Optical Properties of Solid

Light Waves in Homogeneous Medium

Light: EM wave with time varying Electric (𝐸𝑥 ) and magnetic
field (𝐵𝑦 ) which are perpendicular to the direction of
propagation.
According to electromagnetic principle:
• A time-varying electric field would set up a time-varying
magnetic field with the same frequency.
• A traveling electric field would always be accompanied by a
traveling magnetic field with the same wave frequency and
propagation constant but they will be orthogonal.
The interaction of light wave with a non-conducting matter is
described through the 𝐸𝑥 component rather than 𝐵𝑦 because it is
the electric field that causes polarization of matter. So, optical
field refers to electric field.
 Light Waves in Homogeneous Medium
If electric field is oscillating in x direction and propagating in z
direction then,
𝐸𝑥 (𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝐸0 cos(𝑤𝑡 − 𝑘𝑧 + 𝜑0 )
• 𝜑0 =phase constant = determines value of electric field when
t=0 and z=0.
• 𝑤 = angular frequency = rate of change of phase of a wave
2𝜋
with respect to time =
𝑇
• 𝑘 = propagation constant = signifies the spatial variation of a
2𝜋
wave's phase as it travels =
𝜆
Light Waves in Homogeneous Medium
 Light Waves in Homogeneous Medium
Direction of propagation is represented by 𝒌 (wave vector)
where,
2𝜋
𝒌 =
𝜆
If wave is propagating in z direction, them,
𝒌 = 𝒛 𝒌𝒛
 Light Waves in Homogeneous Medium

If wave is propagating in any arbitrary direction,

𝒌 = 𝒙 𝒌𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒌𝒚 + 𝒛 𝒌𝒛
Then electric field at any point (x,y,z) will be
determined as such
• Vector to that point is
𝒓=𝒙𝒙+𝒚𝒚+𝒛𝒛
• Electric Field is,
𝐸𝑥 (𝒓, 𝑡) = 𝐸0 cos(𝑤𝑡 − 𝒌. 𝒓 + 𝜑0 )
Where, 𝒌. 𝒓 = 𝒌𝒓′ (As previous)
 Light Waves in Homogeneous Medium
Wave Front: In any plane perpendicular to the direction of
propagation (along z) the phase of the wave is constant which
means that the field in this plane is also constant. A surface over
which the phase of a wave is constant is referred to as a
wavefront. A wavefront of a plane wave is obviously a plane
perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
 Light Waves in Homogeneous Medium
As previously discussed
𝐸𝑥 (𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝐸0 cos(𝑤𝑡 − 𝑘𝑧 + 𝜑0 )
Let,
𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝜑 = 𝑤𝑡 − 𝑘𝑧 + 𝜑0
1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑧 = (𝑤𝑡 + 𝜑0 + 𝜑)
𝑘
Let, max field plane (one of the wavefornts) which is a constant
phase plane moves a distance 𝜕𝑧 after a time 𝜕𝑡 then, phase
velocity,
𝜕𝑧 𝑤 𝑓
𝑣= = =
𝜕𝑡 𝑘 𝜆
 Refractive Index
When an EM wave is traveling in a dielectric medium, the
oscillating electric field polarizes the molecules of the medium at
the frequency of the wave.
The net effect is that the polarization mechanism delays the
propagation of the EM wave.
The relative permittivity 𝜀𝑟 measures the ease with which the
medium becomes polarized, and hence it indicates the extent of
interaction between the field and the induced dipoles. For an EM
wave traveling in a nonmagnetic dielectric the phase velocity v is
given by
1
𝑣=
𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 𝜇0
 Refractive Index
If EM wave is traveling in a free space,
1
𝐶=
𝜀0 𝜇0
We know
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒, 𝐶
𝑟. 𝑖. 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚, 𝑛 =
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚, 𝑣
𝐶
𝑛 = = 𝜀𝑟
𝑣
Again,
Wave vector in medium, 𝑘 = 𝑛𝑘0
𝜆0
𝑜𝑟, 𝑛 =
𝜆
𝑘 𝜆0
𝑆𝑜, 𝑛 = 𝜀𝑟 = =
𝑘0 𝜆
 Refractive Index
Self Study:
• Isotropic refractive index.
 Dispersion
Dispersion
The refractive index of materials in general depends on the
frequency, or the wavelength.
From polarization, we know if a single atom experiences electric
field,
 Dispersion
Then,
𝜕2𝑥
𝑚 2 = 𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 + 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜕𝑡
𝜕2𝑥
𝑜𝑟, 𝑚 2 = −𝑍𝑒𝐸 − 𝛽𝑥
𝜕𝑡
Solving this,
𝑒𝐸
𝑥=𝑥 𝑡 =−
𝑚𝑒 (𝑤0 2 − 𝑤 2 )

