LEE KONG CHIAN FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND SUSTAINABILITY DESIGN

UEBA 1823 BUILDING SCIENCE I

TRIMESTER JUNE 2023

PART 1

NAME STUDENT ID TOPIC

Fong Zi En 2202141 Heat transfer
Chua Juan Xia 2302105 Pollution
Wong Jia Jia 2301843 Passive Design
Chin Wen Kang 2207587 Energy Efficiency
Humidity and
Tee Shu Teng 2301219
Condensation
Nathaniel Giyl A. Resources, Recycling and
2302085
Tubong Conservation
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 HEAT TRANSFER

2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.1.1 CONDUCTION
2.1.2 CONVECTION
2.1.3 RADIATION
2.2 THERMAL INSULATION
2.3 SHADING
2.4 PROTECTION
2.5 THE DIAMOND BUILDING
2.6 MARCO POLO TOWER
2.7 EASTGATE CENTRE
2.8 DISCUSSION
2.9 CONCLUSION

3.0 POLLUTION
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 PRECEDENTS STUDY
3.2.1 THE CRYSTAL (LONDON,UK)
3.2.2 MESINIAGA TOWER (SELANGOR,MALAYSIA)
3.2.3 THE EDGE (AMSTERDAM,THE NETHERLANDS)
3.3 DISCUSSION
3.4 CONCLUSION

4.0 PASSIVE DESIGN

4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 PRECEDENTS STUDY
4.2.1 PETRONAS TWIN TOWER
4.2.2 BIG BEN
4.2.3 WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALL
4.3 DISCUSSION
4.4 CONCLUSION

5.0 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

5.1 INTRODUCTION.
5.1.1: The monthly average carbon dioxide measurements since 2019.
5.1.2: SF6 mean ages from the STRAT (1995–2006) and SABRE (2023).
 5.1.3: Passive Solar Design.
5.2: UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN (UTAR).
5.2.1: Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) is committed to energy
efficiency in its buildings.
5.2.2 : Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) Building was designed for
Leveraging Natural Lighting.
5.2.3: The rooftop solar panels at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR)
Kampar Campus.
5.3: ZERO ENERGY BUILDING AT BCA ACADEMY [SINGAPORE].
5.3.1: Solar-Assisted Stack Ventilation.
5.3.2: Light Pipes.
5.3.3: Types of Light Pipes.
5.3.4: Photovoltaic Technology.
5.3.5: Mirror Ducts.
5.4: THE EDGE, DELOITTE’S [AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLAND].
5.4.1: Rainwater harvesting system that collects rainwater.
5.4.2: Powered by the Sun.
5.5 Conclusions

6.0 HUMIDITY AND CONDENSATION

6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 PRECEDENTS STUDY
6.2.1 The Energy Commission Diamond Building, Malaysia
6.2.2 Manitoba Hydro Place, Canada
6.2.3 Gardens By The Bay, Singapore
6.3 DISCUSSION
6.4 CONCLUSION

7.0 RESOURCES, RECYCLING AND CONSERVATION

7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 MANAV SADHNA, INDIA
7.3 VEGAN HOUSE, VIETNAM
7.4 MENARA KERJA RAYA, MALAYSIA
7.5 DISCUSSION
7.6 CONCLUSION

8.0 CONCLUSION

9.0 REFERENCES
1.0 INTRODUCTION

To create a sustainable building or a green building, we must first

understand the concept behind these two terms. As stated by Jacob (2014), “Green

building is a holistic concept that starts with the understanding that the built

environment can have profound effects, both positive and negative, on the natural

environment, as well as the people who inhabit buildings every day. Green

building is an effort to amplify the positive and mitigate the negative of these

effects throughout the entire life cycle of a building”. Sustainable building on the

other hand, could also be defined as green building or eco-friendly construction, to

minimize the negative environmental impacts and introduce the efficient use of

resources is the main priority in building design, building construction and the

operation of the buildings.

Our respective group is expected to research and interpret the precedent of

three sustainable buildings in Malaysia and abroad. Throughout our research, we

have to analyze and study regarding Heat Transfer, Pollution, Passive Design,

Energy Efficiency, Humidity and Condensation and lastly Resources, Recycling

and Conservation.
Prepared by Fong Zi En Heat Transfer

2.0 HEAT TRANSFER

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Heat transfer is a thermal energy that can be transferred from one area to

another area, within or through a building. This process is crucial for preserving

comfortable interior temperatures as well as controlling building energy

consumption (Archi_Com & Archi_Com, 2023, para. 1). Therefore, there are three

type of heat transfer which are the conduction, convection and radiation.

2.1.1 CONDUCTION

Figure 2.1.1: Conduction

Source:https: //www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021

10/Heating_Cooling_Principles.jpg

Conduction is the process of heat traveling through a solid material or a fluid

at rest due to direct molecular interaction between nearby molecules. During hot
weather like Malaysia, heat will transfer into your home through roof, walls and

windows. In order to reduce the heat conduction, heat-reflecting roofs, insulation,

and energy-efficient windows will all be helpful (Principles of Heating and

Cooling, n.d., para. 3). This is particularly important in buildings where there may

be a temperature difference between the inside and outside of a building, such as in

a heated building during winter. Conduction is one of the main potential heat

transfer mechanisms by which the internal heating or cooling can be lost to the

outside, resulting in high operating costs, high carbon emissions and occupant

discomfort (Heat Transfer in Buildings, n.d., para.3-6). Hence, each building

materials conduct different rates of energy. Metals, such as copper and steel have

high conductivity that it can transfer heat at an efficient rate. Next, fiberglass batts

and rigid foam have low conductivity. Materials that have poor conductors will be

placed between more-conductive materials such as a wall or a roof. However,

wood is not a good insulator unless it is shredded and has lots of air pockets

between the wood fibers (Clayton DeKorne, n.d., para. 10).

2.1.2 CONVECTION

Figure 2.1.2: Convection

Source:https: //www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021

10/Heating_Cooling_Principles.jpg

Convection is the movement of heat within a fluid which warmer fluids rise

to the surface while colder fluids fall to the ground. In the houses, the fluid is air

but, in the ocean, or a boiler, it’s water (Clayton DeKorne, n.d., para. 11). Thus,

another meaning for convection is the heat from the walls and ceiling to reach you

as the hot air passes over your skin and it make you become warmer (Principles of

Heating and Cooling, n.d.-b). Besides, if it is a windy day you will fell much

colder inside your house. The following elements are taken into consideration

when accounting for convective air flows in buildings. Firstly, which is difference

in temperature that the temperature will be difference between two areas as it

required heat to travel. Time, length of time that the air is moving. Volume of air,

it can be calculated by multiplying the length, width, and height of interior space.
Air changes per hour, the rate of air movement enters and exit of a defined space

(Clayton DeKorne, n.d., para. 17).

2.1.3 Radiation

Figure 2.1.3: Radiation

Source:https: //www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021

10/Heating_Cooling_Principles.jpg

Radiation is the movement of energy in the form of rays, waves, or particles

(Archi_Com & Archi_Com, 2023, para. 5). The obvious source of heat for houses

is sunlight. Furthermore, low-wavelength, non-visible infrared energy can transfer

heat directly from warm to cooler objects. Because of infrared radiation, you can

feel the heat of a hot burner element on a stovetop from across the room. Warm

objects that come from outside will radiate into the house if the house is using

older window; shades can help to prevent this radiation. Low-e coatings on newer

windows prevent infrared rays. The heat from your walls and ceiling will also be

carried directly to your body by infrared radiation (Principles of Heating and

Cooling, n.d., para. 4).

2.2 Thermal Insulation

In general, people who live in hot areas prefer a cool interior atmosphere,

whereas people who live in cold areas prefer a warmer interior atmosphere.

However, we know that heat transfer occurs from hotter to colder places. As a

result, heat is lost. Thermal insulation is supplied to overcome this loss in buildings

in order to maintain the proper temperature inside the building. The purpose of

thermal insulation is to reduce heat transfer between the outside and inside of a

building (Anupoju, 2018, para. 1). Thermal insulation is the best approach to

protect anything from heat because the material used is extremely heat absorbent.

2.3 Shading

Figure 2.3.1: Shading glass reduces unwanted heat gain

Source:https://www.buildingenclosureonline.com/ext/resources/ARWWCA/Fall-

2019/AAMA-Feature/Car-dealership---photo-credit-Wasco-web.jpg
 Building shading refers to the use of various devices and techniques to block

or reduce the amount of direct sunlight that enters a building. The purpose of

building shading is to reduce the amount of solar heat gain, which can help to

lower the cooling load on the building and improve energy efficiency. Direct

sunlight can generate the same heat as a single bar radiator over each square, but

effective shading can block up to 90% of this heat. By shading a building and its

outdoor spaces we can reduce summer temperatures, improve comfort, and save

energy.

2.4 Protection

Thermal insulation materials stop heat from escaping and keep the

temperature inside the house. Insulation materials commonly used in walls, floors,

roofs, and ceiling to prevent heat losing or coming in. Materials for thermal

insulation not only save energy but also reduce noise, prevent fires, and increase

the life of buildings. As a result, thermal insulation is now an important part of

modern building design and construction to minimize the heat transfer between

outside and inside of building (Singh, 2023) There are many types of thermal

insulation that can reduce heat to keep the house comfortable such as blanket

insulation, reflective sheet materials, slab or block insulation, etc. Besides, heat can

also damage the building such as fading, cracking, and even negative effects on
internal cooling systems. So, here are two steps to protect the building from heat

damage. High quality window treatment such as sunscreen can lower the inside

temperature. Adequate roof coating, this kind of coating can reflect the sun’s rays

to maintain a cooler roof temperature (Coatings, 2023, para. 3&5).

2.5 The Diamond Building

Figure 2.5.1: The Diamond Building Malaysia

Source:https://inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2012/10/diamond-

building-malaysia-putrajaya-energy-commission-Bangunan-Berlian-Suruhanjaya-

Tenaga-GBI-lead.jpg

The Malaysia Energy Commission Diamond Building is the newest and

most technologically advanced example of a Malaysian government structure that

incorporates a long number of energy-saving technologies. It is situated next to a

beautiful garden in Precinct 2, Putrajaya (Xin & Rao, 2013).

The design concept and philosophy were inspired by the form of diamond

shape. It is a distinctive form that is symbolizes value, quality transparency, and

endurance. It is an ideal passive design solution to promote energy efficiency as it

is aerodynamic and good at limiting air intrusion into the building via the tilted

facade. The reason for the tilted façade is the top levels shade the lower floors from

the Sun's heat, which eliminates the need for sun shading devices and reduces the

cooling load (Xin & Rao, 2013).

Self-shading systems are recommended as a potential solution to stop solar

radiation in tropical climates country such as Malaysia. According to solar studies,

a 25-degree tilting facade would give self-shading on the north and south

facades. The building's slanted facade protects it from direct sunlight, which

reduces the building's footprint and expands the landscape area. The diamond-

shaped building adds additional ground area that can be used for landscaping,

which can lower the heat island effect. Because of the building facade is made of

low-E glass (figure 2), it can help to decrease solar heat absorption on the building

surface (Fan, 2020).

Figure 2.5.2: low-E glass

Source:https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?

paperid=104562
 Furthermore, in order to minimize its energy to 10%, the building is adding

thin film telluride module type photovoltaic (PV) panels on the roof as it can also

lower the building's heat absorption. The energy comsumption are from thermal

and lighting loads (Fan, 2020).

2.6 Marco Polo Tower

Figure 2.6.1: Marco Polo Tower

Source:https://media.cool-cities.com/marco_polo_tower001pr_f_mob.jpg?

h=530

The Marco Polo Tower is a residential building in HafenCity. It is located in

the western part of HafenCity’s Strandkai district. It was constructed on the

triangular quay tongue, which is bordered to the south by the Norderelbe and to the

west by the Grasbrookhafen in the North. It also builds by reinforced concrete

skeleton and compared to the surrounding floors (Wikipedia-Autoren, 2017). The

Marco Polo Tower combines luxury living accommodation with a holistic

sustainable building design (Marco Polo Tower | Behnisch Architekten | Archello,

n.d.). Each floor is rotated a small number of degrees around the axis of the

building. So, the overlapping terraces of the higher-up units shield the recessed

façade from the direct sunlight (Wikipedia-Autoren, 2017).

