ITNET 1 REVIEWER

CABLES AND CONNECTORS The other types of copper cables are

TOPIC 1: COPPER  RG6

 Twinaxial
RG6 - used in the residential and
commercial installation and satellite signals.
Its primary usage is for the television signal
relay. Because of its prominent conductor, it
provides excellent signal quality. The outer
side has thick insulation that prevents the
signals from any interference.
Twinaxial or commonly known as
Twinax, - has two conductors. Unlike RG6
that has two conductors, the twinaxial cable
Copper cables are of two types:
has two. It is used where you need short-
 UTP or Unshielded Twisted-Pair range and high-speed transmissions.
 STP or Shielded Twisted-Pair. COPPER – TWISTED PAIR
The fundamental difference between both
the cables is that the STP cable has an
extra shield layer inside the outer cover.
The extra layer of the shield protects from
any interferences.
So, there are different types of cables. The
CAT 3, 5, and 5e are essentially the UTP
cables.
CAT 6 is also UTP, but it is also the STP
cable. Each one is capable of a specific
The termination order determines the order
maximum transmission and bandwidth.
used for placing the wires within an RJ45
Most of them can stretch up to 100 meters connector.
except CAT 8, which has a maximum length
The termination can be done based on the
of 30 meters but provides the highest
Telecommunications Industry Association
transmission rate of 25 Gbps.
(TIA)/Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
COPPER – OTHER TYPES standards for Unshielded Twisted Pair
wiring, TIA/EIA 568A & TIA/EIA 568B.
Both TIA/EIA 568A and TIA/EIA-568B
standards are pretty much the same. The
Southwire RG6 Coaxial
only difference is that the green and orange
150M Coaxial
Cable - Black | The
wires switch places. The termination of
Home Depot Canada wires also determines whether it will be a
straight or crossover cable.
For example, if you have TIA/EIA 568A on
both ends of the cable, then you have a
9207 010500 | Belden straight cable. The same goes for the
Twinaxial Cable PVC
8.4mm TIA/EIA 568B on both ends. However, if you
100Ohm Tinned Copper
Black 152m | Distrelec terminate TIA/EIA 568A on one end and
Germany
TIA/EIA 568B on the other end, then you
get a crossover cable.

A.J.C
 ITNET 1 REVIEWER

TOPIC 2: FIBER As stated in the previous slide, the data can

be transmitted longer distances than the
SINGLE-MODE AND MULTIMODE multimode fiber cable on a single optical
core. For example, multimode goes up to
1000 meters or 3280 feet, but a single mode
can go up to 10 kilometers or 6.2 miles.
The distance of specific data size includes
4K HDR and 8 K video, for example. The
slide also mentions the cables, whether
single-mode or multimode, that are whether
recommended or not for specific video
resolutions.
Single mode - has more light sources that
have lower attenuation.
Multimode fiber - has several light modes
with higher attenuation.

TOPIC 2: CONNECTOR TYPES

LOCAL CONNECTOR (LC)

Fiber cables can either be single mode or

multimode. Let’s understand the differences
between both of them.
 LC acronym denotes Lucent
The simplest way to understand the Technology.
differences is that a single-mode fiber  It is a small form-factor connector
generates a single light mode. The standardized as Fiber Optic
multimode fiber generates several light Connector Intermateability
modes simultaneously. Standards (FOCIS 10) in EIA/TIA-
604- 10.
A single optical core is 9µm but 50µm in the
optical core. However, another variant of  LC connector is available as LC
multimode with 62.5µm core also exists. Duplex and LC Simplex connector.
 It has an easily adjustable design.
Because there is a single optical core, the  It can be easily plugged into the slot
data can be transmitted longer distances and taken out with its clip. In short, it
than the multimode fiber cable. does not require any installation.
STRAIGHT TIP (ST)

This slide lists some of the differences

between single-mode and multimode.

A.J.C
 ITNET 1 REVIEWER

 The ST connector has a half-twist

bayonet lock that has been
standardized as Fiber Optic
Connector Intermateability
Standards (FOCIS 2) in EIA/TIA-
604-02.
 The ST connector has a bayonet
mount and 2.5 mm ceramic ferrule
that holds the fiber.
SUBSCRIBER CONNECTOR (SC)  There are two types of registered
jacks:
o UPC - Ultra Physical Contact.
o APC - Angled Physical
Connect.

 UPC - Ultra Physical Contact

o is an improved version of the
PC connector generally used
with the OM1 and OM2
multimode fiber.
o The UPC connectors are
 SC is a FOCIS-3 (TIA-604-3)
generally blue. The UPC
compliant fiber connector with a 2.5
connectors are generally
mm ferrule.
used in digital TV and
 It is a snap-in connector that fits into
telephony.
the socket.
 You can use the latch given above  APC - Angled Physical Connect.
on the connector to release the
o has a polished ferrule
connector from the socket.
endface with a radius of an
MECHANICAL TRANSFER (MT) 8°angel to minimize the back
reflection. APC should be
used where you need high-
precision fiber signals.
o If you have applications that
cannot work with heavy
return loss, you should use
the APC connectors.
o The APC connector should
only be used with the other
APC connectors for better
signals. The APC connectors
are generally green in color.
 MJ-RJ or Mechanical Transfer
Registered Jack is a fiber connector RJ11 / RJ45
standardized as FOCIS 12 in
EIA/TIA-604-12.
 Its shape is similar to the shape of
an RJ-45 connector.
 One of the critical advantages of the
MT-RJ connector was that it had a
small form factor as compared to the
SC and ST connectors. It also
benefited from having TX and
 RX strands in a single connector.
REGISTERED JACK (RJ)