𝑤0 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝑤 = 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑀
𝑤0 ≫ 𝑤
 Dispersion
We know,
𝑍𝑒 2 𝐸
𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 𝛼𝑒 𝐸 = −𝑍𝑒𝑥 =
𝑚𝑒 (𝑤0 2 − 𝑤 2 )
𝑍𝑒 2
𝑜𝑟, 𝛼𝑒 =
𝑚𝑒 (𝑤0 2 − 𝑤 2 )
Polarization is frequency dependent.
 Dispersion
Again,
2
𝑁𝛼𝑒
𝜀𝑟 = 𝑛 = 1 +
𝜀0
2
𝑁 𝑍𝑒
𝑜𝑟, 𝑛2 = 1 +
𝜀0 𝑚𝑒 (𝑤0 2 − 𝑤 2 )

Refractive index is frequency dependent.

 Dispersion
Now,
2
𝑁𝑍𝑒 1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑛2 = 1 + 2
𝑚𝑒 𝜀0 2𝜋𝐶 2
2𝜋𝐶
−
𝜆0 𝜆
2 2
2
𝑁𝑍𝑒 1 1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑛 = 1 + ∗ 2
𝑚𝑒 𝜀0 2𝜋𝐶 1 2
1
−
𝜆0 𝜆
2
2
𝑁𝑍𝑒 2
1 𝜆0 2 𝜆2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑛 = 1 + ∗ 2
𝑚𝑒 𝜀0 2𝜋𝐶 𝜆2 − 𝜆0
2 2
2
𝑁𝑍𝑒 𝜆0 𝜆2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑛 = 1 + ∗ 2
𝑚𝑒 𝜀0 2𝜋𝐶 𝜆2 − 𝜆0
 Dispersion
In practice there are multiple resonant frequency in crystal. Let,
a series of resonant frequency, 𝜆1 , 𝜆2 …

Then for a EM wave of 𝜆, last equation can be modified as,

2 2
𝜆 𝜆
𝑛2 = 1 + 𝐴1 2 + 𝐴2 2 2+⋯
2
𝜆 − 𝜆1 𝜆 − 𝜆2
𝐴1 , 𝐴2 =Sellmeier coefficients.
 Dispersion
Another two expressions for dispersion equation, Cauchy
Equation
(1)
𝐵 𝐶
𝑛=𝐴+ 2+ 4
𝜆 𝜆
(2)
𝑛 = 𝑛−2 ℎ𝑓 −2 + 𝑛0 + 𝑛2 ℎ𝑓 2 + 𝑛4 ℎ𝑓 4
 Group Velocity and Group Index
Since there are no perfect monochromatic waves in practice, we
have to consider the way in which a group of waves differing
slightly in wavelength will travel along the z direction.
When two perfectly harmonic waves of frequencies w + 𝛿𝑤 and
w − 𝛿𝑤 and wavevectors k + 𝛿𝑘 and k − 𝛿𝑘 interfere they
generate a wavepacket.
Then,
𝐸 = 𝐸0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤 − 𝛿𝑤 𝑡 − 𝑘 − 𝛿𝑘 𝑧 +𝐸0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤 + 𝛿𝑤 𝑡 − 𝑘 + 𝛿𝑘 𝑧
𝑜𝑟, 𝐸 = 2𝐸0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿𝑤𝑡 − 𝛿𝑘𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤𝑡 − 𝑘𝑧

Envelope
Oscillating Field
Group Velocity and Group Index
 Group Velocity and Group Index
• oscillating field at the mean frequency w
• amplitude modulated by a slowly varying field of frequency
𝛿𝑤.
• The maximum amplitude moves with a wavevector 𝛿𝑘 and
thus with a group velocity.

