"Poles. Nei The mace - cae melreules whose mobelar Mas Ub stabil ti wv 6 wntel ith: dues regular Vee pctstiow Mg. omrall, unt? , monomen 1 tS kotor Os . Por ymecs The — pre cess v poly mea la a buon. Pas * pooymeslisxtrol Ole os “ _Feenesion or Powymers + nba OH =a — te — ae eanne nt rice n tte = on payee —> abs a ea . bg pee" : y hog H “¢prapene), oe p casrgane n Ch, = mH ee Ov Lon. — en) a, te -ahlonide> : mag py Bonefone! Cie oon th = i pps —> benpontmt poly eras mt Eon emy e nth, au — paola» mk Gs Cots a Spe | ted ce oon thy, = of, —polpmatalios. —> Lt8, — ¢F.>} bbrofluone ae yo > uses ob a * sramostiow oe aa Ask ce ineutotiou. + uses chlowide * ° actin nainceals » din “ tags cond poobeypept” a ae d Polystynene ve ins am ineutator f ye - ie ane Adlon : * in ee uals : ace elke) De - ine, Sto bk gale + uses tae * 08 dubstitute for wed is ; ce) in. mokir ing somminas ey ore OM Coenen, UF Oils yOMON _, Md acxilon Se agein GhecH On Oe i tthe CH —eny i Bula -1)37 den | : Poly bute. —1,b- déene , fen-t= = che CH) >In thet — OW = oh. | i | \ ; os | CH, . i peaapnd ee ee yibb i 4 (Ysoprene) ° in type C—O OT? a fe | ut \ w | pa Lo freaprene) | ROMOPLyYMER > u pay mun whuelv ee made. as eM ‘ ot ae HoroPoL aT Bow balled. tT ¥ bo - POLY Meh . acne wha te “hod: mOnOMeNs: erie to - POLYMER * 5 : Inca. ON en a “none en > tnctnecnenrarch cow panei Moe be ioei = CHO —oH=cH CH, 2 a ntW= CU ENE tay ct WEN CH —fen- 1 Ve CWO = OH, cae \ , es oN f tn | he Buna.) (ite “y3-aiee) ——ouglowitle | >. Wes t Runw —N it ~ im maine “oil wals dd taker lining > usa t Bune -§ : 2S Mau fect 4 flocm _tisas- | i cert 2 mos aah , fear cOaupone ; edune ¢ E : “ g MONDENSATION —- VoLy MERS ne contin aml ote) wifes * nr Oi toy <-> -Cun~en —t03 . (yegetne) (Smallest onthe aud) fant protein f \ topoerme® 1g nope 0 )—tepn + RO=0H,~ C8, — OH Weo-Heok ° F “Respro, aus eigen gyro AL yee, | | ' Linnean wea awe £oe-Co>Leo-olen, ch, o} 26 Zine otal Esto ( VOOWRE = oo Darton. oe A'ocous) 5 ' aK, (PorvsTe Ry: /Oe nse : , pathali: aerel “ge yee Ope. PHO OM TOR Vohe oe - fey eo =o eis, oe or diol cu, = a7 wn Gugpel (pocvesreR “usaf alone to wie te and usool ab fibs Kee aye a + MN On nus > Coe Cer, 00 ate . oa th CH, segue 6 ba aot sales tottew — edie ee , : ete ‘a a Sp aaa ee + RMBRAR! eH, =i (mt Cth, prey (rouseR) | ' Tn kana (uyon -¢, my Ami Pe’) | 1 Hoth toon +. NHO-CH-CH, Coo! ae = t RT eOOH oy fH menfes“oten. encera = = Jeon =nn Ken @ nten-ch—toon + WAN fede cook —-HN crete ue | cee MauUarmadrs) aL 2M “6 Chen) (roproic acid) : a ) 9 Use a “ : on amok deat besidls __ beile:_tnduatiy £ Tie x G aa? ae — (CH) — ni} _ tail ae sys a poe oe fon 6 op fabue~ OF ‘ Mt A * CHoH + cn, wen 1 aye cf oa MERE. a | Boe : chou chat «thee pee stad a . Gy" 2H “hy ak eu; o" Novolowr® WIN Conn, y ACW) 7 -(lin-eo- NH-en-), Unite Fonmnlddiyls wuta fovmoldne tuwin Ly Ws + land hao | | \ 4 "How. Tre Om ony on on 1 OW Novotae: ou frodtun ce H.C = Hy. oy CH, ast Jprmataelegde wvsclvig ota brea ~ Linkage fe form ow ifuatle _Eclid _tatted SMncurTe i il I He ens “Oy, cui. | i ° ! OH On on i i 1 Bakelite + tment cal (EEN ae he udele we a n os — “TT sy ra i ae i the Niey Tab.vmedcati” 8 E E = . 