CM 2 Ceemec30 PDF

#2 CEEMEC30 – ENGINEERING
MECHANICS
FLEX Course Material

Compute the resultant of
Engr. Marvin Bartido 2ND TERM AY 2022-2023
force systems.
Recite the concept of
moment.
Compute the moment of RESULTANT OF
FORCE SYSTEMS,
force systems.
Locate and draw the
resultant of the force
systems.
Understand the concept
MOMENT OF
of couple and its
characteristics FORCES AND
COUPLES
Marvin M. Bartido, RCE
2ND TERM AY 2022-2023

Table of Contents
RESULTANT OF CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM

Resultant of Two Concurrent Forces
Triangle Law
Sample Problems
Resultant of Three or More Concurrent Forces
Analytical Method (Component Method)
Sample Problems
MOMENT OF FORCES
Definition of Moment
Moment of a Force
Principle of Moments
Varignon’s Theorem
Principle of Transmissibility
Conditions for Zero Moment
Sample Problems
RESULTANT OF PARALLEL FORCE SYSTEM

Resultant of Parallel Force System
Types of Loads
Sample Problems
2
Table of Contents
COUPLES
Definition of Couples
Resolution of a Force into a Force and a Couple
RESULTANT OF NON-CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM

Resultant of Non-Concurrent Force Systems
Sample Problems
3
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Pre-assessment No. 2
PROPERTIES OF ANGLES
Recall the properties of angle, go to the link:
http://www.ultimatemaths.com/angle-properties.htm
1. Find all missing angles:

2. What is the value of angle a?
30°
If you need wisdom, ask our generous God, and He will give it to you.
He will not rebuke you for asking.
James 1:5
RESULTANT OF TWO CONCURRENT FORCES

PARALLELOGRAM LAW
The parallelogram law states that the resultant of two forces is the
diagonal of the parallelogram formed on the vectors of these forces.
TRIANGLE LAW
It is can be used to compute resultant of force systems with two
forces.
If two forces are represented by their free vectors placed tip to tail,
their resultant vector is the third side of the triangle, the direction of
the resultant being from the tail of the first vector to the tip of the last
vector.
The two forces are the component forces that make up the resultant.
R R
5
James 1:5

TRIANGLE LAW
After forming the triangle, we can now solve for the resultant by
using the laws of triangle.
The resultant of two-force concurrent force system must include
the resulting:
• Magnitude
• Direction
• Angle from the horizontal (𝜃𝑥 )
• SOH CAH TOA

𝑜
sin 𝜃 =
𝑎
𝑎
h cos 𝜃 =
o ℎ
𝑜
tan 𝜃 =
ϴ 𝑎
a
• Cosine Law
𝑎2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 2 𝑏 𝑐 cos 𝐴
C
a b 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2 𝑎 𝑐 cos 𝐵
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 2 𝑎 𝑏 cos 𝐶
B A
c
• Sine Law
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
C sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
a b
B A
c
6
James 1:5

Sample Problem No. 1

Determine the resultant using triangle law.
20°
Find: 250N
Resultant 20°
R
50°
100N
Solution:
For magnitude: Using cosine law
𝑅 2 = 2502 + 1002 − 2 250 100 cos 70°
20°
𝑅 2 = 55398.99 250N
𝑅 = 235.37 𝑁 ↙
70° R
100N
For angle:
𝜃𝑥 = 20° + 𝛼
Using sine law
235.37 100 20° 𝜃𝑥
= 250N ∝
sin 70° sin 𝛼
100 sin 70°
sin 𝛼 = 70° R = 235.37 N
235.37
−1
𝛼 = sin (0.39924) 100N
𝛼 = 23.53°
𝜃𝑥 = 43.53°
7
James 1:5


The vertical force P of magnitude 100kN is applied to the frame
shown in Fig. (a). Resolve P into components that are parallel to the
members AB and AC of the truss.
Find:
AB
AC
AB
P = 100 kN
AC
AC P = 100 kN
Solution: AB
Using sine law