We know for a wave, group velocity is 𝑤/𝑘. But for group

velocity, envelope has an angular frequency of 𝛿𝑤 and
propagation constant, 𝛿𝑘. So, group velocity,
𝛿𝑤
𝑣𝑔 =
𝛿𝑘
 Group Velocity and Group Index
We know,
𝑤
𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑣 =
𝑘
𝐶
𝑜𝑟, 𝑤 = 𝑣𝑘 = 𝑘
𝑛
But for previous discussion we know, r.i. is wavelength
dependent. Then,
𝐶 2𝜋
𝑤=
𝑛(𝜆) 𝜆
 Group Velocity and Group Index
Then,

𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝜆
𝑣𝑔 = = ∗
𝑑𝑘 𝑑𝜆 𝑑𝑘
Then,
𝑐 𝑐
𝑣𝑔 = =
𝑑𝑛 𝑁𝑔
𝑛−𝜆
𝑑𝜆
Where
𝑑𝑛
𝑁𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 𝑛 − 𝜆
𝑑𝜆
 Group Velocity and Group Index
Self Study:
• What is dispersive medium ?
• Why in Optical Fiber communication, 1300 nm is used if fiber
is SiO2?
 Magnetic Field: Irradiance and Poynting Vector
Although we have considered the electric field component Ex of
the EM wave, the magnetic field component By always
accompanies Ex in an EM wave propagation.
For EM wave phase velocity is
1
𝑣=
𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 𝜇0
Then magnetic field and electric field is related by,
𝐶
𝐸𝑥 = 𝑣𝐵𝑦 = 𝐵𝑦
𝑛

𝐵𝑦
𝑜𝑟, 𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 𝐸𝑥 = … … (1)
𝜇0
 Magnetic Field: Irradiance and Poynting Vector
The Poynting vector gives the electromagnetic energy crossing a
unit area per unit time.
Irradiance Magnitude of Poynting vector=Power flow per unit
area
 Magnetic Field: Irradiance and Poynting Vector
Self Study:
• Instantaneous Irradiance.
 Snell’s Law and TIR
We consider a traveling plane EM wave in a medium (1) of
refractive index 𝑛1 propagating toward a medium (2) with a
refractive 𝑛2 .

When the wave reaches the plane boundary between the two
media, a transmitted wave in medium 2 and a reflected wave in
medium 1 appear. The transmitted wave is called the refracted
light.
Snell’s Law and TIR
 Snell’s Law and TIR
From Snell’s Law,
sin 𝜃𝑖 𝑣1 𝑛2
= =
sin 𝜃𝑡 𝑣2 𝑛1
When 𝑛1 > 𝑛2 , then obviously the transmitted angle is greater
than the incidence angle. When the refraction angle 𝜃𝑡 reaches
90°, the incidence angle is called the critical angle 𝜃𝐶 .
𝑛2
sin 𝜃𝑐 =
𝑛1
When the incidence angle exceeds critical angle then there is no
transmitted wave but only a reflected wave. The latter
phenomenon is called total internal reflection (TIR).
 Fresnel’s Equation
Although the ray picture with constant phase wave fronts is useful in
understanding refraction and reflection, to obtain the magnitude of
the reflected and refracted waves and their relative phases, we need
to consider the electric field in the light wave.
We can resolve the field 𝐸𝑖 of the incident wave into two components,
one is parallel to the plane of incidence 𝐸𝑖𝑝 and the other
perpendicular to the plane of incidence 𝐸𝑖𝑛 .
The plane of incidence is defined as the plane containing
the incident and the reflected rays.
Similarly for both the reflected and transmitted waves, we will have
field components parallel and perpendicular to the plane of incidence,
i.e., 𝐸𝑟𝑝 , 𝐸𝑟𝑛 and 𝐸𝑡𝑝 , 𝐸𝑡𝑛 .
Fresnel’s Equation
 Fresnel’s Equation
What is TE wave?
What is TM wave?
The expression of incident, reflected, and refracted waves,
𝐸𝑖 = 𝐸𝑖0 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑗(𝑤𝑡−𝒌𝒊 .𝒓)
𝐸𝑟 = 𝐸𝑟0 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑗(𝑤𝑡−𝒌𝒓 .𝒓)
𝐸𝑡 = 𝐸𝑡0 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑗(𝑤𝑡−𝒌𝒕.𝒓)
𝒌𝒊 , 𝒌𝒓 , 𝒌𝒕  Directions of the incident, reflected, and
transmitted waves
𝐸𝑖0 , 𝐸𝑟0 , 𝐸𝑡0  Respective amplitudes
 Fresnel’s Equation
Boundary Condition:
1. Electric field that is tangential to the boundary surface
𝐸tangential must be continuous across the boundary from
medium 1 to 2, i.e. at the boundary y = 0
𝐸tangential 1 = 𝐸tangential (2)