3POLYMERS These are the compounds of very high molecular masses a which the simple molecule large number of simple molecules (monomers). The proces: rmed by the combination of In. (monomers) are converted into polymers is called polymerisatio Polymersation Eg. nCHp=CH, —————+ (CHy—CHa)n Ethene Peiyttiane Classification of Polymers : (1) Classitication based on Source of availability 4 {@) Naturally Occuring Polymers : ee : ' caret nad The polymers obtained from nature (generally from plants and animals) are allied iy polymers, ino atlas, uo je“acie EQ. Cellulose is a polymer of glucose, Proteins are polymers of aan are polymers of various nucleordes eg. DNA, RNA. ms ZN (b) Semi synthetic Polymers : BY emis pdiigétions are cal Polymers obtained from naturally occuring polymers ee mip fi Semi-Synthetic polymers, ( fog? d EG. Vulcanised rubber ttom rubper; Cellulose diacetate from colupee end acetic anhystide and Gun cation trom cellulose" trl ee v (C) Synthetic Polymers : ANN Man made polymers are known as Synth sc Sythe" Eg. Fibres, Plastics and Synthetic rubper Qe @) ructuge PRO dey @) Classification Based on Structusé“@t Penge P ‘There are three different types-Bagorho the’Structure of the polymers. 1, Linear polymers-% Eg : Polymers arc ara chains, are called linear polumers, high density} Polythene, polyvinyk.chiari Nee 2. Branched chain rey i Folymers-Which contaif linear chains with some branches are called branched chain e.g. law a snc Nt o Network polymers : vena those polymers which are formed from bi-functional and tri-functional Remeners | ntain strong covalent bonds between various linear polymer chains, e. g. bakelamine, | Bake llr te, Classification Based on Mode of Polymerisation lands | {a) Homopolymers : A polymar formed from one type of monomer are called homopolymer. Eg. CH2=CH, —*» (CH,—CH, ese 2) n MM Coo ——> Ly ~y Ly ( Hey) Pitre, (latte,Ethene Polythene ers: (b) Co cana from two or more different monomers is called Co-polymer. r fo ‘A polymet nono cg, nCHy=CH-CH=CHo + RCMECM AC butadiene ae AW = (Hu (tle {CHy—CH=CH—CHjg {Ctl CH 4 A [sijrene butadiene rubber \\ 4 Addition Polymers : Addition polymers are formed by reactions between monomer molegaip: ilo ingsFriultiple bonds. Eg. 1 CHy=CH, — (CH2—CHe)n ethene polythene nCH)=CH—CH=CH,+%@yhty--OHse OH, > (PHO-CH ae ICH, —CH— mey,> Cit O | ty t CoHs ry jtyrene-butadiene rubber éndensations between monomeric units with the mmonia, alcohol etc, densation Polymers : The condensation Coe Ss i elimination of Cee Eg. n ENS SS ptoos (CHp)4 COOH — “(NH (CHa)g NH-OC (CH), COr, + nH,0 Nylon-6 6. safc DH (Sols a homopolymer or a Co” polymer ? ts it an addition ora lymer. homopolymer and the monomer from which it is obtained ZCHp. Since the monomer contains a double bond, it foe ae a aie 1 fH CHR—CO),, 4 hompolymer or a Copolymer. is styrene, 0. addition polymer, —————= Could a Co polymer be formed in both addition an not ? capitan examples. 4 condensation polymerisation or Ans. Yes, Eg of ‘Addition Polymer forming Copolymer 1 CHy=CH— CH=CH, + gta Ghieris oa) Cy, = 4, 3-Butadiene sha, ie a on *_{CH,-CH-) ema CH, CH=CH CHa | | H CoHs) y, styrene-butadiene rubber => BE R er: Eg of Condensation polymer forming copolym NH +m HOOC (CH), COOH ——~ in HyN (CHa) e ja ~(NH(CHp)g NH - OC (CHp)4 -CO-); ) Classification Based on Molecular Forces : (a) Elastomers : D) In Elastomers, the polymer chains are held together by ea 3 which the polymers can be stretched (by applying smal a) | introduced in between the chains, which help the polymer 4 v when the stress is removed. Eg. Vulcanized rubber, buna,S una“. AS“Loy,- 4 CHU [3 (©) Fibres : os : rogen bonding ani These are the polymers which have strong intermole ydrogen bent ; iving them dipole-dipole) between the chains due to which pegnens oo Aa chap, elting point. high tensile strength and less elasticity. Therefoye. 