2.2.2.A sample of two items is selected without replacement from a batch.

Describe the (ordered) sample space for

each of the following batches:

(a) The batch contains the items {a, b, c, d}.

(b) The batch contains the items {a, b, c, d, e, f , g}.

(c) The batch contains 4 defective items and 20 good items.

(d) The batch contains 1 defective item and 20 good items.

(a) {ab, ac, ad, bc, bd, cd, ba, ca, da, cb, db, dc}, contains 12 elements
(b) {ab, ac, ad, ae, af, ag, ba, bc, bd, be, bf, bg, ca, cb, cd, ce, cf, cg, da, db, dc, de, df, dg, ea,
eb, ec, ed, ef, eg, fa, fb, fc, fg, fd, fe, ga, gb, gc, gd, ge, gf}, contains 42 elements
(c) Let d and g denote defective and good, respectively. Then S = {gg, gd, dg, dd}

(d) S = {gd, dg, gg}

2.2.4. In a manufacturing operation, a part is produced by machining, polishing, and painting. If there are three

machine tools, four polishing tools, and three painting tools, how many different routings (consisting of

machining, followed by polishing, and followed by painting) for a part are possible?
From the multiplication rule,

2.2.6. A manufacturing process consists of 10 operations that can be completed in any order. How many different

production sequences are possible?

From equation 2.1, the answer is 10! = 3,628,800

2.2.7. A batch of 140 semiconductor chips is inspected by choosing a sample of 5 chips. Assume 10 of the chips

do notconform to customer requirements.

(a) How many different samples are possible?

(b) How many samples of five contain exactly one nonconforming chip?

(c) How many samples of five contain at least one nonconforming chip?

(1405)= 5 ! 135 ! =416,965,528

(a) From equation 2-4, the number of samples of size five is
140 !

(b) There are 10 ways of selecting one nonconforming chip and there are

(1304)= 4 ! 126 ! =11,358,880

130 ! ways of selecting four conforming chips. Therefore, the number

of samples that contain exactly one nonconforming chip is 10×

(1304)=113,588,800
(c) The number of samples that contain at least one nonconforming chip is the total number of samples

minus the number of samples that contain no nonconforming chips .

 140 ! 130!
That is - = − =130,721,752
5! 135 ! 5 ! 125 !

2.2.12.In the design of an electromechanical product, 12 components are to be stacked into a cylindrical casing in a

manner that minimizes the impact of shocks. One end of the casing is designated as the bottom and the other end is

the top.

(a) If all components are different, how many different designs are possible?

(b) If seven components are identical to one another, but the others are different, how many different

designs are possible?

(c) If three components are of one type and identical to one another, and four components are of another

type and identical to one another, but the others are different, how many different designs are possible?

(a) Every arrangement selected from the 12 different components comprises a different design.

Therefore,12!=479,001,600 designs are possible.

12!
=95040
(b) 7 components are the same, others are different, 7!1!1!1!1!1! designs are possible.
12 !
=3326400
(c) 3! 4 ! designs are possible.
2.2.13. A bin of 50 parts contains 5 that are defective. A sample of 10 parts is selected at random, without

replacement. How many samples contain at least four defective parts?

From the 5 defective parts, select 4, and the number of ways to complete this step is 5!/(4!1!) = 5

From the 45 non-defective parts, select 6, and the number of ways to complete this step is 45!/(6!39!) =
8,145,060

Therefore, the number of samples that contain exactly 4 defective parts is 5(8,145,060) = 40,725,300

Similarly, from the 5 defective parts, the number of ways to select 5 is 5!/(5!1!) = 1

From the 45 non-defective parts, select 5, and the number of ways to complete this step is 45!/(5!40!) =

1,221,759

Therefore, the number of samples that contain exactly 5 defective parts is 1(1,221,759) = 1,221,759

Therefore, the number of samples that contain at least 4 defective parts is 40,725,300 + 1,221,759 =

41,947,059

2.3.2. A part selected for testing is equally likely to have been produced on any one of six cutting tools.

(a) What is the sample space?

(b) What is the probability that the part is from tool 1?

(c) What is the probability that the part is from tool 3 or tool 5?

(d) What is the probability that the part is not from tool 4?
 (a) S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

(b) 1/6

(c) 2/6

(d) 5/6

2.3.6. A message can follow different paths through servers on a network. The sender’s message can go to one of

five servers for the first step; each of them can send to five servers at the second step; each of those can send to

four servers at the third step; and then the message goes to the recipient’s server.

(a) How many paths are possible?

(b) If all paths are equally likely, what is the probability that a message passes through the first of four

servers at the third step?

(a) 5*5*4 = 100

(b) (5*5)/100 = 25/100=1/4

2.3.11. Samples of emissions from three suppliers are classified for conformance to air-quality specifications. The

results from 100 samples are summarized as follows:

Let A denote the event that a sample is from supplier 1, and let B denote the event that a sample conforms to

specifications. If a sample is selected at random, determine the following probabilities:

(a) P(A) (b) P(B) (c) P(A')  (d) P(AB) (e) P(AB) (f) P(A’B)
(a) P(A) = 30/100 = 0.30

(b) P(B) = 77/100 = 0.77

(c) P(A') = 1 – 0.30 = 0.70

(d) P(AB) = 22/100 = 0.22

(e) P(AB) = 85/100 = 0.85

(f) P(A’B) =55/100 = 0.55

2.3.12. Consider the hospital emergency room data is given below. Let A denote the event that a visit is to hospital

4, and let B denote the event that a visit results in LWBS (at any hospital).

Determine the following probabilities.

(a) P(A  B) (b) P(A) (c) P(A  B) (d) P(A  B) (e) P(A  B)

(a) P(A  B) = 242/22252 = 0.0109

 (b) P(A) = (5292+6991+5640)/22252 = 0.8055

(c) P(A  B) = (195 + 270 + 246 + 242 + 984 + 3103)/22252 = 0.2265

(d) P(A  B) = (4329 + (5292 – 195) + (6991 – 270) + 5640 – 246))/22252 = 0.9680

(e) P(A  B) = (1277 + 1558 + 666 + 3820 + 5163 + 4728)/22252 = 0.7735
2.3.15. A Web ad can be designed from four different colors, three font types, five font sizes, three images, and

five text phrases. A specific design is randomly generated by the Web server when you visit the site. If you visit

the site five times, what is the probability that you will not see the same design?

Total number of possible designs is 900. The sample space of all possible designs that may be seen on

five visits. This space contains 9005 outcomes.

The number of outcomes in which all five visits are different can be obtained as follows. On the first

visit any one of 900 designs may be seen. On the second visit there are 899 remaining designs. On the

third visit there are 898 remaining designs. On the fourth and fifth visits there are 897 and 896 remaining

designs, respectively. From the multiplication rule, the number of outcomes where all designs are

different is 900*899*898*897*896. Therefore, the probability that a design is not seen again is

(900*899*898*897*896)/ 9005 = 0.9889