 Figure 2.6.2: Vitosol 200-T vacuum tube collectors

Source: https://www.luftbildsuche.de/info/luftbilder/marco-polo-tower-

unilever-deutschlandzentrale-hafencity-hamburg-162354.html

The Marco Polo Tower in Hamburg's HafenCity is an iconic building

(Marco Polo Tower in Hamburg’s HafenCity | Viessmann AU, 2022). Vacuum

collectors on the roof cool the tower in part by converting solar energy into cold

using a heat exchanger and distributing it throughout the building. On the roof,

there are solar collectors as well, and one of its functions is to provide the building

with energy for water heating. Two storeys make up the reception hall, which is

surrounded by commercial space on the first floor that is set back from the hall

(Wikipedia-Autoren, 2017). The Vitosol 200-T vacuum tube collectors from

Viessmann offer solar energy for supplying DHW to the entire building, while a
district heating network provides heating energy (Marco Polo Tower in

Hamburg’s HafenCity | Viessmann AU, 2022).

2.7 Eastgate Centre

Figure 2.7.1: Eastgate Centre

Source: https://pin.it/4b3NMfi

The Eastgate Centre is design by Mick Pearce. It is a shopping centre and

office block in central of Harare, Zimbabwe. It was probably the first building in

the world to utilize natural colling at this degree of sophistication because it was

designs to be vented and cooled fully through natural source which is mimic

termite (Wikipedia contributors, 2023b). Cool night air is taken in at the bottom as

warm air is drawn up through unique brick chimneys on the roof (Williams, 2020).

The materials used in the building's construction have a high thermal

capacity, allowing it to store and release heat gain from the environment. Fans that

run on a cycle designed to maximize heat storage during the warm day and

maximize heat release during the cold nights in this process. The internal heat

produced by the building's occupants and appliances also contributes to the airflow

that rises from offices and retail spaces on lower levels toward open rooftop

chimneys inside the building's enormous, internal open spaces.

 The building's numerous openings further enable passive internal ventilation

that is pushed by breezes outside. Together, these design elements reduce changes

in temperature inside the building as the outside temperature fluctuates. It saved

10% on costs up-front by avoiding an air-conditioning system purchase. Due to the

lower energy expenses, rent in this building is less expensive than rent in similar

buildings nearby (Passively Cooled Building Inspired by Termite Mounds —

Innovation — AskNature, n.d.).

 Figure 2.7.2: A schematic showing the natural ventilation used in the Eastgate

building

Source:https://asknature.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/

Natural_ventilation_high-rise_buildings.png

48 brick funnels topping internal stacks that pull exhaust air from the seven

floors of offices along the red tiled roof. 32 banks of low and high volume fans

take air from the atrium via filters in the mezzanine plant room located under the

office floors and hidden behind the cross chevron screen. The supply portion of

vertical ducts in the central spine core of each office wing pushes this air upward.

Air is delivered from the duct to low level grilles under the windows through

hollow floors (Eastgate Building Harare, n.d.).

2.8 Discussion

For the Diamond Building in Malaysia and Eastgate Centre in Zimbabwe,

both have the issue of high-altitude climate over the whole year. It requires the

buildings to be cooled all year around.

For the Marco Polo Tower in Germany. It rotated a small number of degrees

around the axis on each floor so that it can shield the recessed façade from the

direct sunlight. Hence, it has a solar collector on the roof to provide heat for the

building when it is winter.

2.9 Conclusion

The three buildings that I choose for this paper are a very iconic example of

sustainable buildings, all of this building have wins awards by using all these new

technologies and natural sources.

Each of the buildings have different ways of heat transfer. For example, the

Diamond Building in Malaysia uses tilted façade to avoid direct sunlight, and for

the Marco Polo Tower uses vacuum collector to convert solar energy into cool air.

Finally, the Eastgate Centre in Zimbabwe uses the concept of mimic termite as it

can reduce the cost of energy use and can provide stable temperature in the

interior.
Prepared by Chua Juan Xia Pollution

3.0 POLLUTION

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Pollution is the infiltration of toxins, harmful materials or contaminants into

the environment that leads to a detrimental effect on it. In other words, pollution

can also be known as environmental pollution. Pollution is deleterious to

environmental sustainability, general well-being and human health, like infectious

disease and premature death. Any state of matter or energy, namely nuclear, light,

radioactivity energy can be considered as a form of pollution. (Nathanson, 2018;

Wikipedia Contributors, 2019)

For pollution, there are various types of pollution, such as air pollution,

water pollution, light pollution, noise pollution, plastic pollution, soil pollution,

thermal pollution, visual pollution, agricultural pollution and radioactive pollution.

In general, pollution was led by anthropogenic sources including inadequate waste

management, mode of transport, industrialization’s uncontrolled factors and

especially pollution which was caused by construction sites during the rapid

development of nations all over the world. (Nathanson, 2018; Wikipedia

Contributors, 2019)

During the construction of buildings, it gives rise to pollution from different

aspects. For instance, noise pollution as construction activity is typically linked

with noise. Making noise is inevitable in the process of construction while

construction workers need to manipulate loud machinery and conduct physical

work consisting of drilling, hammering and excavating. If the construction’s sound

level is at or above 90 dBA over time, it is considered as noise pollution and the

residents’ health may be negatively impacted. (Environmental Pollution Centers,

2017; Melville, 2022)

Air pollution is also included in the categories of construction site pollution.

The neighborhood surrounding a construction site may have poor air quality

because airborne polluted particles which are produced by construction works are

dispersing around by the wind. (Environmental Pollution Centers, 2017)

Apart from construction site pollution, there are also some pollutants that

arose from buildings. For instance, water pollution. Water pollution is the term

used to describe when water sources are contaminated with pollutants. Used water

from toilets, sinks and dishwashers as well as industrial, commercial and

agricultural activities consist of organic solid waste like leftover food and non-

organic waste like chemicals, oils and detergents. Hence, it is considered as

wastewater and will pollute the water source. (Denchak, 2019; Wastewater

Treatment Water Use | U.S. Geological Survey, n.d.)

 To reduce and solve the pollution, many regulations are put into place,

including recycling initiatives, smart cities, and sustainable building. (The Edge in

Amsterdam, n.d.)
3.2 PRECEDENTS STUDY

3.2.1 THE CRYSTAL (LONDON,UK)

Fig 3.1: The Crystal (London, UK)

The Crystal is a renowned worldwide urban sustainability center located at

the Royal Victoria Docks in east London which was initiated by Siemens and

designed by WilkinsonEyre Architects. It serves as a conference center, meeting

rooms, exhibition areas and a technology and innovation center. Additionally, It

also is scheduled to become part of the Source London charging network as it has

electric vehicle charging stations. On September 29, 2012, it was made available to

the public. (Gadea, 2019; The Crystal / Wilkinson Eyre Architects, 2012)

Green Building Certification

Fig 3.2: BREEAM Outstanding and LEED Platinum of The Crystal (London, UK)

The Crystal used sturdy, recycled material to construct its exterior

surrounding hard surfaces and it has occupied more than 6,300 square meters

(80,729 square feet) of space. It is one of the world's greenest buildings by

achieving highest international certifications for sustainability at LEED

(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) “Platinum” level and

BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Assessment Method) “Outstanding”

ratings after its construction. (THE CRYSTAL by WILKINSON EYRE | BUILDING

STUDY & REPORT | IUKL | JUNE 2021 by Farahimakbar - Issuu, n.d.)

Photovoltaic System

Fig 3.3: Photovoltaic system of The Crystal (London, UK)

The Crystal is an ‘all electric’ building which can create all of its own

energy by using ground source heat pumps and solar energy. Photovoltaic panels

occupy two thirds of the roof and contribute to generating around 20% of the

building's electricity. Hence, it has eliminated the need of burning fossil fuels for

generating electricity, thereby reduce air pollution by preventing pollutants such

sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and particulate matter are

released from burning fossil fuels meanwhile it also decrease water pollution from

stopping sulfur dioxide and water dissolves to each other and create sulfuric acid

that will cause acid rain and lead to the acidification of freshwater sources. In

comparison to similar buildings in the UK, CO2 emissions in The Crystal are

almost 70% lower. (Terrapass, 2022)

Sustainable transportation system

 Fig 3.6: Sustainable transportation system of The Crystal (London, UK)

The Crystal promotes the use of green transportation. 15 electric car

charging points and 66 bike parking units were available on-site. Cycling prevents

the emission of greenhouse gasses, while electric vehicles are entirely powered by

electricity generated from solar energy and don't release any harmful gasses.

However, fossil fuel-powered vehicles burn gasoline and diesel fuel to move.

Nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, benzene, and formaldehyde

which lead to air pollution will be produced when burning gasoline and diesel fuel.

Thus, the act of The Crystal developing the use of green transportation helps cut

down air pollution caused by fossil fuel-powered vehicles. (Forster, 2022)

Water System

Fig 3.4: Water system of The Crystal (London, UK)

The Crystal implements water management techniques to cut down on water

use and pollution. Directly from the building's roof, rainwater is collected and kept

in a 30m³ subterranean storage tank. Water is purified using filtration and

ultraviolet disinfection methods and treated to drinking quality. Besides, The

Crystal reduces water pollution successfully by black water treatment. All of the

water used in The Crystal, consisting of toilet flushing will be recycled at a black

water recycling plant by going through a biological tank with two treatment zones

which are anoxic and aerobic and two filters which are a membrane filter and a

long life carbon filter. The recycled water is utilized to re-flush the toilets and

irrigate the landscape around the building. A system composed of ground source
heat pumps and solar thermal water heating from the roof heats about 80% of the

building's hot water. (Lakshmi Ravi Chandu Kolusu, 2017)

Heating and Cooling System

Fig 3.5: Heating and Cooling system of The Crystal (London, UK)

The Crystal prevented energy-related pollution by using 100% natural

heat sources for its heating and cooling system. Nearly all of the building's heating

and most of its cooling is provided by ground source heat pumps. Pumping water

through a conduit that loops deeply underground is how the system operates. At

The Crystal, there are 199 pipes totaling 17 km in length and as deep as 150 m.

Then, two ground source heat pumps produce hot and cold water, pumping it to

chilled beams or underfloor pipes for heating or cooling, respectively. When rising

hot air hits a ceiling-mounted beam that has been chilled by cold water, it cools

and sinks, giving chilled air to people below. Thermal wheels are used to recover

energy. A heat-absorbing disc that rotates into the incoming air stream after the
outgoing air passes over it warms the incoming air. 60% or so of the heat or

cooling that is lost gets returned. (Gadea, 2019)

Soil Pollution Reduction

Apart from that, The Crystal was constructed on a brownfield site in a

former industrial area. Before starting construction, the ground was treated and

reclaimed. Hence, The Crystal also helped to decrease soil pollution. (Lakshmi

Ravi Chandu Kolusu, 2017)

3.2.2 MESINIAGA TOWER (SELANGOR, MALAYSIA)

Fig 3.7: Mesiniaga Tower (Selangor, Malaysia)

Mesiniaga Tower, also known as the IBM Tower is a 12-story office

skyscraper located at SS16 in Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia which is owned by

Mesiniaga Berhad. It was created by Architect Ken Yeang and constructed by SBC

Corporation Berhad, a company listed on Bursa Malaysia and formerly known as

Siah Brothers Construction Sdn Berhad. Mesiniaga Tower’s development started

in 1990 and was finished in 1992. The building has 16 floors including one

basement and is circular in plan. (Mesiniaga Tower, 2023)

Green Building Certification

Mesiniaga Tower was awarded with the Aga Khan Award for Architecture

in 1995, recognizing architect Ken Yeang’s extensive investigation into

bioclimatic design concepts. (Menara Mesiniaga, 2023)

Ventilation System

Fig 3.8: The natural air flows (green arrows) and air conditioning air flows

(yellow ellipse) throughout the building

 In Mesiniaga Tower, there are two ventilation strategies which are natural

and air conditioning ventilation. The Energy Saving System, symbolized by the

yellow ellipse in Fig. 3.8, and the Split Air Conditioner are the two categories of

air conditioning systems. For extended periods of time, the Energy Saving System

is employed in sections like the counter area and offices meanwhile the Split Air

Conditioner is utilized in the meeting rooms and cafeteria for only a brief amount

of time. (Adila Zaas, 2014)

Regarding natural ventilation, window openings with shading are present in

the washroom and elevator lobby. The escape stair is unclosed and placed at the

building's edge in order to incorporate wind in natural ventilation. Moreover, each

floor is attached with terraces and the sliding doors on the terraces could be opened

for permitting hot and cool air to move into and out of the office areas more easily.

