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Polymer Chemistry Notes

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62 views29 pages

Polymer Chemistry Notes

Best for demo

Uploaded by

zafran uddin
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© © All Rights Reserved
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s POLYMER ® The gion! woleews LiKe DNA, Proteins, engymen, Rodyracehariaes ord Ka wom = mode Combourneés live polyeoens wakeliki , PvE ote ave Called yracro moleules ov Nohymers ¢ The Word Polymer js coined from tyro Grea, Words’, Poy weans wor amd mer means Umit cr bank. Ry polymer mony be delined a0 o Inigh msleulor weight (5,000 te one milKom ap Lo’) Combouna from doy Ike combirokion of a large numba of one ore more ther of wokeeule oF Imad woheenteve Waigrk _Crorenes) an oe we aa Polym om aero molewhes are vere loge maltedes fonmed fey Kruillivg jogeiman of a Jonge number of smo woleenler trough a Covalent Niwege: PTH Atikle cceaakive maheeiles Leon Which Me _vehesting Atuehsrek Gnllé 6 “al Polymer Osea Acwlved ara Called manener + Faq) aeahe EN Oh = Hy > Cer HICH CO cH St, 2 pyle Yebeahyg walt Poly elt bse a lesen) rene Eo Cpdlymen) ihe _Amelleat Abruehorat mit of Polymer thal he. ated In Relyrnes. aucune ( csilad vabooled unter, «Reg honomen pescado 7 Podiartstone hye ty aU PPO ShyTARe UEC pi, Ph s 3 % . ety F Poly acontond fie. Ub=cH-oN aeiett B Prlycoprolackem ues qv 9 Nylon, 6 ae —nnferse— CNIS. oie amias wee >canneag witn LamScar The peers oe TASSRON Frog Whian sprpnomnesh aye convened Unto Hadbyrnens 1s called Se Tpolymanimonon Tr general, Wa Resoeesd of telly fon Wavy Ne veeunewhed ar: nM _Ragmete stg, hn ae RONOMEL polymer oe on wy _Roumestaalieny (Ym a ot polymer. Degree of Polymeniaakion (D ey: Degree of Rolymeniaakion (DP on'n,) on oroen Jong of polymers Vo dehned os ame Dames AH ccebeok umibs Apecenunk kv a given (boty mee molnenke - M Ma Ma wt of polymere De one = Mot wh of Yepeatunit. For example , maheral Pubber 16 ov rabarave | of poly mex moleentas having ar mane ar 50, 000 units (monomer) pec moleewle op ib olegyee of poly meriaation 14 50,000 Polnecd and wocromaeeer : Polymers have oka ain Wires vey Arigh woleulor woe amd became of Rabe lore ge. Aig core alao Collad macromolecules The feom bolymes and wacromoleenles aye enceadly. Wed witkout Alakinebion + Rodan, Abiebly Spon King UE 14 rot dene + Ar polyno cdiays 65. Mab, Jonge aumloes Of vrebealiwgr wiper “adie On a otter dard , 0 waeromgleeule 1s a giank oleae Which on wo not Contain Monomer wnt « Foo gamble, chlorophyll ( coe Ha205N4Mg) iA co Waeromokenle buk Ke rob Teqarded 2 polymer oecaunre Gk Doers not Contin’ rebeating mono mt nites Yodalen , baKal® awd okytrene are rede ded or macromoleenles ar well a2 polymers because Contain a large nernber oP rebealiry muamomens “Thus, all _boly mens ane macro mole bh all matrompleecten ave net Polymers Scanned witn VamScan ra 18] that arr bolymens ) @ (3) Whar ara moromers) What ta lpoly waplActton 1 4] Whois vebcated unl) go What {4 dagvee of Rolymerdacttion 2 1t¥4) AM Rolymerd ave natromokeentes foie A macronaiaenor arre not oa Eplain unth scarnbte . fe Claaaificadion oan Z “Goon tw te Tate Baald of