A.J.C
 ITNET 1 REVIEWER

RJ11 and RJ45 look the same but except  Media converter
for their sizes.  Is a hardware device that
connects two different media
RJ45
types, such as fiber and
 Connector is almost double and twisted pair.
used with the Ethernet cables.  You may need to connect a
 Connector has 8-pins with 8 wires fiber network with an
ethernet or gigabit ethernet.
RJ11  In such a case, you will need
 Is used with the telephone cables. to have a media converter to
 Connector has 6-pins, connect both the ends of the
networks to communicate
 Rj11 connector has only 4 wires.
between them.
TRANSCEIVER TYPE
F-TYPE CONNECTOR
There are different types of transceivers.
Let’s look at the four primary types.
SFP - SMALL FORM-FACTOR
PLUGGABLE

 An F-type connector is a round-

shaped connector that two-wires,
one of which is signal and ground
cable.
 The F-type connector is used with  Compact and hot-swappable.
the set-top boxes, cable modems,  It is mainly used in data
and hybrid fiber coax networks. communication and
TRANSCEIVERS/MEDIA CONVERTERS telecommunications networks.
 Its primary purpose is to convert
optical and electrical signals.
SFP+

 Transceiver
 Built into the network
interface cards but can also  Is an improved and enhanced
be a separate hardware version of the SFP that can support
device. different types of network media,
 A device with transceiver such as 8 Gbit/s Fibre Channel and
capabilities can transmit and 10 Gigabit Ethernet.
receive signals, whether an  Similar to SFP, the Quad Small
independent device or a Form-factor Pluggable (QSFP) is
network interface card. also compact and hot-pluggable.
 It is mainly used for data
communications.
 It allows the data rate of 4×1 Gb/s.

A.J.C
 ITNET 1 REVIEWER

 It can connect with the servers and  The patch panels help you organize
switches by terminating the fiber the cables cleanly and
optic connection. systematically.
QSFP+ is an extended form of QSFP that
can support a data rate of 4×10 Gbit/s. FIBER DISTRIBUTION PANEL

TRANSCEIVER TYPE
QUAD SMALL FORM-FACTOR
PLUGGABLE (QSFP)

There are different types of transceivers.

Let’s look at the four primary types.
First, you have a small form-factor
pluggable (SFP) transceiver, which is
compact and hot swappable. It is mainly
used in data communication and
ENHANCED QUAD SMALL FORM- telecommunications networks. Its primary
FACTOR PLUGGABLE (QSFP+) purpose is to convert optical and electrical
signals.
SFP+ is an improved and enhanced version
of the SFP that can support different types
of network media, such as 8 Gbit/s Fibre
Channel and 10 Gigabit Ethernet. Similar to
SFP, the Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable
(QSFP) is also compact and hot-pluggable.
It is mainly used for data communications. It
allows the data rate of 4×1 Gb/s. It can
connect with the servers and switches by
terminating the fiber optic connection.
TOPIC 2: CONNECTOR TYPES
QSFP+ is an extended form of QSFP that
can support a data rate of 4×10 Gbit/s.
PUNCHDOWN BLOCKS

 You must have seen the wall outlets

for Ethernet connections where you
plug in the cable to connect to the
network.
 The wall outlet for Ethernet connects
to the patch panel, which is housed
in a rack in a data center.
 The patch panels have the wall
outlets’ connections terminated in
the back and from the front sockets,
they connect to a switch.

A.J.C
 ITNET 1 REVIEWER

table displays three tables. The first column

displays the name of the cable. The second
column displays the speed, and the third
column displays the transmission range that
is supported by the cable.
FIBER DISTRIBUTION PANEL

PUNCHDOWN

 Block is used for punching the

cables into a slot.
 You can punch a cable into the slot
using a punchdown tool.
 The cable is placed on the
punchdown block and pushed into
the slots using a punchdown tool.
 There are different variants of the  This slide displays the different
punchdown block: Ethernet standards for fiber cables.
 The first one is the 66-block  The cable name has a number as a
used with the analog prefix, determining the speed.
telephone systems.  For example, in 100Base-FX, the
 The second type of 110 number 100 denotes 100 Mbps
blocks is used for the speed. The second column displays
telephone and cat 5 cables. It the speed, and the third column
has replaced the older and displays the transmission range that
obsolete version, which is 66 is supported by the cable.
blocks.
 The third is the krone block, a
european version of the 110
blocks. It is used for audio
interconnections.
 The fourth one is the bix
block, proprietary
development of the nortel
networks. It is mainly
designed for the cat 5e
cables.
TOPIC 5: ETHTERNET STANDARDS
ETHERNET STANDARDS – COPPER

This slide displays the different Ethernet

standards for copper cables. The cable
name has a number as a prefix, determining
the speed. For example, in 10Base-T, the
number 10 denotes 10 Mbps speed.
Similarly, in 40GBASE-T, it is 40 Gbps. The

A.J.C