Even in air-conditioned spaces, cross ventilation is provided by permeable external

walls. (Adila Zaas, 2014)

As a result of natural ventilation, there is less need for air conditioning,

resulting in lower greenhouse gas emissions and eliminating the need of burning

fossil fuels from the production of electricity.

Greenery Integration
 Fig 3.9: Greenery in Mesiniaga Tower (Selangor, Malaysia)

Mesiniaga Tower has also created a sky garden to connect the ground to the

structure's verticality and shield the bottom three stories from early sunlight.

(Adila Zaas, 2014)

The tower's terraces and open spaces are covered with a variety of plants,

which serves to filter the air and absorb carbon dioxide. It offers the building

natural shading and insulation at the same time. Greenery in Mesiniaga Tower

enhances the circulation of interior air and produces a cleaner, healthier indoor

environment with reduced indoor air pollution. (Gopalakrishnan, n.d.)

Rainwater Harvesting System

Mesiniaga Tower makes use of the rainy weather to assist it preserve water

since Malaysia is a country where it frequently rains. The majority of the greenery
in Mesiniaga Tower is watered using the rainwater collected on the roof. The

building uses a rainwater harvesting system to reduce the size of its irrigation

system. (Chan et al., n.d.)

Bioclimatic Design And Sunroof System

By analyzing the sun path over Mesiniaga Tower, Menara Mesiniaga has

made use of renewable energy sources. It makes use of sunlight to enter the

building from every angle and create environments with high-quality vistas and

natural sunlight. The sunroof of the basement parking also allows for the entry of

natural light. Utilizing natural sunlight lessens the amount of artificial light

produced and mitigated the pollution associated with electric generation. (Adila

Zaas, 2014; Gopalakrishnan, n.d.)

3.2.3 THE EDGE (AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS)

 Fig 3.10: The Edge (Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

The Edge is an office building located in the heart of Amsterdam’s Zuidas

commercial district. PLP Architecture created the design and Artitec Wallebroek

produced it. A 15-storey atrium and a total floor area of over 40000 meter square

make up The Edge, a sizable and stunning office structure. In order to consume

less energy, its atrium has served as an environmental buffet. (The Edge / PLP

Architecture, 2016)

Green Building Certification

Fig 3.11: BREEAM Awards 2016 Winner received by The Edge (Amsterdam,

The Netherlands)

The edge is the world's greenest workplace. It has been awarded

"Outstanding" status by BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Assessment

Method), which is the highest worldwide sustainability certification for a building.

The highest BREEAM rating ever given to an office building, it received a score of

98.36 percent. (Breeam - the Edge | PDF | Photovoltaic System | Hvac, n.d.)

Fifteen-Storey Atrium

Fig 3.12: Solar analysis to determine the ideal form of The Edge (Amsterdam, The

Netherlands)

There is a 15-story atrium in The Edge. PLP Architects used 3D computer

modeling to analyze the solar path over The Edge. Finally, they made the decision

to slice portions of the northern sides and have the atrium face north in order to

disperse natural light deeper into the floor plates and workplaces. As a result, the

atrium functions as the gravitational center of the Edge's solar system, and the

utilization of natural light in the structure helps lower the consumption of power,

which will lessen the impact of air pollution brought on by the production of

electricity. (Jalia et al., n.d.)

The atrium also served as a platform for creating a loop of natural ventilation

since it allowed the stale air from each floor to flow out to the open area through

mesh panels, rise and finally exhale through the roof. (Narula, 2016)
Green Transportation

Fig 3.13: Electric car charging points and bicycle’s garage in The Edge

(Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

The Edge encourages the use of environmentally friendly transport by

setting up a separate garage for bicycles and free electric vehicle chargers. The

Edge's action effectively reduces air pollution by reducing greenhouse gas

emissions and the burning of petrol and diesel from fossil fuel-powered vehicles.

(Bloomberg, 2019)

Green Material

The Edge built its structures with eco-friendly materials. Up to 95% of the

material has a source that can be verified. For instance, the FSC (Forest

Stewardship Council) has approved the wood used. In addition, glass is the main

component used in the construction of The Edge. The north facing atrium façade

placed 70 percent of glass meanwhile the east and west facing façade includes 40

percent of the glass. Glass is an environmentally friendly material in general

because it is completely recyclable and may be recycled several times. It is also a

resource-efficient material because it is produced from discarded glass and sand,

which are both common natural raw resources. So, the use of green materials is

producing less waste and minimizing the production of pollutants like low VOC

emissions. (The Edge in Amsterdam, n.d.)

Noise cannot be avoided since The Edge is situated in the core of

Amsterdam's Zuidas commercial district. The Edge is therefore attempting to

reduce noise by applying soundproofing materials. The external glass utilized for

the building's façade has an average thickness of 47 millimeters, and it is already 5

dB more soundproof than what organization Bouwbesluit required. In addition, the

north façade's thicker glass was employed to reduce noise from the highway, and

the interior walls were built with soundproofing in mind. (G, 2019)

Renewable Energy

Fig 3.14: Solar panel on the roof of The Edge (Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
 Fig 3.15: Solar panel on the façade of The Edge (Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

The Edge has done a good job with solar energy. The Edge placed 65,000

square feet of solar panels on its roof and south-facing wall, and it structured its

orientation to follow the trajectory of the sun. The electricity generated by solar

panels is sufficient to power the entire structure, including the building itself,

electric vehicles, and electronics mostly utilized by the staff. The Edge's power

consumption is 70 percent much lower than that of a conventional building so it

helps prevent air pollution from electric generation . (The Edge in Amsterdam,

n.d.)

Smart Lighting
 Fig 3.16: Connected Lighting at The Edge (Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

The Philips lighting system is the most prominent component of the Edge of

energy distribution. According to Van Der Spek: “We got together with Philips,

which has designed a lighting panel using the low-voltage Ethernet, which was

much more energy efficient than traditional lighting systems. We decided to use

this innovative technology and take it one step further. We added extra sensors in

these ceiling panels for temperature control and movement detection. This

generates data on the use of the building.” (Reimerink,2016)

Low voltage ethernet cables, which carry 50 volts or less and are therefore

more energy-efficient, are used in The Edge to power the LED light panels. Each

and every light in The Edge has its own internet connection hub with sensors,

making the building and its occupants smarter. Each employee gets access to a

customized Philips app that allows them to regulate the lighting and "climate" in

their own workspace. Thus, the LEDs will only turn on when needed. The Edge
uses smart lighting to reduce energy consumption and improve sustainability while

avoiding pollutants caused by the production of electricity. (Clark, 2022; Narula,

2016; The Edge in Amsterdam, n.d.)

Rainwater Harvesting

In The Edge, rainwater is gathered and recycled. It uses the roof's rainwater

collection to flush toilets and irrigate gardens. (The Edge in Amsterdam, n.d.)

Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage

Fig 3.17: Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage at The Edge (Amsterdam, The

Netherlands)

The Edge's heating and cooling system operates by using the earth as a

battery. Two aquifer thermal energy storage pumps were developed, one for warm

water and the other for cold water. They are positioned 130 meters underground.

The building pumps hot or cold water in or out according to the internal and

external climates. For example, cold water is kept there during the winter to let
fresh air enter the atrium during the summer and vice versa. Additionally, the

installation uses solar power that it generates on its own. The heating and cooling

system of The Edge sourced from nature so it has avoided the air pollution caused

by the common heating and cooling system which is HVAC, using air conditioning

and electric heater to stimulate the temperature in the building. As air conditioning

units create pollution in the form of greenhouse gasses and produce unclean ducts.

(Conditioning, 2022; Narula, 2016; The Edge in Amsterdam, n.d.)

3.3 Discussion

Through a variety of methods, all three buildings have helped to reduce

various types of pollutants, including air pollution, noise pollution, soil pollution,

and water pollution.

The Crystal and The Edge have the same strategies to reduce air pollution

which encourage green transportation, develop charging stations and bike garages

to minimize the carbon footprints, meanwhile they implement heating and cooling

systems sourced from nature. Besides, three of the buildings are using renewable

energy, which is photovoltaic energy to generate the electricity. Other than using

solar systems, Mesiniaga Tower and The Edge apply a natural ventilation system

instead of only using the Air Conditioning System. Mesiniaga Tower also plants

greenery at the terraces of the Mesiniaga Tower to help minimize air pollution

while The Edge applies smart lighting in its building.

For noise pollution, The Edge used soundproof materials which are also

fully recyclable in its construction. This action has successfully decreased the noise

that can be heard within the building from outside.

In terms of soil pollution, The Crystal cleaned up the soil contamination on

the site, which had previously been a brownsite before beginning construction.

All of the three buildings have implemented the rainwater harvesting system

in their building to mitigate water pollution. However, the best example for
avoiding water pollution between these buildings is The Crystal as it also carries

out black water treatment to recycle all of the water used in The Crystal including

toilet flushing.
3.4 Conclusion

Sustainable building has played an important role in fighting against

pollution since the ecosystem and human lives are severely harmed by all forms of

pollution.

For these three buildings, they have helped in mitigating air pollution, noise

pollution, soil pollution and water pollution by several strategies. For example, The

Crystal minimized water pollution by its black water treatment; Mesiniaga Tower

implemented its ventilation system to reduce air pollution; The Edge avoided noise

pollution by the use of sustainable sound insulation materials in its construction.

In the nutshell, green buildings have mitigated their negative effect on the

environment and also helps to solve pollution issues around its surrounding.

Nowadays, building sustainability is becoming a more prevalent concern as

societies adopt these practices more widely.

Prepared by Wong Jia Jia Passive Design

4.0 PASSIVE DESIGN

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Passive design encompasses architecture that works with the climate of the

area to keep the home at a comfortable temperature. Depending on your area, good

passive design ought to minimize or eradicate the need for supplemental heating or

cooling, and it typically depends on a resident's active participation to function

correctly. A passively constructed home can provide thermal comfort, minimal

utility expenses, and low emissions of greenhouse gasses for a lifetime.

Building characteristics such as orientation, thermal mass, insulation, and

glass collaborate with passive design to make use of organic sources of heating and

cooling, such as sun and winds, while minimizing undesired heat intake and loss.

When constructing or building a new home, it is best to apply passive design

principles, but numerous passive design aspects can be used.

Figure 4.1 Passive Building Design

Source : https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Passive_building_design

Passive design used by architects to optimize the thermodynamic

characteristics of buildings, produce comfortable conditions within buildings, this

strategy makes use of natural sources of heating, cooling, and ventilation. Passive

measures exclude mechanical and electrical systems, whereas active design

incorporates active building services systems such as boilers, chillers, and electric

lights. Active and passive measures are usually used in buildings, with hybrid

systems assisting passive measures such as heat recovery ventilation and solar

thermal systems. Designers strive to maximize the potential of passive measures

before incorporating hybrid or active systems, hence lowering capital costs and

energy usage.
4.2 PRECEDENTS STUDY

4.2.1 PETRONAS TWIN TOWER

Figure 4.2.1 Petronas Twin Tower, Malaysia

Source : https://unsplash.com/s/photos/petronas-twin-tower

The Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, were designed with

several passive design features that help optimize energy efficiency and reduce the

building's environmental impact. Passive design refers to architectural and design

strategies that utilize the natural elements, such as sunlight, ventilation, and

shading, to minimize the need for mechanical systems and reduce energy

consumption. Recalculating and testing structural facts in wind tunnels, the towers

were redesigned to be the world's tallest structures, including a dome with an

integrated pinnacle, reaching 1483 feet (452m), surpassing the Sears Tower in the

USA.