4uee Polymers have sharp ™ | Eg. Polyamides (nylon-66), Polyesters (terylegg). etc\ | | | | ; These are polymers whic! fy Gn between elastomers and fibres and therg (c) Thermoplastics : is no cro bith these can be easily moulded, by heating. nS > ac Eg. Polythene, Pol é bai cc Villani These polymers which on heatin: cross-linking betwee nt polymer chains forming three dimensional network of bonds. Eg. Bak a . urea-formaldehyde resins, etc. nan= sausable . edn Growth polymerisation : ndensation Polymerisation or step growth polymerisation. { dition Polymerlsation j In this type of polymerisation, the molecules of the same monomer or different monomers add together on a large scale to form a polymer. The monomers used are unsaturated compounds, e.g. alkenes, alkadienes and their derivatives, This mode of polymerisation leading to an increa: place through the formation of either free radicals (1) ise in chain length or chain growth can take) QF ionic speci }Curssirication Bases ELASTOMERS. Freres. S WotakaWlIe Uke Nenderwnals f 6 tamag IME forty > aha ton, + ure! bymope 7 \ Bond \No_ oven Links epee chee pach of dae ‘ss edetale! b- Ea i er * weutle ( 3 ‘ Tuan stag | [ ; i setae Dh cane On Movecu car. Forces THER M0 PLASING Hosfewws | saat peas SHERMOgETTING wvoltmt bonds - 1 ow molester race Ami Sued Mae a [meld * Onlurible Inod wees ® extereive une ~hinles deveteps i apt Oar Oa(Ae Aroition Rerenons EM TNITIAION | ic it ' 2+ PROPOgAsION: tatione , aniowe , ie ned 3) TERMINATION : ‘ ' (nomic, ANIONIC. : FREE RADI i bndhiatiou cabo. DAWOW ‘ free i #,% ' ' : | Prspopition tame, fr al | 29 | Wuwinatuin + ao | cate ; [oe xeda Mecanign: Oe Peer Ravicar een REE NAD ICAL Sep bast ean i Ne ft overs g ‘ oe ots -¢-0%o, bolts “SF 2 (chp —0 ED 2lgis* +2¢a, Buugoyt Pooside WITLATOR + | ot (Ge wi wis Lb beats hanoge to ete ) ‘ “ho : : j ee—" tes eH Css. . ~ “Cha = CMs ve. _ eo Ns ee —th, SS Cons -tH" -ew,—CH,- cH, cette! oe te neLen, eH, en 0H, tate rho = CHa cwctn, + CH, cnt CH Cons. na ine A . tarotcet ~ tho onckoeny Hagited : Go,Free Redical Mechanism A variety of alkenes or dienes and their derivatives are radical generating initiator (catalyst) like Qenzoyl peroxid etc. For example, the polymerisation of ethene to polythene c: 0 a { light a mixture of Head with a small amount of benzoy! peroxide initiator. The ee stary with the addition of phenyl free radical formed by the peroxide to the ethene louble bong thus generating a new and larger free radical. This step is called chain initiating step. As " i ccscnnnnineniattainias polymerised in the presence of a fr, e, acetyl peroxide, tert-butyl perovigg, consists of heating of ezposing y radical reacts with another. moleculer of ethene. another bigger sized radical is formed. erition of this sequence with new and bigger radicals carries the reaction forward, ag.thy ae is termed as chain propagating step. Ultimately, at some stage the produc*digal{ouy ned reacts with another radical to form the polymerised product. This step h chain terminating step. The sequence of steps may be shown as : (1) Chain initiating step Oo ° ° ° aN YW Ul ul CeHs-C-0-0-C-C,H, 2CeHs—C-2Q 4Cas Cots + CH, = CH, —> CsHs — CHy — CH (2) Chain propogating step ° Celts — CH, - CH, + CH, = CHp—Qho CH, — CHa CHa — CHa ‘CH2 — CH2)n CHp — CH2 adicals can combine in different ways to for Is shown as under : ° £OgHs — (CHp — CHz)y - CHp — CHp ——> Ig — CHa — (CHg — CHa), — CgHs Polythene : Low density polythene (LDP) and high density lymerisation of ethylene is carried out under Pressure (1000-20 ) at @ ? aa 350. 