2. The tangential component of the magnetic field 𝐵tangential

to the boundary must be likewise continuous from medium 1
to 2 provided that two media are nonmagnetic (relative
permeability = 1)
𝐵tangential 1 = 𝐵tangential (2)
 Fresnel’s Equation
Using these boundary conditions for the fields at y = 0, and the
relationship between the electric and magnetic fields, we can
find the reflected and transmitted waves in terms of the incident
wave.
1. Reflection & transmission Coeff for normal components:

𝐸𝑟0,𝑛 cos 𝜃𝑖 − 𝑛2 − sin 𝜃𝑖 2

𝑟𝑛 = =
𝐸𝑖0,𝑛 cos 𝜃𝑖 + 𝑛2 − (sin 𝜃𝑖 )2

𝐸𝑡0,𝑛 2 cos 𝜃𝑖
𝑡𝑛 = =
𝐸𝑖0,𝑛 cos 𝜃𝑖 + 𝑛2 − (sin 𝜃𝑖 )2
 Fresnel’s Equation
2. Reflection & transmission Coeff for parallel components :

𝐸𝑟0,𝑝 𝑛2 − (sin 𝜃𝑖 )2 − (𝑛 cos 𝜃𝑖 )2

𝑟𝑝 = =
𝐸𝑖0,𝑝 𝑛2 − (sin 𝜃𝑖 )2 + (𝑛 cos 𝜃𝑖 )2

𝐸𝑡0,𝑝 2 n cos 𝜃𝑖
𝑡𝑝 = =
𝐸𝑖0,𝑝 𝑛2 − (sin 𝜃𝑖 )2 + (𝑛 cos 𝜃𝑖 )2
𝑛2
Here, 𝑛 =
𝑛1
The reflection and transmission coefficients are related by
𝑟𝑝 + 𝑛𝑡𝑝 = 1
𝑟𝑛 + 1 = 𝑡𝑛
 Fresnel’s Equation
The significance of these equations is that they allow the
amplitudes and phases of the reflected and transmitted waves to
be determined from the coefficients 𝑟𝑝 , 𝑡𝑝 , 𝑟𝑛 & 𝑡𝑛 .
Let, 𝐸𝑖0 is a real number. Then, 𝑟𝑛 can be expressed as
𝐸𝑟0,𝑛
𝑟𝑛 = = 𝑟𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝−𝑗𝜑
𝐸𝑖0,𝑛
𝑟𝑛  Relative amplitude of reflected wave w.r. to incident wave.
𝜑 Relative phase change of reflected wave w.r. to incident
wave.
 Fresnel’s Equation
Two cases may occur then,
1. If 𝑟𝑛 is a complex number then reflected wave will have a
arbitrary phase change w.r. to incident wave
2. If 𝑟𝑛 is a real number, then
a) If 𝑟𝑛 is +ve, then phase change will be 0 degree
b) If 𝑟𝑛 is -ve, then phase change will be 180 degree
 Fresnel’s Equation
Now if 𝑟𝑛 is a complex number then reflected wave will have a
arbitrary phase change w.r. to incident wave.
When will be 𝑟𝑛 complex?
 When, 𝑛2 − (sin 𝜃𝑖 )2 is negative. It will occur when,
1. n is smaller than 1. i.e. 𝑛1 > 𝑛2. In other words light wave
traveling from a more dense medium
2. sin 𝜃𝑖 > 𝑛,
𝑛2
Or, sin 𝜃𝑖 >
𝑛1
𝑛2
But we know, = sin 𝜃𝑐
𝑛1
So, when, 𝜃𝑖 > 𝜃𝑐
So, phase change will occur under TIR
Fresnel’s Equation