Passive design features of the Petronas Twin Towers included orientation

and Layout. The towers are oriented in a north-south direction, which helps

minimize direct sun exposure on the facades. This orientation reduces the amount

of solar heat gain and helps maintain a comfortable indoor environment. Moreover,

the facade design of the towers' curtain wall facade is made of glass and metal

panels with shading devices. The shading devices, such as louvers and fins, help

block direct sunlight, reducing solar heat gain and glare while allowing natural

daylight to enter the building.

Furthermore, Daylighting, the towers are designed to maximize natural

daylight penetration into the interior spaces. This reduces the need for artificial

lighting during the daytime and enhances the occupants' visual comfort and well-

being.Also, the towers incorporate natural ventilation strategies to take advantage

of the prevailing winds in Kuala Lumpur. Ventilation openings and exhaust

systems are strategically placed to facilitate airflow and cooling, reducing the

reliance on mechanical ventilation systems. Other than that, Atriums and Sky

Bridges of the towers feature double-height atrium spaces and sky bridges that

allow for natural ventilation and thermal stratification. Hot air rises, and the design
of these spaces takes advantage of this principle to facilitate the movement of air

within the building.The materials used in the towers' construction were selected

based on their heat absorption and reflection properties. This helps minimize heat

buildup and reduces the energy required for cooling.

The towers incorporate thermal mass in their construction, which helps

absorb and store heat during the day and release it slowly at night. This helps

stabilize indoor temperatures and reduces the need for constant heating or cooling.

Energy-efficient lighting fixtures and controls are used throughout the towers to

optimize lighting levels and minimize energy consumption. Furthermore, Green

spaces and landscaped areas around the towers contribute to the overall

microclimate, providing shade, cooling, and improving air quality. Last but not

least, Rainwater harvesting systems are used to collect and store rainwater, which

can then be used for irrigation and other non-potable water needs.

It's important to note that while these passive design features contribute

significantly to the energy efficiency of the Petronas Twin Towers, they are also

complemented by active systems such as air conditioning, lighting controls, and

other mechanical systems to ensure a comfortable and functional indoor

environment. The integration of both passive and active design elements

showcases a holistic approach to sustainable architecture.

 Figure 4.2.1 Lightning of Petronas Twin Tower, Malaysia

Source: https://unsplash.com/s/photos/petronas-twin-tower

Petronas Twin Tower structure is finished in a spectacular blend of

stainless steel and glass to generate exquisite Islamic patterns. Both towers are

'intelligent' constructions, with a system that smoothly and concurrently

coordinates telecommunications, environmental management, power supply,

lighting, fire and smoke control, and building security. Each tower floor plate is

based on simple Islamic geometric shapes of two overlapping squares forming an

eight-pointed star. These architectural shapes express the fundamental Islamic

ideals of unity, harmony, stability, and logic.

4.2.2 BIG BEN

4.2.2 Big Ben in London, United Kingdom

Big Ben, officially known as the Elizabeth Tower, is an iconic clock tower

located in the Palace of Westminster in London, United Kingdom, also known as

the great bell of the clock, is also known as the Elizabeth Tower, the world's largest

four-faced chiming clock and the third-tallest free-standing clock tower. The

Elizabeth Tower, completed in 1858, is an iconic emblem of London and England,

frequently appearing on film sets. The clock tower, which recalls older Pugin

designs, was created by Charles Barry, who looked to Augustus Pugin for

inspiration. The tower stands 315 feet (96.0 m) tall and is built on a 50 foot (15.2
m) square raft made of 10 feet (3.0 m) thick concrete. The tower's interior volume

is 164,200 cubic feet (4,650 cubic metres). While the tower itself was not

originally designed with modern passive design principles in mind due to its

historical significance and age (completed in 1859), there are some natural

ventilation and lighting features that have been utilized over time.

Despite being one of the world's most famous tourist attractions, the interior is not

open to overseas visitors. However, United Kingdom residents can arrange tours

through their Member of Parliament, but the tower has no lift, and visitors must

climb the 334 limestone stairs to the top. The tower leans slightly to the north-west

due to changes in ground conditions since construction, with an inclination

of approximately 1/240.
 Figure 4.2.2 Light on the Clock Tower

A signal light near the top of the clock tower illuminated the streets of

Westminster below while also informing MPs when the House was in session. A

strong light flashed from the tower into the streets below in an early use of Zenobe

Gramme's direct current dynamo. J. Edmundson & Co., London (formerly of

Dublin) ultimately installed the permanent 'Ayrton Light' in 1892, utilizing a

Wigham lighthouse bulb. Although the electric light trials in the tower had been

effective, commercial electricity supply was still some time away, thus the Ayrton

Light was first powered by gas jets.

In 1878, the first electric street lighting in London was trialed in the lights

of the Victoria Embankment, powered by Gramme generators. The Ayrton Light

was converted to electricity in 1903, and the clock dial lighting was switched from
gas to electricity in 1906. More than a century later, the Ayrton Light is still in

use. It is being upgraded with LED lights as part of the current conservation effort

to reduce the tower's environmental impact.

The tower's architecture incorporates ventilation openings and louvers that

help facilitate air circulation and cooling within the clock chamber and the belfry.

While these holes were not part of the original design, they do provide some

natural ventilation.Furthermore, Big Ben's clock faces are enormous, allowing

enough of natural light to reach the clock chamber. Opal glass is used for the clock

dials, which diffuses sunlight and evenly lights the inside.Aside from that, the

materials used in the tower's construction, such as stone and brick, offer thermal

mass, which may assist regulate inside temperatures by absorbing and releasing

heat.In addition, the ventilation design of the tower may aid to nighttime cooling as

hot air rises and leaves via the louvers, enabling cooler air to enter from below.

While Big Ben displays elements typical of architectural practices at the

time, modern passive design principles, which have evolved significantly since

then, focus on more advanced strategies to optimize energy efficiency, comfort,

and sustainability in contemporary buildings.Given Big Ben's historical and

architectural significance, any substantial changes to its design would have to be

carefully evaluated and weighed with its cultural and historical worth. As of my
most recent information update in September 2021, no substantial retrofitting or

modern passive design modifications to Big Ben has been recorded.

4.2.3 Walt Disney Concert Hall

Figure4.2.3 Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles

The Walt Disney Concert Hall, created by architect Frank Gehry and located

in Los Angeles, California, is recognized for its distinctive and iconic architecture.

It is the home of the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra and has become a

municipal cultural monument.Because of its complex and sculptural shape, the

building is not a precise example of traditional passive design, but it does use
certain passive design components and methods with its unique and artistic

architecture.

The music hall's architecture makes considerable use of glass and metal

surfaces, allowing plenty of natural light to permeate the structure. The materials'

reflecting and transparent characteristics aid in the diffusion and distribution of

natural light throughout the interior areas, decreasing the demand for artificial

lighting during the day. While the façade of the building has curving and

undulating surfaces, certain portions include shading components to assist block

direct sunlight and minimize solar heat absorption. These shading devices help to

manage interior temperatures and improve occupant comfort.

The Grand Lobby features a dramatic staircase that connects different levels

and serves as a central gathering space. Natural light floods the interior through

large glass windows, creating a bright and welcoming atmosphere. Landscaped

gardens and outdoor plazas surround the building, providing peaceful retreats and

enhancing the overall experience for visitors. While not entirely passive in design,

the building features energy-efficient lighting and heating, ventilation, and air

conditioning (HVAC) technologies to improve overall sustainability and energy

performance.
 Figure 4.2.3: Walt Disney Concert Hall Reflection

The most striking feature of the Walt Disney Concert Hall is its

extraordinary and dynamic architectural form. The exterior of the building is

characterized by sweeping curves, undulating surfaces, and intricate detailing. The

use of stainless-steel panels gives the building its distinct, shimmering appearance.

The metal panels are layered and arranged in a manner that creates a visually

captivating play of light and shadow, reflecting the surrounding environment and

creating an ever-changing visual experience.Gehry's design philosophy emphasizes

fluidity and movement, and the Walt Disney Concert Hall exemplifies this with its

flowing and organic shapes. The building seems to defy traditional architectural

geometry, with no straight lines or sharp angles. The curves and folds of the
exterior create a sense of motion and dynamism, making the building appear as if it

is in a perpetual state of transformation.While the exterior is a testament to

architectural creativity, the interior of the concert hall is designed to provide

exceptional acoustic performance. The auditorium itself features a "vineyard"

seating arrangement, where the audience surrounds the stage in a terraced layout.

The use of wood and other acoustic materials creates an environment that ensures

excellent sound quality for musical performances.

The Walt Disney Concert Hall stands as a testament to the power of

architecture to inspire, captivate, and enrich the human experience. Its harmonious

blend of artistic expression, engineering prowess, and cultural importance has

made it an iconic landmark and a source of pride for the city of Los Angeles. It's

important to recognize that the Walt Disney Concert Hall's design is a fusion of

architectural innovation, artistic expression, and engineering creativity. While it

may not strictly adhere to traditional passive design principles, it still incorporates

elements that enhance its energy efficiency and comfort to some extent. The

emphasis on unique architectural form and artistic expression is a defining feature

of the building's design.

4.3 DISCUSSION

Through study on the topics of resources, recycling, and conservation,

three buildings have been chosen: Petronas Twin Tower, Big Ben, and Walt

Disney Concert Hall, each with its own distinct features of green building and

environmentally friendly construction implementation.

The Petronas Twin Tower in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, features an

intelligent construction with passive design features that optimize energy

efficiency and reduce environmental impact. These features include orientation,

layout, daylighting, natural ventilation, atriums, sky bridges, and energy-efficient

lighting fixtures. The towers also incorporate thermal mass, green spaces, and

rainwater harvesting systems to maintain a comfortable indoor environment. The

towers' passive design minimizes solar heat gain, glare, and reliance on mechanical

systems, showcasing a holistic approach to sustainable architecture.

Big Ben, also known as the Elizabeth Tower, is an iconic clock tower in

London, UK. Originally designed without modern passive design principles, the

tower features natural ventilation and lighting features. The tower's large clock

faces allow natural daylight, while its opal glass dials diffuse sunlight. The tower's

construction materials, including stone and brick, provide thermal mass, regulating

indoor temperatures and allowing nighttime cooling. Modern passive design

principles focus on energy efficiency, comfort, and sustainability in contemporary

buildings. However, any significant modifications to the tower's design must be

carefully considered and balanced with its cultural and historical value.

The Walt Disney Concert Hall, a world-renowned architectural masterpiece,

is a fusion of architectural innovation, artistic expression, and engineering

creativity. Designed by architect Frank Gehry, the building incorporates passive

design elements and strategies, such as glass and metal surfaces, shading elements,

and operable windows and vents. The building's dynamic architectural form,

characterized by sweeping curves, undulating surfaces, and intricate detailing,

defies traditional architectural geometry. The building's unique architectural form

and artistic expression make it an iconic landmark and a source of pride for Los

Angeles.
4.3 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, passive design is a comprehensive and ecologically sensitive

approach to architecture that uses the intrinsic power of natural components to

produce sustainable and energy-efficient structures. Passive design not only

improves comfort and livability but also decreases dependency on mechanical

systems and reduces the ecological impact via intelligent orientation, inventive

layout, and the strategic use of solar gain, shading, thermal mass, and ventilation.

Passive design principles smoothly integrate form and function, resulting in

architectural solutions that blend in with their surroundings while reducing

environmental effect. Passive design contributes to a more robust, healthier, and

harmonious built environment by optimizing the building envelope, utilizing

renewable materials, and promoting energy efficiency and water conservation.