Clamnificalion Polymer Tate eer W Sowree Tmongane, organic Nahwcal , Semisynleh(, Sxeniieh'e Homsbohimes , Colbolymer near, Lorramehed, Cros- Linked HABIKON holy mur, | Comdannalion Poly F) Mohuulon forte Elantomers, Frovar, Thermeplaaic Theor belhing Trotaehe, Simdlotacke, Abaeh'e i) Sheveo chemiahy Monomer 8 crylaiinnty® ® Clomidcokon of Polymers Sard ov Sosa W) Treegaric Polymers: Polymers that “Oxe oblain fom Anonqauctc molacntes ore Anowq ante Keokymers «2-3 make Prephoel ¢ aid CHRO), | SiMenlis de. wy Onganic_boly mera : Thane are obtain Om onganic wolsudes. <4 Polyeliylone, bare ake >cannea witn vamScar Wes oem: Oo Ye © choaibicton Gore SS T arerne € ereral + ey oe : () Nahecol pobomsey! TEE wach PO mete. Some anak Tol * Rolybebrids (or prot) argrtmistr eh %. % Stowe on collulse Carros), | F Mokewak ~eubbor — -Fs “Oke! Py | B Nucleic add aha. ) Serer onyntio Ke polymers : axe Chee | wedbad rotund pelyneess “enme ecannpl axe} miholectukne Cellulose ceodakt (PAY) a x vicarnlssd Rubber ab. oe Vulesentaalion Nukeear eubbor Vo a gui Wateciak amd ib an addihon Rolymee ofan. ‘MAW })3= bukadiena Clacbremd) + Polymer chad Ore Unreohinmg Up cnubbor (4 hack uifh 2 rreguiated. cemount of Aulllhun ot Juigh Sembe- Wakes © Thin Ancreanes the well Yealnk Ihacdnors and rengih oS Mis mahtodhncibigg | Orn mAaKe LE Jom slawe + The soeen te ~ Calad. Vuleaminakon , 5 Se ot e wap beeapat age 8 de ye ee eye EP ae ay TES aA NS ue Sa ae ees a i wW SwpalTeotic Poly MOOA a rig Polymers beabercad eae nme i ey | One — Neodlas Some eau, Roky Styrene + Hy \ Tee ~ aU = NRE | % “Valon (Tebe{tuoro ettistend) eR eee | 7 Reems a” ocanned With AmScar © eransificakion on the banis of MORN Simed © Homolbolymer: A ROMAN rene a Ssom iendical monomer writ Aomobolymen. ive Yh RR ARRAN renee Rokymer. Some Deambes are - Poy LMe : Ley cosy 2 7 ra & gve 2 Cay Gon S Teblon § KR hI, Poly acres ia EBT eke. @) Cobody mer : A Rolyme objeinal trom two Ow wore AtPerenk monomend 74 Esihed O CO- Dolywmoer LK Lmeore/ Cobdymac combosedt of tors Ak uchecak umik ford B hoy be Telprrewdad, on Foltsd/s : ~~ A-B-B-AatH-B— Cette) a 2 rave Ta +RS RBA AB— Celene Nylon-6,6 ane Buna-s reubber axe Ihe exambles sh Cabolymens: taney gotten Fame > FMitcugpireotisy; cog, + io Given yw dpe ati Nylon G6 Cmonomes) voronesy Crelumen) easerensentn gee Na, egencetrenireto, Bobaats-diene Styrene Buna $-Pubber ©) Classification loared on Ahusbuve; @) Linear Polymers: Tn ese Polymeng , mono-~ meric. walls are Linked together +o forem Linear Chaim. The genenal tybe ix heh = hee NRRa nom Wega gt ocanned with mScar TW nee A uererel umit 36 bres S es pan ee jue tum teomivod ums doy * Noama ple Ao munt necessarily be in fhe Care of Aineor Poly mer? Te ol wnils Aland 4” may Joc ke Aame OF Aruk ment not tse ictewkeat wik A+ eg s eH -05034) my CRA) AT porenr ye eae is x a dbs iS Jeon akom 6% Qnm)ed to AKa, walks vain ee jeombrat wnt SdHfecent Brom Tra viaeiped Abewebuical uss asre, alley emd ‘ et Minear_Sohywmers Me vashouy ely erie Chains ace close packed im space and) Wenee they Move \igh kerala bhreng iy and Wighy maby Rois + eg pve, Waly dan Alky lpolythona , nylon oma Polyester eke: W) Brramened Polymens! Tn Ikine Rolymens, sonoma Uibs combine “eo Soom Alde chain Ce levamehen o& Arfferone Logik along wi ty ARE Mineo ehotn Ccollad main ehoin’). AL bial nen Meneare bolymar Abeushwce Un whiely Mia Loramelrivg umibs vcebrerambed Lay y asce fee trivalent mou Lee indicated an folorts - Z enn ” AAA YR AMY AAA 2% ere hes fi The terancheng wmids may hae valoney Pra Wom dkeree « Heve deighly- drromewed Abruehares mr Ao pessible! Tk may fnleccomedk WU Ibself te Jetd © nekWork Abruckuce. As a Terull sf Asoamehing , There. polymers ore nck Clesely packed in Sate, Thug, Tenge hove dow denathion , Jow sensi canned witn CamScan an wall ar Jmd melling amd Decily- ear te fo Lines holm ® t emily bolyethslene BMD YN , Maflo berkin ate, doo F WW) €rrons-ingea or ‘hveeditenbionh NetAows bear, Tr Wine bolymens , tht Unikally Feremed Mncon, Crain gab Cross ined Aogalice Sn Aerom thera AimerKonal Nak Woon. “Thane Yolymands oe Ward TAG'S ond briPle beeauee ah mebwonk Ahrudkees: ery bake 5 maamine, foomaldelyda arin we - oo Polymer () Polignen nd op, © Clorsiticotion boned _on Aymuests. : Mode st boymeriaation) GD AdBition Jockymer: They acce Somme toe mm OASIKON Ov Comet o% mORDMENA Conkeis cowie borda , uithouk Liminalion a sme moles Mvenron yO, Ny ake NASLRON BQymend Mowe he> Rome embericod Loman an alr MENDES gy Polgtene — feureasy, wy hy (vi id 4 ® a: halving turdy: ttt > Teflon L £cR ch, © Polyshjreme. Cth Hy 1 Rolyacrponthrite + * or Onley °C AGAS,, WD condensation Palynert: Ti boty mens thiee 22 Lopmed ML Condenoation * veneh'on of. ‘momo mens Aaviky more far one funehonat 4, WIR Re elim of Small mre, fateh helene ho, WHS CBO ede are. called. Condensakion baly mars. €g: Decron , nplon-s,6 de. >cannea witn LamScar . @ & Non -6,6 £8 fovmect Jog. He, concenscion oF Ma, & me thyjton Aiarnine With adie SH nine MOEA), SOME, tog weO GT, Aayomalhg toe adipic ad? an 0! Alarmine> Difference bebacen addilion 2 Contevontion be we Condensaton yl ID Trvelve tae aitferank meron) ee . Jac Afedymens taken Aker Yace| 2) Wamescion Soxee MEE Witnouk The toss of any wolesiell wolerutes ike 129, Wait Heke IS 3) Embiwicad fowmula of tne [2) Emlbbiirical Gewruta ot oly Folyman is TR Aame a6 eo difperewic a Hot tor of wenomen OF monomers, | Monomers do mot |4) Mo: cb contei™| ) 1) Nee vat take 5 Conbeln, omy Funetionod gros 5) Come Nar odd Den poly ay vine, PVE, GoW sty rame Teplen- abe>| . Qelautficakon on Ihe basis of_moleeitor forces f A om Tha, WORT. of ke taken mare fete he Polymers jae claasifad to fewer Whe: Fo pepe © Elontomees: ta tvs type of polymers, a ‘inlermofeelor forees Dperaking are fhe wealleak, The wel bondirg forces powmié Mae poly mens, WD be Akekched over tem tian on te applicahon Of ppbrow Ak fod‘ Crags Lenks? ave inbroduced iy Iochveon [he ehodns, hick Aalf Mie Stretehed- polymer volun bb fhein ovignal posihen on die vemo- val of offlia free! (Vulcans rubber). erg natural Pubbac , bure-$, buna-y eke- MBAU TRE prevoree of Weak, tmterimolectar frees allow He polymer ehain fb Le AhetcheR, We rae chain: offend ihe, poly asition - rae Scanned witn LamScar 1) Fibews: ‘these hove Atrongeat tncomatene), eseen Sn tka hoom Ayjdroger eords on dibate dite Intepackons- Duc to Me Feresenee °§ Along Tnleomaleedor forsee , tare Jporyners