 17 28 26 24
7 8 7 6 14 13 11 21 20 18 29 27 25
8 9 8 6 15 14 12 23 21 19 31 29 27
9 10 8 7 16 14 13 24 22 20 33 31 28
10 10 9 7 17 15 13 26 23 21 35 32 29

Level of significance
One-tailed 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01
Two-tailed 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02
n m=7 m=8 m=9 m = 10
7 39 36 34
8 41 38 35 51 49 45
9 43 40 37 54 51 47 66 62 59
10 45 42 39 56 53 49 69 65 61 82 78 74

1 1
For larger values of m and n, the normal distribution with mean 2
m(m n 1) and variance 12
mn(m n 1)
should be used as an approximation to the distribution of Rm.

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