As the world grapples with the challenges of climate change and resource

scarcity, passive design stands as a beacon of sustainability, providing architects

and designers with a road map for creating structures that not only meet the needs

of the present but also safeguard the well-being of future generations. Embracing

passive design is an invitation to redefine architecture's relationship with nature,

creating a peaceful coexistence in which buildings become intrinsic components of

the ecosystem, working in concert with the elements to create a more sustainable

and prosperous future.

Prepared by Chin Wen Kang Energy Efficiency

5.0 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

5.1 Introduction

Climate change concerns and attention are growing as the graph of carbon
gas emissions keeps going up. Graph asserts that carbon dioxide, the most
pervasive and deadly greenhouse gas, is at its greatest level ever in the atmosphere.
Global warming is brought on by these greenhouse gasses, which trap heat within
the Earth's atmosphere.

Figure 5.1.1: The monthly average carbon dioxide measurements since 2019
in parts per million (ppm).
(Global Monitoring Laboratory , 2019)

The International Global Energy Agency estimates that 59% of the planet's
CO2 emissions and 45% of its energy use are accounted for by buildings and the
construction industry (IEA, 2019). Given that most individuals spend their time
indoors—either at work or at home—more than 90% of the time, this is not
unexpected. There will be a rise in the number and size of buildings in urban areas
as urbanization rises, especially in emerging nations. This will result in a rise in the
demand for electricity and other types of energy used in buildings. Examples
include the use of building energy for lighting, cooling, and space heating.
Figure 5.1.2: SF6 mean ages from the STRAT (1995–2006) and SABRE
(2023) aircraft campaigns in comparison to an idealized mean age derived
from CO2 and N2O data from several aircraft campaign measurements.

Because of its extended lifetime and steady growth rate, sulphur

hexafluoride is important trace gas for establishing the age of the atmosphere. The
loss of SF6 in the lower mesosphere due to free electron association complicates
this equation. Air with significant SF6 loss from the mesosphere is carried into the
stratosphere, particularly in the winter polar vortex, where it has been
demonstrated that the mean age calculated from SF6 is biased older due to the
presence of air with significant SF6 loss. Recent theoretical and modeling work has
shown that because the amount of SF6 loss is proportional to the mixing ratio,
which has increased by several orders of magnitude over the last few decades, the
deviation of SF6 mean ages from the ideal mean age is also expected to have
increased over this time period. Compare mean age estimates for SF6 obtained
from airplanes campaigns and balloon measurements, as well as mean age
estimates for various tracers throughout many years, such CO2 and nitrous oxide
(N2O), data from the most recent DCOTTS and SABRE missions, and AirCore
aircraft missions. In order to assess the theoretical and model-based predictions of
the development of SF6 mean age biases through time, In order to adjust observed
SF6 mean ages based on the year and latitude of the data, we use a newly devised
correction technique.
Green Building Energy Systems.

A building's heating and cooling expenses will be significantly reduced

through passive solar architecture, high levels of and energy-efficient windows.
Using natural daylighting minimizes the requirement for power while also
enhancing occupant health and productivity. Additionally, energy-efficient
lighting, low-energy appliances, and renewable energy technology like wind
turbines and solar panels are all included in green buildings.

Figure 5.1.3: Passive Solar Design

(Elements or Components of Green Building 2009-2021 The Constructor).

Without the need of mechanical or electrical appliances, passive solar

architecture uses sunlight to heat, chill, and light houses and other structures. It
typically involves the use of specific materials and the positioning of windows or
skylights as part of the building's architecture.
Figure 5.2: UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN (UTAR)
Figure 5.2.1: Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) is committed to
energy efficiency in its buildings; the university also has implemented a
number of measures to reduce energy consumption.

After the Low Energy Office (LEO) and the Green Energy Office (GEO),
the Malaysia Energy Commission Sustainable Building, sometimes referred to as
the Diamond Building, is the third government building to be energy efficient. It is
the most recent and sophisticated illustration of a government structure in Malaysia
that incorporates extensive energy efficiency elements. This structure is regarded
as a showcase building because it makes the best use of both passive and active
architectural elements and makes use of the most recent technology available in the
nation.

The University of Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) has made tremendous

progress lately towards developing into a more ecologically conscious
organization. To do this, the institution has put in place a number of energy-
efficiency measures designed to lessen its carbon impact and promote a greener
campus. This essay examines three significant measures taken by UTAR to
improve energy efficiency: the strategic use of natural lighting, the incorporation
of energy-efficient equipment, and the use of smart controls to track and regulate
energy usage.
Figure 5.2.2 : The façade of the (UTAR) Building was designed for
Leveraging Natural Lighting.

Using natural sunlight.

Increasing the use of natural illumination in buildings can be one of its most
basic yet efficient ways to minimize energy use. UTAR's buildings have been
precisely built to capture natural sunshine, reducing the requirement for artificial
lighting during the day. By combining wide windows, skylights, and light shafts,
the institution assures an ample inflow of sunshine, lighting interior areas and
providing a more pleasant learning and working environment for its students and
employees.

The advantages of this strategy go beyond simple energy savings. Natural

light has been shown to boost productivity, increase mood, and even lead to higher
academic achievement. Furthermore, minimizing reliance on artificial lighting not
only saves power use but also greenhouse gas emissions, making UTAR's campus
more environmentally friendly. Furthermore, minimizing reliance on artificial
lighting reduces not just power consumption but also greenhouse gas emissions,
making UTAR's campus more sustainable and eco-friendly.
 The University of Tunku Abdul Rahman's dedication to energy conservation
through the strategic use of natural lighting, the adoption of energy-efficient
equipment, and the application of smart controls sets a good example for other
institutions and companies. UTAR has made tremendous progress in its effort to
become a more sustainable and eco-friendly campus by lowering its use on
artificial lighting, embracing energy-efficient technology, and using smart controls.

As these programmes continue to influence UTAR's sustainability path, they

also build a culture of environmental understanding and responsibility among its
students, professors, and staff. With these combined efforts, UTAR establishes a
precedent for promoting a greener and more sustainable future, motivating good
change both on and off campus.
Figure 5.2.3: The rooftop solar panels at UTAR Kampar Campus.

These measures have helped UTAR to reduce its energy consumption by 20%
since 2010. The university is also working on a number of innovative energy
efficiency projects, including:

Early this year, a 4.1 MWp on-site rooftop solar system was installed at
UTAR Kampar Campus buildings in conjunction with Ditrolic Solar, and the
installation of roughly 9,000 solar modules began. This solar system can provide
up to 75% of peak electricity consumption. The rooftop solar system will create
about 108,142MWh of renewable energy during its lifespan, allowing UTAR to
save 75,699 tonnes of CO2 emissions.UTAR signed a 20-year rooftop solar Power
Purchase Agreement (PPA) with Ditrolic Solar to install this on-site rooftop solar
system. Through Ditrolic Solar's SunLease initiative, UTAR Kampar Campus
buildings in Perak will benefit from clean energy generated without any capital
investment and will acquire the energy at a discounted cost from the usual TNB
price.This programme is proposed by UTAR as part of its commitment to
contribute to the United Nations' (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in
favor of clean natural energy and moving towards carbon neutrality. In addition to
the Solar PPA, Ditrolic Solar and UTAR will work on R&D by building solar
research systems on campus to allow researchers and students to collect and
analyze real-world data to develop solar system designs in the tropical region.
 ● Improved Efficiency:
The new solar panel design uses sophisticated photovoltaic technology and
materials that considerably increase energy conversion rates. These panels can
catch a greater spectrum of sunlight and transform it into electricity with
exceptional efficiency by utilizing revolutionary manufacturing techniques and
materials such as perovskites and multi-junction cells.

● Improved Affordability:
Of the main struggles to solar energy adoption has been the high upfront price
involved with standard panels. The development of more cheap solar panels has
cut manufacturing costs, making renewable energy more accessible to a larger
populace.

● Superior Energy Efficiency:

The new lighting system uses Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and intelligent
lighting controls to considerably reduce energy usage when compared to standard
incandescent and fluorescent lights. LED lighting becomes a game changer in
energy saving by turning a larger percentage of electricity into light rather than
heat.

● Improved Lighting Quality:

LED lighting systems not only use less energy, but they also provide higher-quality
light that more closely resembles natural daylight. This enhancement has the
potential to increase human well-being, productivity, and comfort while also
lowering eye strain and tiredness.

The creation of a new type of solar panel, revolutionary insulating materials,

and cutting-edge lighting systems are key milestones in the search of a sustainable
future. These innovations have the potential to transform the way we generate
energy, preserve heat, and brighten our surroundings. By accepting these
technologies, societies throughout the world may get closer to meeting their
environmental goals, such as lowering greenhouse gas emissions and minimizing
the effects of climate change.
Figure 5.3: Zero Energy Building at BCA Academy [Singapore]

The Zero Energy structure (ZEB) at the BCA Academy in Singapore is a

three-story institutional structure that uses as much energy as it generates by
methodically implementing innovative energy efficient and renewable technology.
When it was finished in 2009, it was the first zero energy building in Southeast
Asia, and it has since acted as a model for other sustainable structures in the area.

Achieving a net energy consumption of zero.

The Zero Energy Building (ZEB) was developed as a test to investigate

future energy consumption tactics in tropical regions and to build green teaching
programmes. The BCA Academy turned an old three-story structure into an
energy-self-sufficient school that achieves net-zero energy usage through passive
design complemented by active technology.

Passive systems were first used to lower the building's energy usage. These
were later augmented by intelligent active systems that required less reliance on
natural resources. Solar power meets the entire project's energy requirements.
 Through the use of green walls, a green roof, shading devices, low-
emissivity glass, solar film coatings, and composite wall panels, passive
architecture moderates the building's solar heat gain and natural ventilation.
Meanwhile, mirror ducts and a system of light shelves, pipes and tubes transmit
natural lighting deep into the building's interiors, while an exhaust system directs
hot air from each level through the building's walls and roof to be expelled via an
exhaust chimney.

The ZEB has been a success in reducing energy consumption. In its first
year of operation, the building consumed 60% less energy than a typical office
building of the same size. The ZEB has also helped to raise awareness of energy
efficiency in Singapore and has inspired other organizations to adopt sustainable
building practices.

Figure 5.3.1: Solar-Assisted Stack Ventilation.

Solar-Assisted Stack Ventilation:

The technology induces ventilation in the school hall and classrooms by
using hot air. Heat accumulates in the ducts under the metal surface, and the air
rises and flows out of the chimney owing to the buoyancy effect. This produces a
negative pressure in the classrooms, allowing cooler outside air to enter.
Figure 5.3.2: Light Pipes.
Natural light enters the inner space through a vertical pipe in the roof.
Because light pipes have a smaller surface area, they are more efficient than
skylights because less energy escapes from the inside.

Light pipes operate on the principle of entire internal reflection. This is a

phenomena that happens when light crosses at an angle larger than the critical
angle from a denser medium to a less dense medium. The denser medium in the
case of light pipes is the material from which the light pipe is formed, and the less
dense medium is the air or other gas that surrounds the light pipe. The light is
reflected back into the light pipe when it reaches the interior surface at an angle
greater than the critical angle. This procedure is repeated until the light reaches the
end of the light pipe and is released into the atmosphere.
Figure 5.3.3: Types of Light Pipes.
Light pipes are classified into two types: stiff and flexible. Solid materials,
such as acrylic or polycarbonate, are used to make rigid light pipes. A flexible
material, such as optical fiber, is used to make flexible light pipes.

Flexible light pipes are more durable, while rigid light pipes are more
difficult to install. Although flexible light pipes are less difficult to install, they are
not as durable as rigid light pipes.
Figure 5.3.4: Photovoltaic Technology.
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) System:
The ZEB is outfitted with a cutting-edge solar photovoltaic (PV) system
placed on its roof and exterior. These PV panels are made of modern photovoltaic
materials that efficiently convert sunlight into power. The solar energy generated
by these panels serves as the principal renewable energy source for the structure.
During bright days, the PV system creates excess power, which may be exported
back to the grid or stored in batteries for use during periods of poor solar
irradiation.