570 k in the presence of traces of oxygen or a ide, the polymer iched structure and is known as low density polythene. It is used (1) In Insulation of electrical wires, (2) For the manufacture of s jueeze bottle: ‘it ‘Sg S toys and flexible pipes. " g cys | bie pipes. when ne polymerisation of ethylene is carried out in the presence of a Catalyst &t about 330 9. $20 _ at_atmospheric pressure the polymer obtained has a linear structure)and is called aw Aan —_ ee f. adhigh density polythene. It is used gq Aram ontump ‘ (1} Containers, house wares, bates; 2) Pines etc. 4 ee teat {b) Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon) : Ws S09 Teflon is manufactured by heating tetrafluoroethene with ae radial o: aarpnate cetave at High pressure. It is chemically inert and resistant to attack by corrasive regents. Its used in making gil seals and geskets and also used for non-stick surface coate utensils Catalyst. NCFp = CF, ~ [CFp - CF at, High pressure Tetrafluoroethene Teflon » (c) Polyacryionitrile : PAN Con LOM) ORS. The addition ploymerisation of acrylonitile in presence of a peroxide cetalys(Acade ro Me formation of polyacrylonitile ~ O a ‘i Polymer bl nc, = CHCN— ee [chy - O RO aa Peroxide Catalyst “ Acrylonitrile Polyaérylo! Vv Condensation Polymerization : When both the reactants are bifunctional, the controlled stepwise manner with the eliminfati called condensation polymerization. The p the sequence of condensation goes functionalised species and not a re Hence, this process is also called ¢{eh Eg. Polymerization of ethylene glycaf Condensation reactions in a Of polymers, and the process is ep Is again bitunctional so that hus, each step produ i ces, a disti Giate_and is independent of cach cit - ach PEsetzatin, ee ohyih"ferephthalic acid-a dicarboxylic acig cooH ——. ]GOO-CH,CH,O- co Cor axa aR Dacron aa si wpilcn ‘ondensation polymerisation reactions characterised oly + dy their linking units are fers possessing amide linkages and are termed as nylons, ral method of preparation consists of the condensation pol ° merisati iam carboxylic acids and also of amino acids and their lactame PT et SaON Of diamines (a) Preparation of nylons titi the condensation polymeris : (i) Nylon 6,6 : It is prepared by Polymerisation of nex; re with adipic acid under high pressure and at high temperature, eramelivienediaming SSKTHON (CHa)g NH +m HOO (CH), COOH — High pressure ANH (CHa)g NH—OG (CHp)4 COR, + nig, Nylon-6 6. ee making shee Sheets, bristles for brushes and in textile industry. : ol tained by heating Caprolactum with water at a high temperature zo O NH+H,0 he, Holl Lethal tide L LLB (333543) USE Tn dhe manedact HOE A CFahe- A 6 t tyre tord, fabrics cmd mountain veering ropes - Nylon 6,6 is used in (i) Nylon 6 2 Nylon-6 2. Polyesters : The 18S@ are the polycondensation ae xylic acids and diols. Eg. : Dacron or terylene : It is terephthalic acid at 4 y heating a mixture of ethylene glycol and ence of etate-antimony trioxide gatalyst. HOCH,CH,OM + Hg 2 A20-AGoK. co Coy, EMEMOB | mae (terylene) is crease resistant and is used in blending with cotton and wool fibres 265} reinforcing materials 1n safety helmets, et rmaldehyde polymer (Bakelite and related polymers) ‘aldehyde polymers are the