For n1=1.44 and n2=1

 Fresnel’s Equation
Several Observations,
• For small 𝜃𝑖 , i.e. normal incidence of light (not polarization),
reflected wave suffers no phase change.
• As is increased to 𝜃𝑖 =35 degree, 𝑟𝑝 = 0, so only perpendicular or
normal polarized electric field exists. This special angle is called
Brewster’s Angle. This angle can be found as by putting 𝑟𝑝 = 0 in
Fresnel’s equation,
𝑛2
tan 𝜃𝑝 =
𝑛1
• For 𝜃𝑝 < 𝜃𝑖 < 𝜃𝑐 , 𝜑𝑝 = −180 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒.
• For 𝜃𝑖 > 𝜃𝑐 , i.e. under TIR, there is certain phase shift in 𝑟𝑛 and
𝑟𝑝 while their magnitude is unity.
So under TIR conditions, 𝑟𝑛 and 𝑟𝑝 will be complex as we have
discussed earlier.
 Fresnel’s Equation
Under TIR these phase shift can be found by the equations,
1 (sin 𝜃𝑖 )2 −𝑛2
tan 𝜑𝑛 =
2 cos 𝜃𝑖
1 1 (sin 𝜃𝑖 )2 −𝑛2
tan 𝜑𝑝 + 𝜋 =
2 2 𝑛2 cos 𝜃𝑖
 Reflectance and Transmittance
Reflectance: Reflectance R measures the intensity of the
reflected light with respect to that of the incident light and can
be defined separately for electric field components parallel and
perpendicular to the plane of incidence.
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑟𝑛 2
2
𝑅𝑝 = 𝑟𝑝
For normal incidence of light,
2
𝑛1 − 𝑛2
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑅𝑝 =
𝑛1 + 𝑛2
 Reflectance and Transmittance
Transmittance: T relates the intensity of the transmitted wave to
that of the incident wave in a similar fashion to the reflectance.
We must, however, consider that the transmitted wave is in a
different medium and further its direction with respect to the
boundary is also different by virtue of refraction. For normal
incidence,
𝑛2
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑡𝑛 2
𝑛1
𝑛2 2
𝑇𝑝 = 𝑡𝑝
𝑛1
Or,
4𝑛1 𝑛2
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑇𝑝 =
(𝑛1 + 𝑛2 )2
 Complex R.I and Light Absorption
Absorption Loss in power of propagating EM wave is due to
the conversion of light energy to other forms of energy.
Scattering Energy from a EM wave is redirected as secondary
EM waves in various directions away from the original directions
of propagation.
• Due to wave propagation through materials, molecules
become polarized  Polarization effect is represented by
relative permittivity, 𝜀𝑟 .
• If no losses in polarization process 𝜀𝑟 is real.  R.I. n= 𝜀𝑟
• However, there are some losses in polarization process 𝜀𝑟 is
complex
𝜀𝑟 = 𝜀𝑟′ − 𝑗𝜀𝑟 ′′
 Complex R.I and Light Absorption
𝜀𝑟′ = 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝜀𝑟′′ = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚

Then the propagation constant will also be complex,

𝑘 = 𝑘 ′ − 𝑗𝑘′′
Then from the equation of EM wave,
′′ ′
𝐸 = 𝐸0 𝑒𝑥𝑝−𝑘 𝑧 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝑘 𝑧)

Describes attenuation along, z

Intensity, I at any point along z is,

′′
𝐼 = 𝐸 ∗ 𝐸 ∝ 𝑒𝑥𝑝−2𝑘 𝑧
Rate of change of intensity,
𝑑𝐼
= −2𝑘 ′′ 𝐼
𝑑𝑧
-ve sign attenuation
 Complex R.I and Light Absorption
If 𝑘0 is propagation constant in free space no loss in free space
real

Then,
𝑘 𝑘′ 𝑘 ′′
= − 𝑗
𝑘0 𝑘0 𝑘0

Complex refractive index, N Extinction Coefficient, K

Refractive index, n

So, N= 𝑛 − 𝑗𝐾
 Complex R.I and Light Absorption
We also know,
𝑁 = 𝜀𝑟
So,
𝑛 − 𝑗𝐾 = 𝜀 ′ 𝑟 − 𝑗𝜀 ′′ 𝑟
Squaring,
𝑛2 − 𝑗2𝑛𝐾 − 𝐾 2 = 𝜀 ′ 𝑟 − 𝑗𝜀 ′′ 𝑟
So,
𝑛2 − 𝐾 2 = 𝜀 ′ 𝑟
2𝑛𝐾 = 𝜀′′ 𝑟
 Complex R.I and Light Absorption
We know, relative permittivity can be frequency dependent.
So, 𝜀 ′ 𝑟 and 𝜀 ′′ 𝑟 can be frequency dependent.
Then if we know the frequency dependence of either the real or
imaginary part over a wide range of frequencies then we can
determine the other term.  Kramers-Kronig Equation
 Complex R.I and Light Absorption
From equation of reflection coefficent, and for normal incidence
𝜃𝑖 = 0,