Grid-connected solar panel systems:

Any extra electricity generated by grid-connected systems is distributed to the rest

of BCA Academy before being returned to the grid. If insufficient electricity is
generated, the building will be powered by the grid.

Self-contained solar panels:

Solar panels were installed and integrated into building elements such as
sunshades, covered pathways and railings. They supply direct electricity to
specialized ZEB activities, such as the tourist center solar-charging kiosk.
Figure 5.3.5: Mirror Ducts

Mirror ducts constructed of highly reflecting material carry daylight via

horizontal reflective ducts in the false ceiling, where it subsequently leaves through
ceiling apertures above the user, allowing for significant energy savings.

Daylighting Solution:
Mirror ducts are an excellent daylighting solution, especially in regions
where installing standard windows or skylights may be difficult. They are made up
of highly reflecting tubes or ducts that absorb sunlight from the building's outside
and direct it into internal rooms, bringing natural light to regions that would
otherwise be dark or without windows.

Improved Energy Efficiency:

Mirror ducts eliminate the demand for artificial lighting during daylight
hours by capturing natural sunlight. This reduces power use, resulting in energy
savings and decreased greenhouse gas emissions. This can result in considerable
cost savings for lighting-related expenditures in commercial buildings.

Solar Heat Gain Control:

Mirror ducts can be outfitted with shading mechanisms or coatings to
manage the amount of sunlight entering the structure to prevent excessive solar
heat gain during hot weather. This function contributes to the maintenance of a
suitable home temperature, decreasing the demand on cooling systems and
improving overall energy efficiency.

Figure 5.4: The Edge, Deloitte’s / PLP Architecture

Office Buildings Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Year:2015).

The Edge is a 15-story, 40,000-square-meter office tower in Amsterdam, the

Netherlands. PLP Architecture designed it, and OVG Real Estate developed it. The
Edge, which was finished in 2014, is regarded as one of the world's most
sustainable structures.The Edge, Amsterdam, Netherlands: The Edge is a
commercial office block that is regarded as one of the world's most
environmentally friendly structures.

Type of energy-efficient technologies and systems.

It is intended to consume 70% less energy than a normal office block. The
Edge has a variety of energy-efficient technologies, such as a rainwater collection
system, geothermal heating and cooling, and a smart building management system.
It recognises what kind of vehicle you drive. This is the Edge, and it's very
probably the smartest workplace space ever built." (Bloomberg) The Edge is ahead
of its time; its one-of-a-kind structure combines environmental and technical
advancements to produce a really new business ecosystem that is not only
excellent for users but also good for the environment. The Edge has become the
most innovative and sustainable office in the world via clever and sustainable
material building, energy distribution, and maintenance.

Figure 5.4.1:Rainwater harvesting system that collects rainwater from the

roof and uses it to flush toilets and water plants.

Rainwater is collected on the roof and utilized to flush toilets as well as

irrigate the atrium's green terraces and other garden areas surrounding the
structure" (BREEAM). The Edge's methods of getting energy from nature are
clever and sustainable, as are the methods of storing that energy, which helps most
portions of the structure, such as the atrium. "Because of its optimum orientation,
the building requires little heating or cooling." A system combining solar energy
with thermal storage of water to a depth of 427 feet provides additional heating and
cooling when needed (130 m).

In the summer, warm water is kept there to offer warmth in the winter, and
vice versa. In the summer, fresh air is "leaked" into the atrium to offer cooling. The
hot air is trapped in the building's roof and its energy is employed to cool the air
again." 2016 (Reimerink) An energy storage system improves air circulation and
may be regulated manually or automatically. When it comes to energy recycling, it
is essentially the same as reusing energy from nature; the two primary categories
are solar energy and water. Recycling renewable natural resources increases the
energy consumption's sustainability.

Figure 5.4.2: Powered by the Sun

Solar panels and windows are arranged in a checkerboard pattern on the

southern wall. Despite intense sunlight, thick load-bearing concrete helps control
heat, and deeply recessed windows avoid the need for blinds. Panels also cover the
roof. The Edge consumes 70% less power than a conventional office block, but it
wasn't until OVG erected panels on the rooftops of several nearby university
buildings that the Edge could brag that it generates more energy than it consumes.

The structure is outfitted with a large array of solar panels that have been
deliberately integrated into its design and cover a substantial amount of its roof and
exterior. These solar panels capture and convert sunlight into electricity,
decreasing the building's dependency on traditional energy sources and lowering
its carbon impact, the Edge's solar power system does more than simply generate
electricity; it also contains innovative technology that optimizes energy
consumption throughout the structure. For example, smart sensors in the office
areas regulate lighting and temperature based on occupancy, ensuring that energy
is used wisely and sparingly.
 Furthermore, the building's design prioritizes natural light and ventilation to
eliminate the need for artificial lighting and air conditioning. The use of
sustainable materials and energy-efficient technology adds to its eco-friendliness.

"The Edge" exemplifies an important feature of sustainable architecture:

using renewable energy sources such as solar electricity to power structures
responsibly and efficiently. By doing so, it illustrates that buildings can be both
ecologically benign and technologically advanced, setting a pattern for future
constructions across the world. The Edge serves as a model for blending
sustainable methods into urban design and construction, inspiring other structures
to follow suit and embrace a greener future.
5.5 Conclusions

The Edge is a widely appreciated and mature architectural masterpiece in

Amsterdam, Netherlands. Its design and sustainability elements demonstrate a
well-balanced mix of practicality and beauty. The structure is a tribute to cutting-
edge technology and innovative urban design. The Edge is a symbol of ethical
building and environmental concern because of its creative use of materials and
energy-efficient technology. Its presence has greatly aided Amsterdam's status as a
city on the cutting edge of sustainable development.

In conclusion, The Edge in Amsterdam exemplifies a sophisticated and

forward-thinking approach to design and sustainability. Its unique combination of
cutting-edge technology, environmental sensitivity, and user-centric design has
raised the bar for modern office buildings. The Edge, as a symbol of ethical
building and environmental care, serves as a source of inspiration for future urban
projects across the world. Its influence on the skyline of Amsterdam, as well as its
contributions to sustainable practices, underline its reputation as an architectural
masterpiece and a model for future generations to follow.
Prepared by Tee Shu Teng Humidity and Condensation

6.0 HUMIDITY AND CONDENSATION

6.1 INTRODUCTION

Humidity and condensation are one of the crucial factors in a sustainable

building. A green building with humidity control often includes architectural

elements and technological advancements that aid in maintaining ideal humidity

levels inside the building. Humidity refers to the amount of moisture or water

vapor present in the air. It is generally measured as relative humidity (RH) which is

the ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air to what is needed to completely

saturate. Improper humidity levels will lead to a variety of negative effects to both

occupants and buildings. For example, high humidity levels will cause respiratory

problems, mold growth, damage to electronic equipment etc. On the contrary, low

humidity levels can result in dryness of skin that can be uncomfortable.

Condensation in a building refers to the process where water vapor transforms into

liquid water when it comes into contact with a surface that is colder than the dew

point temperature of the surrounding air. The dew point is the temperature at which

the air becomes saturated when relative humidity reaches 100% and unable to hold

all of its moisture.

 Figure 6.1 Comfort Zones with Green Building

There is a range of temperatures and humidity levels that each individual can

tolerate without feeling uncomfortable. Between 68°F and 78°F, with relative

humidity levels ranging from roughly 25% to 65%, is that comfort zone. Relative

humidity must decrease as temperatures rise in order to stay within the comfort

range. Most people can feel temperature variations of 1°F to 2°F, although we are

less sensitive to humidity. A range of 25% to 65% seems appropriate. According to

ASHRAE, dry nose, throat, eyes, and skin will be caused if relative humidity is

less than 25%. Inappropriate temperature and humidity levels bring many negative

impacts and effects. Therefore, humidity and condensation management in a

building is essential to ensure occupant comfort and safeguard the integrity of

building structure.
6.2 PRECEDENTS STUDY

6.2.1 The Energy Commission Diamond Building, Malaysia

Figure 6.2 The Energy Commission Diamond Building, Malaysia

The Energy Commission Diamond Building has a historic energy-efficient

and ecologically friendly structure in Putrajaya, Malaysia. The building features

seven floors above the ground and two parking levels underground. The gross floor

area (GFA) of the building is 14,230 m^2. The Energy Commission Diamond

Building is designed by NR Architect in association with Prof.Soontorn

Boonyatikarn. The structure is well known by its unique diamond shape which

helps in the energy conversation. This building is a popular green building icon

which was created to establish innovations that reduce energy consumption, large
usage of sustainable building materials and improve indoor environmental quality.

Therefore, the Energy Commission Diamond Building was the first office building

to be awarded the highest green building certification outside of Singapore (Green

Mark Platinum) and Malaysia (GBI Platinum). The building's surroundings are

likewise planned to be a green landscape while the building’s internal structure has

many designed elements that provide the occupants a comfortable place to work.
Floor Slab Radiant Cooling

Figure 6.3 Climate diagram in Putrajaya, Malaysia

According to the data shown above, Putrajaya is one of the warmest areas in

Malaysia that have high humidity and hot temperatures throughout the year. It

records the average daily maximum temperature of 33 degrees. In order to cope

with Malaysia’s hot climate, the Energy Commission Diamond Building is

prepared with an energy-saving cooling system, which is the floor slab cooling

system. It provides cooling to the building by using 22mm polyethylene-reinforced

thermal pipes supplied with chilled water by 19°C that are embedded in the

concrete slabs. The concrete slabs will be charged every night from 10pm to 6am

with chilled water 18°C to 20°C. This reduces the peak cooling demand during the

day by storing the cooling in the building's concrete structure. Additionally, due to

some of the cooling work being delegated to the slabs, it can lower the size of the

AHU (Air-handling Unit) room by around 30%. AHU (Air-handling Unit) is a

commercial air conditioning equipment which alters the humidity and temperature

before supplying ducts with cool, soothing air to fill the rooms.

Figure 6.4 Floor Slab Cooling System of the Energy Commission Diamond

Building, Malaysia
Low Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Volatile organic compound (VOC) is chemicals that participate in

atmospheric photochemical reactions and it could lead to indoor air quality

problems. The interior of the Energy Commission Diamond Building is painted

with low VOC content and also the floor carpeting is used for low VOC emission.

These paints and floor carpet are certified under the Carpet and Rug Institute Green

Label. The total amount of volatile organic compounds parts per billion is

sufficiently low to satisfy the indoor air quality standard by utilizing low-VOC

paints and carpets that are Green Label certified. In the presence of sunlight, VOC

will combine with nitrogen oxides to create ground-level ozone. Ozone in the

troposphere is monitored as a gauge for the amount of smog in the air, which

affects climate change. Long term exposure to volatile organic compounds can

cause asthma, lung inflammation and respiratory problems.

Figure 6.5 Low Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

CO2 sensors

In order to tackle the issue of thermal comfort, CO2 sensors are used to

regulate the demand-control ventilation and provide good indoor air quality (IAQ).

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is the term used to describe the air quality inside the

buildings and how it affects the occupants’ health and comfort. The maximum

limit for CO2 parts per million (ppm) is 1000 ppm, yet IAQ measurements on all

of the building's levels show that the CO2 ppm is less than 500 ppm, providing the

residents with plenty of fresh air.

Variable Air Volume (VAV) system

Variable air volume (VAV) systems is a type of HVAC system that

optimizes the volume and temperature of distributed air. Good IAQ is also

preserved by the variable air volume (VAV) system with a default minimum

airflow setting. The HVAC system circulates this air at a steady temperature

through each zone of the ducting in the building. Each zone has a VAV box or

terminal that the air flows through as it passes through, altering the airflow into the

zone in line with the thermostat setting for that region.

6.2.2 Manitoba Hydro Place, Canada

Figure 6.6 Manitoba Hydro Place, Canada

Featuring some of the lowest rates for electricity in the world, Manitoba

Hydro is the province of Manitoba's main energy provider and the fourth-largest in

Canada. This building is designed by Kuwabara Payne McKenna Blumberg

Architects, Toronto and officially opened by 29 September 2009. The structure has

a height of 88.6 meters to the top of the building and size of 64,590 square meters.

