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    Lecture 5 - Partial Derivatives and Chain Rule

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    NURUL YAHSIFAH SYQELLA BINTI YAHYA BK21110100
    This document discusses partial derivatives and their notation. It explains how to find the slope of a function z=f(x,y) in the x and y directions by taking partial derivatives. It also discusses higher order partial derivatives, functions of more than two variables, and implicit differentiation.

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    Lecture 5 - Partial Derivatives and Chain Rule

    Uploaded by

    NURUL YAHSIFAH SYQELLA BINTI YAHYA BK21110100
    23 views44 pages
    This document discusses partial derivatives and their notation. It explains how to find the slope of a function z=f(x,y) in the x and y directions by taking partial derivatives. It also discusses higher order partial derivatives, functions of more than two variables, and implicit differentiation.

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    lecture 5 - Partial Derivatives and Chain Rule

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    This document discusses partial derivatives and their notation. It explains how to find the slope of a function z=f(x,y) in the x and y directions by taking partial derivatives. It also discusses higher order partial derivatives, functions of more than two variables, and implicit differentiation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views44 pages

    Lecture 5 - Partial Derivatives and Chain Rule

    Uploaded by

    NURUL YAHSIFAH SYQELLA BINTI YAHYA BK21110100
    This document discusses partial derivatives and their notation. It explains how to find the slope of a function z=f(x,y) in the x and y directions by taking partial derivatives. It also discusses higher order partial derivatives, functions of more than two variables, and implicit differentiation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Partial Derivatives

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley


    Recall – Differentiation rules
    Recall

    For 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , the 𝑓′ 𝑥𝑜 gives us the slope of the graph of f


    at 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 .
    But for 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 , what would the slope mean?

    On a surface, there are different slopes in different


    direction. We will start by looking at the slope in the x-
    direction and the slope in y-direction.
    Consider the paraboloid 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 4 and the point (2, 1, -1).

    x y
    To consider the slope in x-direction, we treat y as a
    constant. (here y =1 since we are at (2, 1, -1):

    We take the partial derivatives


    in the x-direction.

    𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 4
    x
    y
    𝑓𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = −2𝑥
    𝑓𝑥 2,1 = −2 2 = −4

    Slope in x-direction at (2, 1, -1)


    is -4
    To consider the slope in y-direction, we treat x as a
    constant. (here x = 2 since we are at (2, 1, -1):

    We take the partial derivatives


    in the y-direction.

    𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 4
    x y 𝑓𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = −2𝑦
    𝑓𝑦 2,1 = −2 1 = −2

    Slope in y-direction at (2, 1, -1)


    is -2
    Notation

    for z = f (x, y)
    𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑧
    𝑓𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = = 𝐷𝑥 𝑓
    𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
    𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑧
    𝑓𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = = 𝐷𝑦 𝑓
    𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
    We have computed

    𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑧
    𝑓𝑥 2,1 = 2,1 = ቤ = ቤ
    𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 (2,1) 𝜕𝑥 (2,1)
    Using product rule, we have
    Function of More than Two Variables

    𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

    𝜕𝑤
    For , treat y and z as constants
    𝜕𝑥

    𝜕𝑤
    For , treat x and z as constants
    𝜕𝑦

    𝜕𝑤
    For , treat x and y as constants
    𝜕𝑧
    Function of More than Two Variables
    Second Order Partial Derivatives
    When we differentiate f(x, y) twice, we produce its second
    order derivatives.
    𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑧
    (𝑓𝑥 )𝑥 = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = = 2= 2
    𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
    𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑧
    (𝑓𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = = =
    𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
    1st 2nd
    2nd 1st

    𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑧
    (𝑓𝑦 )𝑥 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = = =
    𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

    𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕 2𝑓 𝜕 2𝑧
    (𝑓𝑦 )𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = = 2= 2
    𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
    The chain rule

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley


    Recall the Chain Rule for single variable
    function

    For 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡),


    𝑦=𝑓 𝑔 𝑡

    𝑑𝑦
    and = 𝑓 ′ 𝑔 𝑡 . 𝑔′ 𝑡
    𝑑𝑡

    𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
    Or =
    𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
    Function of two variable
    Function of three variable
    Implicit Differentiation Revisited
    Recall for function of 1 variable

    𝑑𝑦
    𝑥2 + 𝑦2 =4 find
    𝑑𝑥
    𝑑 2 2
    𝑑
    (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) = (4)
    𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
    𝑑𝑦
    2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
    𝑑𝑥
    𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 𝑥
    =− =−
    𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 𝑦
    Implicit Differentiation Revisited
    Since F(x,y) = 0

    𝑑𝑤
    must be zero
    𝑑𝑥
    𝑑𝑦
    𝐹𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦 =0
    𝑑𝑥
    𝑑𝑦 𝐹𝑥
    =−
    𝑑𝑥 𝐹𝑦

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