cos 𝜃𝑖 − 𝑛2 − sin 𝜃𝑖 2
1−𝑛
𝑟= =
cos 𝜃𝑖 + 𝑛2 − (sin 𝜃𝑖 )2 1 + 𝑛

If refractive index is complex then,

𝑁−1 𝑛 − 𝑗𝐾 − 1
𝑟=− =−
𝑁+1 𝑛 − 𝑗𝐾 + 1
Then reflectance,
2
𝑛 − 𝑗𝐾 − 1 𝑛 − 1 2 + 𝐾2
𝑅= =
𝑛 − 𝑗𝐾 + 1 𝑛 + 1 2 + 𝐾2
 Lattice Absorption
• Involves vibrations of lattice atoms.
• The crystal in this example consists of ions, and as an EM
wave propagates it displaces the oppositely charged ions in
opposite directions and forces them to vibrate at the
frequency of the wave. In other words, the medium
experiences ionic polarization.
• As the ions and hence the lattice is made to vibrate by the
passing EM wave, some energy is coupled into the natural
lattice vibrations of the solid.
• This energy peaks when the frequency of the wave is close to
the natural lattice vibration frequencies. Typically these
frequencies are in the infrared region. Most of the energy is
then absorbed from the EM wave and converted to lattice
vibrational energy (heat).
Lattice Absorption
Lattice Absorption
 Lattice Absorption
• These absorption peaks in above Figure are usually called
Reststrahlen bands because absorption occurs over a band of
frequencies
 Self Study
• Band to Band Absroption
 Scattering
• Scattering of an EM wave implies that a portion of the energy
in a light beam is directed away from the original direction of
propagation
• Consider what happens when a propagating wave encounters
a molecule, or a small dielectric particle (or region), which is
smaller than the wavelength. The electric field in the wave
polarizes the particle by displacing the lighter electrons with
respect to the heavier positive nuclei.
• The electrons in the molecule couple and oscillate with the
electric field in the wave (ac electronic polarization). The
oscillation of charge "up" and "down," or the oscillation of the
induced dipole, radiates EM waves all around the molecule
Scattering
 Scattering
• We should remember that an oscillating charge is like an
alternating current which always radiates EM waves (like an
antenna). The net effect is that the incident wave becomes
partially reradiated in different directions and hence loses
intensity in its original direction of propagation
• We may think of the process as the particle absorbing some of
the energy via electronic polarization and reradiating it in
different directions.
• Whenever the size of the scattering region, whether an
inhomogeneity or a small particle or a molecule, is much
smaller than the wavelength A of the incident wave, the
scattering process is generally termed Rayleigh scattering. In
this type of scattering, typically the particle size is smaller
than one-tenth of the wavelength.
 Scattering
• It is apparent that the scattering process involves electronic
polarization of the molecule or the dielectric particle.
• We know that this process couples most of the energy at
ultraviolet frequencies where the dielectric loss due to
electronic polarization is maximum and the loss is due to EM
wave radiation.
• Therefore, as the frequency of light increases, the scattering
becomes more severe. In other words, scattering decreases
with increasing wavelength.
 Scattering
• blue light which has a shorter wavelength than red light is
scattered more strongly by air molecules.
• When we look at the sun directly, it appears yellow because
the blue light has been scattered more than the red light.
• When we look at the sky in any direction but the sun, our eyes
receive scattered light which appears blue; hence the sky is
blue.
• At sunrise and sunset, the rays from the sun have to traverse
the longest distance through the atmosphere and have the
most blue light scattered which gives the sun its red color at
these times.
 Self Study
• Attenuation in Optical Fiber
• Definition of
– Luminescence
– Incandescence
– Photoluminescence
– X-ray luminescence
– Electroluminescence
– Fluorescence
– phosphorescence
 Self Study
Math:
• 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.8, 9.9, 9.12, 9.13, 9.16, 9.18