The total area of the building is 64,500m². The tower is styled like an ‘A’ and has

two 18-story twin office buildings. The twin buildings' south opening leads to their

north convergence. In order to create a "living building" that adapts dynamically to

the local climate, Manitoba Hydro Place, the company's new headquarters

building, integrates time-tested environmental concepts with cutting-edge

technologies. In downtown Winnipeg, the city is well known for its extreme

climate, with annual temperature ranges of -35ºC (-31 ºF) to +34ºC (95 ºF). The

energy consumption of Manitoba Hydro Place is 70% lower than that of a

comparable traditional office building and was recorded over the Model National

Energy Building Code (MNEBC). After two years, the building achieved its

expected energy goals. To fulfill the goals of 60% energy savings, an enjoyable

place to work, urban renovation, distinctive architecture, and cost efficiency,

Manitoba Hydro committed to following a formal integrated design process (IDP).

In 2010, Manitoba Hydro Place won a place in the top ten list of environmentally

friendly constructions by the American Institute of Architects Committee on the

Environment. It received a Platinum accreditation from the Canada Green Building

Council in May 2012 for adhering to Leadership in Energy and Environmental

Design (LEED) guidelines.

Indoor Waterfall

Manitoba Hydro Place features a 24m (79 feets) tall indoor waterfall which

is a water curtain composed of mylar ribbons. The waterfalls are made of strands

of mylar that are held firmly at the bottom by bronze weights. The flow of water is

controlled by the small valves at the top of each strand, which seems to the unaided

eye to be in the form of droplets. It helps to humidify and dehumidify the incoming

air before it is distributed through the raised access floor plena (2009) and aids to

cool the building during the extreme temperature in summer. The ribbons increase

the surface area of the water feature to promote moisture exchange and water is

heated to 32°C (90°F) for humidification.

Figure 6.7 Indoor Waterfall of Manitoba Hydro Place, Canada

Double Facade Curtain-Wall System

Manitoba Hydro Place has the world’s first double facade which is made up

of a double glazed outer wall and single glazed inner wall. It helps to insulate the

building against heat and cold. A three-foot-wide buffer zone is created using a

low-iron double facade curtain-wall system. The glass facade of MHP has an

interstitial spacing of one meter.

Figure 6.8 Double Facade of Manitoba Hydro Place, Canada

The double facade serves as a kind of "dynamic insulation" that reduces heat

loss. Three major forms of operation are used by the both facades which are east

facade and west facade.

 In the winter, the facade serves as a solar collector and is airtight. The

interstitial area can quickly warm up during the day in winter due to the

greenhouse effect. With the inner and outer facade layers sealed, the interstitial

space will typically attain temperatures of 20°C (68°F) even when it is -25°C (–

13°F) outdoors.

In the summer, the exterior facade has a large number of moveable

windows that are opened to allow wind and convective air patterns ventilate the

double facade. Automated louver blinds in the hollow of the curtain wall regulate

heat gain and glare. This guarantees that the facade won't raise cooling

requirements.

During the shoulder seasons, the outer facade is opened and employees are

encouraged to open the manual windows on the interior facade. The exterior facade

is automatically adjusted based on the temperature, humidity, light level and wind

speed of the ambient and interstitial air.

Solar Chimney

The solar chimney, located at the northern end of the building, is just under

380 feets tall. The solar chimney is a vital component which depends on the natural

stack effect by making a differential in pressure inside the structure, luring all air to

it. The chimney will be opened during the summer and shoulder seasons to allow

for natural air exhaustion. The chimney will be shut during the winter, and heated

exhaust air will be brought into the parkade.

Closed Loop Geothermal Heat Pump System

The building was also constructed with a closed-loop underground

geothermal heat pump system, the largest system in Manitoba, which maintains the

temperature of the building. The system consists of 280 drilled boreholes, each 6

inches in diameter, 400 feet deep, interspersed between the building's foundation

piles and caissons. The geothermal boreholes contain glycol-carrying tubes which

helps to regulate the temperature. In summer, it extracts heat from the

structure ,while in the winter, it radiantly warms the thermal mass of the floor

slabs. In order to constantly heat or cool the area, water is cycled through the heat

exchanger and dispersed throughout the concrete structure's thermal mass.

6.2.3 Gardens By The Bay, Singapore

Figure 6.9 Gardens By The Bay, Singapore

Gardens by the Bay is a popular sustainable architecture and nature park

located in the middle of Singapore. The internal gardens and landscapes are

designed by Grant Associates in collaboration with Wilkinson Eyre Architects.

With a variety of plant species and visually beautiful design, it offers a green

retreat from a busy city. Singapore's Gardens by the Bay showcase stunning

horticultural displays that connect with Singaporean culture and nations throughout

the world, drawing more than 25 million people annually. As part of the

Singaporean government's "city in a garden" plan, the construction project has

turned Singapore into a permanent site for conservation thanks to an ongoing

energy cycle. The park that spans 101 hectares consists of three waterfront gardens
which are Bay South Garden (in Marina South), Bay East Garden (in Marina East)

and Bay Central Garden (in Downtown Core and Kallang). The largest component,

Bay South Garden, stretches across an astonishing 54 hectares and includes

gardens, lakes, and the self-sufficient glass biomes Flower Dome (1.2 hectares)

and Cloud Forest (0.8 hectares). The Flower Dome is the largest greenhouse in the

world and it reproduces the chilly, dry climate of the Mediterranean. It features a

changing display, the flower field, and eight ‘supertrees’ including more than

90,000 plants maintained by various sustainable elements. Numerous awards have

been given in recognition of this excellence throughout the design and construction

such as World Building of the Year 2012, Design of the Year 2013, 2019 World

Urban Parks Legacy Award and more.

Chilled Water Pipes

The Conservatories use the technique of solely chilling the lower levels,

which lowers the amount of air that needs to be cooled. This is attained by

installing the chilled water pipes within the floor spaces while warmer air is

discharged through thermal stratification, with a combination of cooling

technologies resulting in at least 30 percent savings. It used the chilled fabric

which is formed by placing polythene pipework inside the floor screed of all the

hard-landscaped regions and paths inside the biomes. The central plant will

provide chilled water to these piping circuits. In order to prevent solar energy from

being convectively transformed into heat in the air, the system predominantly

absorbs solar radiation. Through these water pipes, it lowers the amount of air

needed to cool the building and reduces the visitors' ambient temperature, which

will enhance their sense of comfort.

Figure 6.10 Uponor (Chilled Water Pipes) in Gardens By The Bay

Desiccant Dehumidification System

The air in Flower Dome is dehumidified using liquid desiccant (drying agent)

before it is cooled to lessen the energy needed in the cooling process. By

eliminating moisture from an air stream while maintaining a constant enthalpy,

desiccant dehumidification works. The air stream's temperature is raised by this

process, which can be reduced by free cooling with cooling tower condenser water.

Latent and sensible cooling are obtained from the combined process of

dehumidification and free cooling. Compared to the traditional way of removing

moisture from the air by passing it through a cooling coil, this air dehumidification

procedure makes it easier to cool the air. As a result, the liquid desiccant quickens

the process by cooling air that has already been dried out. It lowers the biomes'

relative humidity from 90% to 30%. In this system, liquid desiccants are used.

Lithium chloride is the component of the liquid desiccants that will dissolve in

water. Due to the scale of the installation and the difficulty of juxtaposing the

supply and extract airstreams, which is required when using solid desiccants, liquid

desiccants were chosen over solid ones. Additionally, the majority of the microbial

contamination in the treated air streams is eliminated by this system.

Displacement Ventilation

In both biomes, integrated displacement ventilation is the main cooling technique.

In occupied spaces, air conditioning is introduced at modest levels. This system

will provide air through displacement diffuser terminals installed throughout the

biome and diffusers built into the vertical surfaces of the planter beds. As a result,

the building needs to cool down less, using less energy. To stop the entrance of hot

air from outside the biome, displacement air increases pressure inside the biome.

Photovoltaic System

Photovoltaic (PV) cells are implemented at the top of the Supertrees. Every year,

the photovoltaic cells in the Supertrees' canopy collect solar energy from sunlight

and use together the energy from the biomass fuel and the electricity grit to power

the cool conservatories. This advancement in water technology relates to the

electricity that powers steam turbines, which in turn powers the absorption chiller

and the liquid desiccant regenerator, both of which are crucial components of the

Flower Dome biome's efficient cooling system.

Direct Evaporative Humidification

In the Cloud Forest, where a high degree of humidity is necessary, direct

evaporative humidification is used. The technology also improves cooling

performance. Direct evaporative humidification is a method that uses outside air

that is carried in through ventilation ducting and humidified in a special air

handling device. In order to simulate mist in the wild, they basically installed pipes

in the pathway where water will be pushed out. They were able to alter the

humidification system into a fog mist that would arrive every two hours and even

make it into a display that resembled a concert.

Figure 6.11 Mist due to direct evaporative humidification inside the Cloud Forest
Indoor Man-Made Waterfall

The Cloud Forest cool conservatory biome's signature features include an indoor

man-made waterfall and misters that spray mist near walkways. The waterfall's

main purpose is to mimic the cold humidity of high altitude cloud forests in nature.

The temperature inside the Cloud Forest Dome is similar to the tropical montane

climate found between 1500 and 3000 meters above sea level, with temperatures

between 23 and 25 C and humidity levels between 80 and 90 percent. The region is

cooled and the cooling demand is reduced as a result of the water droplets

absorbing heat.

Figure 6.12 Indoor Waterfall of Gardens By The Bay

6.3 DISCUSSION

From all of these three case studies, it can clearly be seen that pipes are

installed under the floor to cool the building and structures. Nowadays, chilled

water systems are widely used for cooling and refrigeration in green buildings,

pipe insulation is essential to preserving performance and reducing energy waste.

In order to ensure the piping and instruments function properly and prevent

condensation damage, insulation methods must be utilized. Preventing the warm,

humid air from getting in contact with the chilled pipe's outside is the best

approach to stop condensation from forming on pipes.

Besides embedding the pipes underground, the concept of double-skin

facades is also one of the sustainable features in the green buildings including

Manitoba Hydro Place, Canada and Gardens By The Bay, Singapore. Although the

idea of double-skin façades is not new, architects and engineers are increasingly

likely to adopt them. They are preferred for their transparent facade, thermal and

acoustic comfort, lower air conditioning expenses, and the lack of window-specific

technologies, especially in skyscraper architecture.

6.4 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the humidity and condensation is an important consideration

in the concept of sustainable architecture. Keeping humidity under control and

within a moderate range can contribute to the occupants’ comfort and control the

building’s temperature. Every system in the building cooperates together to cool or

heat the entire building.

The humidity is very crucial in a structure to prevent the mold growth that

will lead to the construction materials damaged. This frequently results in costly

repairs, taking money away from investments in energy-saving equipment or other

building improvements. Therefore, humidity and condensation management brings

financial benefits and reduces operating expenses.

Through this assignment, we have realized that the value of humidity and

condensation is implemented in every building. Thus, architects must apply the

sustainable features effectively such as heat transfer, pollution, passive design,

energy efficiency, humidity and condensation, and resources, recycling and

conservation to save energy and cost. A greener home and healthy life will

definitely be created through these green technologies.

Prepared by Nathaniel GIyl A. Tubong 2302085 Resources, Recycling and Conservation

7.0 RESOURCES, RECYCLING AND CONSERVATION

7.1 INTRODUCTION

The topic of resource, recycling and conservation are all related together and

it is very crucial for everyone to understand how these 3 topics could make a big

difference in making our world a better place to live in, whether in the present or in

the future. Throughout the generations, the produce of waste at different parts of

the world has increased tremendously.