oldest synthetic polymers, These are obtained by the sation reaction of phenol with formaldehyde in the presence of either an acid or a fé catalyst. The reaction starts wirth the initial formation of o-and/or p-hydroxymethylpheno! derivatives, which further react with phenol to form compounds having rings joined to each other through — CH groups. The initial product could be a linear, oduct —Novolac used in paints. Novolac on heating with formaldehyde undergoes cross linking to form an infusible solid mass called bakelite, It is used for making combs, phoffograph records, electrical switche9 = OH “OH on CH, oS CH,OH HOH,C CH,OH O +CH,O +o, * CH,OH CH,OH ZA OH OH OH OH ns, CH,OH H CH, CH, CH, cu, — Novloe . Soa Ls used i, pails . ve oH ou ou BN + —H,C CH, CH, oe _ Bollile * combs, eerie! seks CH, cH, CH, poe tp Measles _ 77HAC CH, CH, we _ fod a | vests OH OH ee, MNand handles of various utensils. erisation of melamit 4. Melamine-formaldehyde polymer : won poly Melamine-formaldehyde polymer is formed by the condensation p and formaldehyde. It is used in the manufacture of unbreakable crockery.. \H, #H, NAN -NHCH,OH =~ ao ee NH-CH } Ny ALES ly ' 6 A Fy NH, NH. NH lamine Formaldehyde Resin intermediate Mel Melamine PalymerPolypropene Polystyrene : Polyvinyl chloride : (PVC) i Urea-formaldehyle «Resin i Glyptal Propene Styrene Vinyl chloride (a) Urea (b) Formaldehyde (a) Ethylene glycol (b) Phthalic acid (a) Phenol ! (b) Formaldehyde 0cH,-cH,ooc cH, fcn, cH + CHs €cx,-cu} a -€.cH,-CH }, i Eni-co-ntcH | cot, I O-H O-H tr", ! iManufacture of Iropes, tovs. pipes. | iAs insulator, wrapblt material manufaclul jof toys, radio radio and itelevision yn cabinets. Manufacture of rain coats, hand bags. vin flooring, water pipes. iFor making unbreak: jable cups and laminated sheets. | iManufacture of paints and lacquers. For making combs combs, , lelectrical SN handles of utensils an computer discs. aSWhen two or more different re allowed eriza \d the process is called copolymerization. formed is called a copolymer an Eg. nCHy=CH-CH=CH, + soarguigae nao" 1 = a 7 O butadiene oyna lymerization : / ft monomers art to polymerize together, the product [RBI : (Copolymers have properties aul | "Butadiene-styrene copolymer is quite toush ws Sed for the manufature of autotyres, floortile =C—CHSEH, — polymerization {CH2-C=CH—-CH? I &, oH, Ciner, the resident dOUBIEIBGndSTere located bEtNEeRIOPaASICS fis i . polymer and all these double bonds have Gs of is ioprene unit é Onfiguration: s e. Due to this arrangement rubber has a seucla thes rubber which gives it elastic nature. “Sc cH Ch, a CH, ae 7H Chel cH, =< Ngo ch, H CHtivity. 1. How do double bonds in rubber molecules influence their structure and reactivity. ’ geometry. For Ans. Double bonds present in rubber molecules may either have cis-or Ya 5 -polyisoprene. example, natural rubber is all cis-polyisoprene while guital all trans: Nat a rubber. because of all cis-configuration has randomly colled StuotLy™ Saree Tore elastic than gulta which has all trans-configuration. Since all tans- 219-269 ° Te Gantain pack more closely inthe sald lattice, therefore, gutta-percha 1S mor brittle than rubber, - , How does vulcanization change the character of natural rubber a - Ans. Vuleantzation : When natural rubber i hy sulphur at 373 K to 415 KX mised rubber. The vulcanised rubber has excellent elasticity, low wat tendency, Fgsistance to oxidation and organic solvents, The double bonds ip iy ecules in addition to determine the configurations act as reactive sites. © allylic. -CH—, alpha to double bond is also very reactive. ya establishes cross links at these reactive sites. Thus, t9- ithe intermolecular movement of rubber springs is prevented ZréSuItigg ™ character of rubber. The extent of vuicanised material dreds up added. 