Snowe Moa! Nensile Jshrongth, Lowa adoakiciy ord vor reli mts * “These Fpohynaxk acre Merzod ive amd Com Ye woven ‘udko Lororics amd Mamee Ured fore Noting clothe, neks, toben ede eng muplen-G6, Senylene, daeeon Onl, cenilon eke: - we (iil) Theemoplasbie Polymers? trace axe en beolymees and howe Weak Van dow Waals fopeen o& altvacKon ad- (NY mI varlour ehalns- Thine tomer ave in boehdean More of 2lantomens and bers. When Insabedk, Hrey male ote: Soom a lula which seks ‘nto a Jnonck mana on sey ‘Tho Ah Gan be mowsed'in any derived Nabe this tye of polymers Ahad vaversible tha~ nqe When Rasted amd Cooked Some Common excmbl mae er cove Falytheng fpolpbrobytone, aliyshyrine, WW) Thermo salting Polymers 2 Trane Polymers acre Generally mode from Acwiflula > wostaness Aranring Wd ugleebar Weight « Wren Meabed, thay beeom-e hard ond infunible due to KL Cross fining ekvcon tho Bolymec Chain’, honen ove thee Aimeional in nohwces Some Comnen, emambles are bakit, tenyloe malainine eke Ditferteorce bebrean ‘theomsblaniiec awd tomonatig pelymment: Ther moplartic poly mera 1) Tere are fowmad Sy addition polymenizatton 2) Thre hove upually li Bbruckore D) Tore are formed doy condommation polymertzaton . 2) There howe. theese dime- nbiorod Crohs-Linkeck Shuchewo and melt on| 3) There Annet Aobtow ov aster “hawden 09 iv De Be walker pen or eng: fe rom) AS SS 1S Yenerible . vv Trmomnceliwy Polymer | | pewvou, Die oo ‘reeank and sesbaped: | Ided ove tt Ste axe Yoon brittle} 5) qluse ore OPE Am ‘cd Aplulele tw? | Gord Awschulale in OPGMES omgauric Ady sats Aclyeuks + f 6) Excamples Poly Ho] Brramblan’ Bakelite Tey eve, Teflon Myles |" lone, Malarine bea Poly oy hone ) poly aety] feorraidalyde rencn Jonilrile, poly (menaerfal Thre com be nemould G)claasification eased on. tre Shercocteniahy oF _monomer Depending on da backtelly(ie Shakos ainko- Aiken of fhe Aubsshuets oktorkad Fo Wie 257 ynmatic. canbon akoma ‘jn: polynetie Chain) JooSy mars Cam Joe eaasified 2: wees © Taokachie Polyment Tn those Pelyrers Me side chains] ope axe oriented on Me (ame pide of Ba en te any ei eR ee. RR Fae ARABS on Jeleteh (By Symdiotacte polyined » Tm thine polymers [fe coguiaky, alleavals on both Alder of Ite wabr bolymee eked an Akmon belno re EE fre deledeh- ded Ga), Mackie Polymer: Dn Rie polymers I Aulesliiuents ase aconanged te am inregulan, ri iH ferdlon 00 Sher bee = ‘ Sa & fe wd beled ddd Tha, Physieat, bespewties of a bolymen defend won ha conkiqurak on + Polymers Iraving. Caotac he ond Ayndiokaetic Configurahon ara more Uke oto. be Cropbaline Aolids because Me regular anng- ngemenk of Aubsttuenkd in Tem llode @ ware Scanned witn CamScan orem angemenk «Poly mans having ove dacedaxed and tan- pro, Thane. Polymers are my Tequer. boeing: dak Nolwe- / alacke eanhguration are nat Leen sogether 9° mica amd Ge aigid ®) Baved on empptaldinshy ae 4 Br wok: Exryptaltnthy, staterd to We aPCE + Melon a ae a erase (Nn @ Polka: Tr « Crp} , _ woleeiber cone acanamged me compte. cs manner + The degree oF Conpheddinthy: no v influence on hava, howsi , Besams barnanery- awd — Abffuston- Debeuding tsbon tee ere oh Crp da bind polyinens cove ‘ever sgRes- CO crpptalhine pelymess + me coptallinthy oboe 95 IF K+ Bxomplen ave. HDPE, Poly cok poly ety leur terephthalate he (wokenter cone antarged Tn wequlare farkdon and ‘thereby Welk fpactead Th the feon of ervell) @) Semé-Coyp tein oo The” Crmatedlintht in Semt-Cryptalline mn 8 Obouk ps we "oan are PVA, He Resin de Cin bolymen tke ywolaales ave annanged in ehised path ar ell ar Awhasard on) C2) fron pow polymer > Amenbhour polymer may Contain abouk 167, Crystalline Ahuthure, Rambler core + Poly ving acetate Cfevice’) , Polystyrene, pmImA the Ge polymer te elec are anv 7 Vereqular and Ais omaon fachlon) vrgesk yah nO Comynee dcanneag witn LamScar (8) Nome tye matuyal Polym amol tp Sryynlie ti ¢ WMLYA + (Bd what to wasnt by ahomobolynces £ Copolwass 2. LA) What a adtdithen polymer’ Aatron ? (By Whak ta comdomrah'on poky mer &ahon 2 (By) hak ane: thoemoblactic emol Heenan sate Placiics 2 ve j Scanned with CamScan Polymen Nomenclobure ® Tupac POLYM momenciatre ae Aesrdardired arming Converhone Jose Spobymers ek Joy Re Tmreovabionst Union OF Puce and Applied. Chey ecibe en their pulbbicalon “combs (Turn) and ces maium of Polymer Teena Nomencdasre? akin is ao Kyoan Oo The Puchi Bek A Robymer, Con ee renmed im, a8 on Awo Ways - Source - loaned. 0 Lae ured hon The manor — Mikew nakvalig more axbiist xe une appmenclalwe Com Joa ured Uben Ihe Relymer Ate uch. 1A Reoven = When Where 14 no Canfiusion, Bome Lraditoral ramen (on conor ramet) axe avo aceckhable » Whakever malhod ie used, alk bolymers eune Ihave The deeehix Roly y polled. fey ence DQ ass ceca Mie oak of IRL name The WORKS OTR MRE in Se odor fol}. Lgcamle tmaiestic Ka Reeltion of skustusel feakews, ca Bob Arcntero Ayres)” Sh a Aouver-baned rame 3 one Word and Tas NO hocorks | ARen AE Ke “eneloning marke ocr TOE ermal souk (hay F8F ppeuld be used when there TAGE loc. conkurion, tee poy Cemerconty ane > M4 a Dokymer where an Poly ehlormAbycene muy 2 a ormall. , madi swlosh!— wih x- ang A= chino ~orader BRA ont Og octet Atom on. marmes ge Some named o® oly ween cave denived Seow Wa Blace of OMigin of Ma walenial >cannea witn LamScar Ca ; % Auun an Hever lprraact bi emala -~ Se Ray y & pubber Room Bragit’- bre rakcoak “euhbey Ole Pokymens acre. masned otic Hate ain. Govme, on TA Bakenili , Tho Ata dimensional, | polymer produced Soy ordennakon 8 Phe~ moh Ard fromaldauyde » Wher Wa cornmnce- elalized May Leo Backeland tm wos. For Aome brow tant gore § Foy - eos, Special “namin and Avptemys of NO mendake Were iwenked + Fore acarmiple , Ihe mpon where Damed Aecosdivys te je cpurmlaar o& Conbows An She Aiamine and Contoonytie aca sre adsomis Cronomers’) wed in thelr Auprileses + The ron Nvodueed hay tia, condenaakon of A, G- heanediaming/ A, G- Mancrmeliy ned amine Cé-canbons) ond Selsacie acid, (oy Carctoonsy A Called nyjlm-G,l9. ° nH NH) Mts Roeser, Lon —> {nn cengrwlcen gly 4 ,6-Hexene Sebel dal Nylon 6, '6- 20 | Bhamine : Stoiloruy We bolyman from, 1,6-dexqne - Alominag ond adibic acid Ceara wilh 6 condor) Vr called nuton-66 98 muffon~ 66 , ond ta TUylon, Rcom ‘ite Atwgle reackan® CoA Larcher (Gents) vs cadked WyRan~6 « ren / ‘ IGN) thE Oye Ch) fort —Ennlaganeoeayent, + 2nig0 HerameyWe- adipic ada maton -66 harming mylon-6 6 gh ' . n iG; > forage 1, Cabrolastem nyim-G (TB, wah We: Tee ANAomen eh 656 jn, : SPIGLO Woven 6,10 amScan 9 Soweee= Boned name cs womens bh drorwokalymend 6 srarmed, waning Ane rane eR Ta yaonoren (he * pouree’) Hom Wee We Ya delved? Wie Aronsalpolymend Ook named. Ly curing Ihe kvelbs Poly. dn fronb of Via monomer Nome + Some ecarbler re Give loalna - Vik monomers Polymers ® Mylene: ens ca, v Poly etrnylane’, bdytaobrene €%. ay : ae! Garters) a hy ob \ BAM Rolytocbume — € WCF ue 7H wee Cobsinmen: ae polymers oe Vow Coboly mens Wore Me wormed Tow Swear Ways, Aebending on ded march oe Krous abouk Ta ynalkod Uned to Yeeebore Te, Rolyinee ond Ne Sohathed Abruchuce of IKE Pebaak Wk Palkeons When mo Uocamalion im “Shedbied about the sequence of monomer wot vn The CoPolymax , Te Connective Sepm CO Ve ured W\ Ke qantnal fonmak Poly(A ¢o-8)_ Whave ‘ond B Are Te nares ee the tao mono mab Some She uckurre posed NAME Pobyacrglonihile Poly (4 Cyamocthintone) Poly, Cemmytone ovidd) Roly ony edly re Ae rebstialo yt ; Cattishone Sevebttalald) Pod Emp ettuphoue ony en Poly (4% Ad melingLelfigl®) Palipino butylene. Roby CmelGiA metaneryfetz) PadflL meeting enon t- Polgbroby lone Pedy Ch matefaylone) Polystyrene. or Podiy (4- Phomytetti tuna) Polis Letra ukoroetiy tone. Potydisf bun matiglons _ Rodi ving aectat) Poly, (4 acatonspligtoue) Poly Cingadcotel) Pes (ete Bronglious) Roby Cvinglehlorid) Rody, (-eHer otis tone / Linkage Boned Names pee sang Fpotypmen “famillen’ ava refered fo Aasy ke. name % Aa Rob tuo Mnkege thab -tornnedts fla Polymers «The chemi name is “Poly! follmdead Rey sma! Ninkege mame. Thus , ~ Scanned witn vamScan | | Wit (CRU): Th the Tupre Axplem a, voulis ® ‘ Asdaddiy Ta ordre A CRU ace fond elsewhere. Monae nec Me owdan is Sduded, To Norway Ve phalgileouard fom Bimble Linear, moles, aa Walcated iq the Apllouing Reambley : Cy, Poly Styrene Ce s, — Cs Meo-C= 0 f Poli [4-(netRemycanbongt)= Pobi(4-Prengt Dacovin, Parvie, Geon NIM, Truly all axe, ez mamer fon po Cvinyt cllovideny Moanufachured 5 AifRew eng coh! Gonkea Somme Polymers axe babes Verna n Hada ome thar thle ele Name Foe etes Polylebenfioroetinane atc Kner ay “vehton Thar hrode mame ola fy DuPont. ocanned with camScar Common fobymens: © Orayilee yom (®) From hydro : : eq 6 ~fydvonghena male ate n oor a ate fy eoqeet, * fora oiey, Poly 6 Areca neal) () From diols and diaeila terecen Maer nRoeKeLoH +” Hog Ogos : four Oph ae teal a poly (eit Jerupstat) Dacron; Mla Tay lime ® Polyuvetons peod-ne! amide—oler ; dexivalive oh Ginbowle Sela do atest HO ~ Ron Bodie oe § BNR + Ue oPod Eabgoe ope! Mi » were foewemeK ey, weo —> , biophenol-A rat bie . eee ee ee ioe Bi dig sO Ow 4 sf oLod Lexaw BPolyphevatics if on St wba =] % “f BD TAROOK Raxelile, @ Pyehers «conse mn Sctanneag with vamScar ® Polyaamiclen « Diantydvide wilh diamine bob wr onn 8 faire" Y a he diamine may be o 8° ablPaie on axcowohe- ploy eh, w~ B) Wile dmow te _phuahuve amd repeat alto (1) Polyvinapidine chlorite F © Polyino butylene, eo gl Git) Podyltgncrmelty Lene oki posed (W) Wetle yubbar. Yaw &) RE Ds sagt w ea ty, & Brey cut aye W) ex: mals 1a) tahab ty bachtethy? CKeonthy polymere bared ony dachsy » Paw Wins | Taettaly tw olymera seahers to a. 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