Figure 7.1.1: Chart according to the Regional Waste Generation

The Economist (2018) according to World Bank, has indicated that

municipal solid waste had increased by 0.2bn in just 3 years. Approximately 2bn
tonnes of waste has been generated by the world in 2016 alone. It would be

estimated that 740 grams of waste has been produced by man, woman and children

on Earth every single day. It also noted that the biggest waste management

problem would be the 30bn tonnes of invisible but dangerous carbon dioxide that is

released into the atmosphere every year. Not to mention, the number that was

suggested regarding the municipal solid waste does not include the huge amount

produced by the industry. It is unavoidable that as the world progresses further,

more waste would be generated. For example, 34% rubbish was produced even

though advanced economies make up 16% of the world population. (The

Economist, 2018)

“The goal of sustainable waste management is to reduce the amounts of

natural resources consumed, reusing the materials taken from nature as much as it

is possible, and creating as minimal waste as possible. It is our responsibility to

maintain sustainability for the benefit of our environment as well as future

generations. A well-functioning sustainable waste management system should

incorporate feedback loops, focus on processes, embody adaptability and divert

wastes from the disposal.” (Hill, 2016)

Prepared by Nathaniel Giyl A. Tubong 2302085 Resources, Recycling and Conservation

7.2 MANAV SADHNA

Figure 7.2.1 Outdoor Space of Manav Sadhna

(RTF, 2022)

Name of Building Manav Sadhna Activity Centre

Location Ahmedabad, India
Completion Year 2012
Architect Yantin Pandya
Developer Footprints E. A. R. T. H.
Site Area 1100 sq.mts
Building Function Multi-purpose Activity Center
 Manav Sadhna Activity Center that is located in the midst of the city in

Ahmedabad proves to be one of the essential green buildings that strive to achieve

in using the recycled materials as part of their sustainable design. This center is a

cluster of multipurpose campus activities which are school for the young,

vocational training center for the ladies, gymnasium for the men, crèche for the

toddler, health camp on weekends, craft production unit for women and

community center for festive celebrations and events.

The center completed in 2012 had used the municipal, domestic, and digital

waste as alternative of building components. Fly ash, dump fill waste, crate

packaging, plastic bottles, glass bottles, rags, wrappers, metals crap, broken

ceramic wares, compact disc and electronic hardware etc. are some of the waste

that had been used in transforming it into walling, roofing, flooring and

fenestrations. Yantin Pandya's vision was to create an eco-friendly architectural

demonstration to reduce carbon footprint through waste recycling, to help the poor

by generating economic opportunities and mainly to develop building products that

are affordable, achievable and sustainable to create a space for communities.

(Sustainable Idea Labs, n.d.)

All products developed in this project were developed by the help of the

local end users which incorporated the use of the municipal waste. They were all

operated by simple tools which all developed walls, roofs, slabs, doors and
windows. It is also noted that there were 6 types of materials and techniques used

in the making of the wall. Example, cement bonded fly ash brick, mold-

compressed bricks made from landfill site waste residue, stabilized soil blocks,

recycled glass bottles, recycled plastic bottles filled with ash and waste residue,

and vegetable crate wood paneling in the inner partition walls. (RTF, 2022)

It is interesting how this center includes glass bottles, plastic bottles and

bricks, stone slab, cement bonded particle board with clay tile cover, as well as

light conduit pipe truss with G.I. sheet with clay tile roof.

Figure 7.2.2 The use of waste in the roof as the filler

(Sustainable Ideas Labs, n.d.)

 Waste such as compact discs, metal scrap were also used in the making of

the door. As such it does not only create an aesthetically pleasing view of the door

but it saves a lot in terms of the cost. The idea of it is both sustainable and creative.

Figure 7.2.3 The use of compact discs and metal scraps

Prepared by Nathaniel Giyl A. Tubong 2302085 Resources, Recycling and Conservation

7.3 VEGAN HOUSE

Figure 7.3.1 Perspective view of the Vegan House

Name of Building Vegan House

Location Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Completion Year 2014
Architect Blocks Architects
Developer Blocks Architects
Site Area Approximate 1000 m²

Building Function Cultural Space/Residential

 Vegan House originally was in an old terrace house located in Ho Chi Minh

City, Vietnam and was built in 1965 next to an apartment building.The owner of

this building through his interest in the cultural point of view and the love of travel

and tourism has decided in the renovating this house as a cultural space dedicated

to serve, share or even cook Vietnamese delicacies. The place is also a place for

visitors to stay in. The overall structure of this building is 3 narrow stories tall and

includes a communal kitchen and dining areas. The building also consists of dorm

style bedrooms and a master bedroom in addition to a rooftop sanctuary.

(ArchiExpo, n.d.)

Inspired by the sustainable design of the Antwerp Port House, Fire Station in

Belgium, the idea of “redevelopment works added an additional building to the top

of the existing one while also repurposing the functions and changing the

circulation within it” (Yuan Wen, 2020) was implemented in the building of the

Vegan House. Roofing Windows, Tempered Glass Roof, Public Space, additional

Terrace was added in the renovation of this building.

Figure 7.3.2 Redevelopment works of Vegan House

Block Architect integrates the use of old abandoned things from the owner

to create every kind of furniture such as the table, chair, wardrobe, window and

lampshade. The utilization of old material allows the architect to create a fresher

place while still maintaining the traditional values of the former house.

As we look upon the windows that are presented as the facade of Vegan

House, a clear view of the contrast between the new facade and the old facade are
shown. It is interesting to note that this rearrangement of the old and new facade

could create a special attraction because it captures the essence of the ancientness

of the entire area. As stated by ArchDaily (2020), “Some open windows on the

roof provide the trees beneath with space and natural light. This symbolizes

growth, hopes for the future and goodness from traditional bedrock”.

Figure 7.3.3 Windows on roof showing the light entering

As for the ground floor, it is the famous gathering for people to share their

passion in cooking as it is where the big kitchen is located. Long curved kitchen

cupboards would also be there to be a part of the building.

Figure 7.3.4 Kitchen on ground floor

Looking through the first floor, a place of relaxation also has been

introduced. Duly note, that the first floor also has a bedroom prepared. With

renovation work on the second floor for the unused roof , a new steel staircase has

been added. It was built beside the atrium. The placement of the roof system also

has been well implemented as it is to prevent the heat from affecting the bedroom.

As we move forward, the garden would be seen. A perfect place to view the night

sky through the lit windows and a place for tourist, visitors for their tea session.

Two toilets were installed in these bedrooms and also small atriums are also there

for cross-room ventilation.

 Block Architects impressively managed to capture and revive the

Vietnamese architecture in the 60’s and 70’s through the preservation of the

materials of walls and floors. The materials were unrefined cement surfaces,

jalousie windows and bamboo wattle on the ceiling.

Figure 7.3.5 View through the interior of Vegan House

Prepared by Nathaniel Giyl A. Tubong 2302085 Resources, Recycling and Conservation

7.4 MENARA KERJA RAYA, MALAYSIA

Figure 7.4.1 The Aerial view of Menara Kerja Raya

Name of Building Menara Kerja Raya

Location Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Completion Year 2015
Architect Kementerian Kerja Raya Malaysia
Developer Kementerian Kerja Raya Malaysia
Site Area 52272 Sqm

Building Function Public & Government Offices

 Menara Kerja Raya located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia has recently become

the 2nd new building that was awarded the prestigious Green Building Index (GBI)

Platinum final certification with Energy Commission's Diamond Building as the

first to be awarded. It is one of the great achievements that Malaysia has achieved

for high rise government with the implementation of sustainable features on this

building (Archify, 2023).

Through the progression of constructing Menara Kerja Raya, this building

has taken the water efficiency, materials efficiency, energy efficiency, sitting and

structure design efficiency, operations and maintenance optimization and waste

reduction into consideration. The implementation of sustainable features such as

improvement of occupant comfort, reduced impact of material usage as well as

making use of less treated potable water also helps in making this building as such

the prestigious GBI Platinum Final Certification.

Focusing on the topic of Siting and Structure Design Efficiency in this

building, it was noted that the objective is to minimize the total environment

impact associated with life cycle stages of the building project but the building

process is not as streamlined as industrial process, it would be different from a

building to another building. Another factor would also be that different buildings

would also require different complex materials to constitute in design variables.

Shiela, Syahrul and Michael (2017) points out that “ a variation of every design
variable may affect the environment during all the relevant life cycle stages of the

building”.

Next, Materials Efficiency. Building materials that classified as green

materials such as bamboo, straw, lumber from forests certified to be sustainable

managed, insulated concrete forms, dimension and recycled stone, recycled metal

and other materials that are non-toxic and reusable renewable which are trass,

linoleum, sheep wool, panel made from paper flakes, compressed earth block,

adobe, baked and rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, sea grass, cork,

expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fiber plates, calcium sand stone, high and

ultra-high performance and roman self-healing concrete. After that, the use of

recycled industrial materials such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and

demolition debris in construction projects were also suggested by the The

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Sharif, Kamaruzzaman, & Pitt, 2017).

Menara Kerja Raya implementation of using sustainable materials from different

sources is important because it actually minimizes the waste and to maximize

recycling.

Lastly, waste reduction. In understanding the construction process towards

green building, it is important to reduce the amount of material going to landfills.

Providing compost bins as such would help in reducing the amount of waste

generated by the occupants through providing on-site solutions. Menara Kerja

Raya also the first building introduced with incorporation of a waste water

treatment system. This treatment system is able to treat the greywater from wash

basins, floor traps and ablution to be reused within the building for toilet flushing

and landscape irrigation. (IEN Consultants, n.d.)

Prepared by Nathaniel Giyl A. Tubong 2302085 Resources, Recycling and Conservation

7.5 DISCUSSION

Through the research of the topic resources, recycling and conservation,

three buildings that have been chosen are Manav Sadhna, Vegan House and

Menara Kerja Raya, to each have their own unique characteristics of their

implementation of the idea towards green building and sustainable building.

Manav Sadhna building as a multi-purpose activity center has shown and

has proven that the use of recycled municipal solid waste such as the disc compact,

plastic bottles etc could also create the best architectural result. Not only does

Manav Sadhna achieve the goal of sustainable building and create aesthetically

pleasing interior but also create a special place for the communities of the area.

Vegan House in this context also amazed the architectural world through the

Architect's use of recycled materials and the spatial organization of the building.

Through the use of the idea of the sustainable design of Antwerp Port House, Fire

Station in Belgium with their redevelopment works, Vegan House has successfully

captured the essence of the modern and old architecture. Light coming from the

windows also shows the importance of how careful use of material could actually

make a difference. Vegan House as a cultural space is indeed a place to visit and

experience.
 Menara Kerja Raya also integrated a lot of sustainable features. For

example, the use of waste water management. Kementerian Kerja Raya through

their thorough implementation of green building in mind had successfully earned

them the title of Green Building Index (GBI) Platinum final certification. Material

Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Sitting and Structure Design

efficiency, Operations and maintenance optimization and Waste reduction was the

integration of ideas towards this building.

Prepared by Nathaniel Giyl A. Tubong 2302085 Resources, Recycling and Conservation

7.5 CONCLUSION

In the study of resources, recycling and conservation through the research of

the three buildings, we could identify architects around the world are trying their

best in the implementation of sustainable building through the use of recycling

materials and the use of municipal solid waste such as plastics.

Sustainable features also must be considered when designing a building

because it could also contribute in solving the waste problem. Buildings such as

the Menara Kerja Raya would make a perfect example of how green buildings

should be constructed in the future.

We know that the growing of number in terms of the waste in unavoidable

as human population grows, but if leaders throughout the world start to give an

insight on the importance of sustainable building to the communities, it would

definitely helps on keeping our earth more preserve and conserve in its natural

state so the future generations would not suffer.

8.0 OVERALL CONCLUSION

The introduction of green building is more important than we realize.

Through the research that has been done, we could understand that there are so

many factors of green building and its sustainable features and how it should be

implemented. Human decisions in handling the environment will be a factor of

how the world will shape in the future. As Daisaku Ikeda once quoted, “No matter

how complex global problems may seem, it is we ourselves who have given rise to

them. They cannot be beyond our power to resolve.”

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