2. Synthetic rubbers : Synthetic rubber is any ‘streched to twice its length. However, it retur external stretching force is released. Thy nn 3-butadiene derivatives or copolymt unsturated monomer. Preparation of Synthetic Ru! Ss 4. Neoprene : Neoprene or pol n CHy=C—CH=CH, ets fount of sulphur Jk f, Which is gapable opf getting itor ighal shape and size as soon as the bers are either homopolymers of 1. diene or its derivatives with another i fed by the free radical polymerisation of chloroprene. ‘CH, —C=CH—CH,+ ization * | cl n Neoprene A resistance to vegetable and mineral oils. It is used for manufacturing conveyor ma—N Is obtained by the copolymerisation of 1, 3 —butadiene and acrylonitrile in the presence of a peroxide catalyst. ae Copolymerisation nGH,=CH—CH=CH, + CHz=CHCN ——————> 1,3-butadiene Acrylonitrile—{CH,-CH=CH-CH, ~ CHy—CH (CN); Buna - N It is resistant to the action of petrol, lubricating oil and organic solvents, It is used in making oil seals, tank lining, etc. :_. Rubber “NATURAL es nCHs =O — t : RuBeeR, ~ Heh, — th, (ogra . 2- [How dae... wulcamisntion Hamar the |. Chawacler, nakirel Hubby, 9 atiol rubbbe. drome tal ads on BBW) Orel bitte ot | ats (line Uno 283K) oe i. “uw appropriate additive ob “Wuporotivu hjw . BIB <8 & « pee | Ow auleanitation , slp — tha —Lis | Oar Ane ranstive treleg 9} double boda cnrot tuablaw gu iHome «7 ths Bene os \ { Be C= CH CHS, Oyen ALE TO tH ta) aa 4 \ Sie ame y 433 eG Neosat’ . 2 ag i = - eon t ! i © HCH Ms : H¢ pbc Gre cy thy ' i] ont | |r CH, ; > ae wc —Cct=ctH — ths AH -e= CHO CH, An a ! 4 eeeaaatis J j Fit ney cit $e Moye ¥ | ae “ty % CHaMolecular Mass of Polymers : 0,¢ polymer properties are closely related to their mi ctl jolecular mass, size and struc ‘The growth of the polymerchain during their synthesis is depende popARa tvaitaatty of the monomers in the reaction mixture. Thus, the ying nen yre. Thus, the polymer sample. varyin \engths and hence its molecular mass is always expressed 99 ‘The molecular mass of polymers can be determined by methods. piopolymers and Biodegradable Polymers : Polymers such as polysaccharides (starch, celluipep : e pip6 and ‘ds whi control the various life processes are called eigpalyriie nucleic acids which ate bs a All these biopolymers disintegra biodegradable: As a result, they do In contrast, synthetic polymers ~ and spacking safe uses in humsa synthetic polymers (PHBV). It is a copolymer of t rate-corf So acid and 3-hydroxypentanoic acid in which i ich the two moni i lomer units are ester linkages. | nn CHyCH, \CH—CH,—CQOH — 3-Hydroxypektanoic acid c—O-CH-GH,-C-O | I n-1)H, CH,CH, 0 eons DIXIT INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY 4447, Budhana Gate, Meerut, Ph. 0121-2534763, Mob. 9897376803 me Ho- CH Hy, CooH+ wHO-CH-Uy (on —? -fo-| bes Shea Co-ar ay-to- oc come " ‘ “28 4% Cie ge tiydeonybubeiercadd Sci dvory pen traslcactd prey OH a2. Nylon 2-nylon 6 J amino _capr It is an alternating palymide copolymer of glycine glycine (HN — CH, ~ COOH) an acid [HN (CHa)s COOH] ¢ end is a oo EE] ee PE a f | Mh —Uy- 0H + yn), — ‘ex ———> {t, op Nut) 4: T tue weg” boli ¢ +t N-€ CHa) CH, ( ae a ORs a y tof " . ‘ "e tient (69 an ne fw weds owed Cu, CHa, CONE CH g Hs « Jqp ‘ep cout Biedtinf” ooe Een}, COO) MEN KORTE OH functional Mat Ken Jo NWh Hoe ~EeH, to-nn + ody Ot, mye en, 3Z-NH—t0-€ tH, to-NH CHa CH, Moke Rahs mak 3 AN “Rom, NH tt ree os to- nM. = aptinen ony cooy his. ew0ctiow daw ps ow ep echun oaJ iext questions (NCE 27) 1. ‘What aro polymers 2 sisting of a very large Ans. polymers are high molecular mass (10° ~ 10” u) substances CO valent bonds in a linear Humber of simple rebeating siructural units joined together through CO\ mers are : polythene, fashion, Polymers are also called macromolecules. Some examples of Poly! nylon 66, bakelite, tubber, etc, 2 How are polymers classitied on the basis of structure of polymers ? A Ans. On the basis of structure, the polymers are classified as follows : erates, () Linear polymers such as high density polythene (HOP), polyvinyl chloride, nylons, POYES™ Cn ae i te (®) Branched polymers such as low density polythene (LDP), amylopectin, alycogern A : Ai) Cross-linked polymers such ag bakelite, melmae (melamine-formaldehyde poly 3. Write the Names of monomers of the following polymers : y 6 TONH—(CH,)p—NH—CO—(CH,),—CO—], © : Nor 60\—CHagNHy (i) Hero | ‘ Sy Ans. ()) Hoxamethylenediamune HoN—(CHp)g—NHyand a n PS settee COOH () Caprolactam i) Tetratluoroethene, FzC=CFp 4a Classify the following as addition and condensation poly, ; Terylene, Bakelite, Polyvinyl chloride, Retr \ Ans. Addition polymers : Polyvinyl Chlorida)pdiyth ne, Condensation polymers : Terylene, bakelite. 5. Explain the difference between Buna- Bi Ans. Both are copolymers. Whereas, LN\s\yCopolymer of 1,3 butadiene and acrylonitrile, Buna-S is a copolymer of 1,3 -but ea flene. ing order of their intermolecular forces. if Nylon 6, Neoprene, Polyvinyl chloride. le weakest intermolecular forces of attraction followed by 6. Arrange the following poly: () Nylon 6, 6, B re Ans. Elastomor{ Gr cut plastics while fib) van ‘STfongest forces of attraction. Thus, the increasing intermolecular forces of attraction talows/jHe order : Estatomer < Plastic < Fibre. (i) Buna-$, Polythene, WWyfon 6, 6. (ii) Neoprene, Polyvinyl Chloride, Nylon 6. EXERCISES (NCER1 » KR desir, Polymer and monomer. ni jomers : Simple and reactive molecules from which the polymers are prepared either b ition or condensation are called monomers. For example, eth; ie, vinyl chloride, } i nol and formaldehyde, etc, | [hat are natural and synthetic pol Ans, lymers ? Give two examples of each type. Natural polymers : Polymers which are found in nature, ie., animals and plants are called | natural polymers. For example, proteins, starch, cellulose, nucleic acids, resins and rubber. | Synthetic polymors, Man made polymers aro called synthetic polymers. For example, plastics (polythene, PVC) synthetic fibres (polyester, nylon 6, 6) synthetic rubber (neoprene, Buna-S), etc.10, Wn Distingulsh between the terms homopolymer and copolymer and give an example of each. Ans. Homopolymer : Polymers whose repeating structural units are dorived from only one type of monomer units are called homopolymers. For example, polythene, PVC, PAN, Teflon, polystyrene, nylon 6, otc. Copolymers : Polymors whose repeating structural units are derived from two or more types of monomer molecules are copolymers. For example, Buna-S, Buna-N, nylon 68, polyester, bakelate, melaming ete. py ton -) -nyhar-t How do you explain the functionally of a monomer ? Ans. For example, the functionality of ethene, propene, styrene, acrylonitrile Is one while that of 1, 3-butadieng, adipic acid, terephthalic acid, hexamethylenediamine have two. Define the term polymerization ? 9 ‘Ans. Polymerization is a process of formation of a high molecular mass poly! or more monomers by linking together a large number of repeating strucygS) junits\ihyugh covalent bonds. oO Is (-NH-CHR-CO-)pq a homopolymer or a copolymer 2 ‘Ans. It is a homopolymer because the repeating structuy ie, NHp—CHR—COOH In which classes, the polymers are classified on the basis\@ ‘Ans. On the basis of intermolecular forces of attr4phich operating chains, polymers are called into the followin 1, Elastomers 2. Fibres 3. Thermoplastics and How can you differentiate between adg ‘Ans. Addition polymerization : In different monomers simply add, aA o ipe of monomer, jing plastics. \densation polymerization grfong molecules containing double i re ‘ethene and neoprene from chloroprene, etc. : this type of polymerization, two or more bifunctional ‘Addition polymerization geneedl noc For example, formatiohot Condensation PQ ‘ i molecules under i endent condensation reactions usually with the elimination ter, alcohol, ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, etc. to like, of simple: rose : ample, nylon, 6 6 is condensati ‘a _macromolegyié For ex toe form mmediamine and adipic acid formed by elimination of water molecules. ees ge (5)10. A S4erm copolymerization with two examples. t monomers are allowed to polymerize 4 Dr two or more different : Reenant oe 66 \s "callod O ropalymer and ine process is called copolymerization, Thus, a cohen ‘aIns a large number of unit of each monomer used in the samo polymorle chain, For oni ‘ Buna-S and Buna-N. Whereas Buna-S is a copolymer of 1, 3-butadiene and styrene Sie Gay N Is a copolymer of 1s g-butadiene and acrylontrile, whe aes radical mechanism for the polymerization of ethane, rite the Define thermoplastics and thermosetting ohne Ans. Thermoplastics are ner polymers which can be repeatedly softened on heating and 8. Ther12, 13, 14, 15, 17. hardened on cooling and hence can bo used again and again without any change in chemica composition and mechanical strength. For example, polythene, polypropene, etc. Thermosatting polymers, on tho other hand, aro permanently setting polymers. On heating in Mould, they get hardened and set and cannot be sottened again. This hardening on heating is due 10 cross.linking betwoen different polymer chains to give a three-dimensional network solg we bakelite, melamine-formaldehyde polymer, etc. ‘ © monomers used for Getting the following polymers. (i) Polyvinyl chtoride (i) Teflon (iii) Bakelite. Ans. () HeC=CHCl (i) FC=OF (ii) OgHgOH and HCHO Wile the name and structure of one of the common intiators used in free radical adsition Polymerization, ANS. (CeHsCO) 02, Benzoyl peroxide, % reeennabs the presence of double bonds in rubber molecules influence ther Bir Feactivity 2 ata tuber is cis-polyisoprene and is obtained by 1,4 - polynfepeefon ne units "S Polymer, double bonds are located between Cy and aud LPP Low Pens POON (re) div tle prepuce 4 Buacns 4 dioaygey on pteor ide intaton Ceatalyot) St-0 Yo A0a0 atm © 380K — o loon = 7;* obtainud through Un nee Mordital Odolitvow and H-absliactou Ana. how beondud ttvetiw Cuvally Hal ; Theatr bub lege od ae Poot Coucucto t gf tlatalg Of Muere boils, 5) toys oma” “Hexiole pees -