100 𝐴𝐵
=
sin 35° sin 35°
100 sin 35° AB
70°
𝐴𝐵 = 35°
sin 35° 110°
𝐴𝐵 = 100 𝑘𝑁 AC P = 100 kN
35°
100 𝐴𝐶
=
sin 35° sin 110°
100 sin 110°
𝐴𝐶 =
sin 35°
𝐴𝐶 = 163.83 𝑘𝑁
8
James 1:5


Resolve the 360-lb force into components along the cables AB and AC.
Use α=55◦ and β=30◦.
Find:
AB
AC
Solution:
Using sine law
360 𝐴𝐵 55° AB
=
sin 95° sin 30°
360 sin 30°
𝐴𝐵 =
sin 95° 95°
𝐴𝐵 = 180.69 𝑙𝑏 360 lb
360 𝐴𝐶
= AC
sin 95° sin 55°
100 sin 110°
𝐴𝐶 = 30°
sin 95°
𝐴𝐶 = 296.02 𝑙𝑏
9
James 1:5
RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE CONCURRENT

FORCES
Graphical Method. The two vectors can be added to give a resultant;

this resultant in turn can be added to a third vector, etc. until all the
vectors have been added together to give an overall resultant. These
vectors can be added in any order. This method is sometimes called
the head-to-tail method.
Analytical Method (Component Method). The vectors can be resolved

into components that coincide with arbitrarily chosen axes.
R
𝑅𝑦
𝑅= 𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2 (resultant) 𝜃𝑥
𝑅𝑥
𝑅𝑥 = Σ 𝐹𝑥 (x-component of the resultant)
𝑅𝑦 = Σ 𝐹𝑦 (y-component of the resultant)
𝑅
tan θ𝑥 = 𝑦ൗ𝑅𝑥 (direction of the resultant with
respect to x-axis)
For summation, use the sign convention:
𝑭𝒙 𝑭𝒚
→ +
← -
↑ +
↓ -
10
James 1:5

FORCES
Horizontal and Vertical Component of a Force

F
𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑥
Examples: Find the horizontal and vertical components of forces

𝑃𝑥
1. P = 30 N cos 40° =
𝑃𝑦 𝑃𝑦 𝑃𝑦 𝑃
P = 30 N 𝑃𝑦
40° 40° sin 40° =
𝑃𝑥 𝑃
𝑃𝑥
𝑃𝑥 = 30 cos 40° = 22.98 𝑁
𝑃𝑦 = 30 sin 40° = 19.28 𝑁
𝑄𝑥
𝑄𝑦
2. 𝑄𝑦
cos 50° =
𝑄𝑦 Q = 20 kN Q = 20 kN 𝑄
50° 50°
𝑄𝑥
𝑄𝑥
sin 50° =
𝑄𝑥 𝑄
𝑄𝑥 = 20 sin 50° = 15.32 𝑘𝑁
𝑄𝑦 = 20 cos 50° = 12.86 𝑘𝑁
4
3. 𝑇𝑦
T = 35 lb 5
𝜃 3
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 cos 𝜃 =
3 4
5
4 3
𝑐 2 = 32 + 42 sin 𝜃 =
𝑇𝑥 5
𝑐=5
4
𝑇𝑥 = 35 = 28 𝑙𝑏
5
3
𝑇𝑦 = 35 = 21 𝑙𝑏
5
11
James 1:5
RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE

CONCURRENT FORCES
4. M = 17 kips 5.
B = 96 N
𝑀𝑥 = 0 𝐵𝑥 = 96 𝑁
𝑀𝑦 = 17 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝐵𝑦 = 0
6. 3.1
F = 12 lb
tan 𝜃 =
3.7
𝐹𝑦 3.1 cm
3.1
ϴ 3.7 cm
𝜃= tan−1
3.7
𝐹𝑥
𝜃 = 39.96°
𝐹𝑥 = 12 cos 39.96° = 9.20 𝑙𝑏
𝐹𝑦 = 12 sin 39.96° = 7.71 𝑙𝑏
12
James 1:5

CONCURRENT FORCES

Determine completely the resultant of the con-current force
system as shown.
Find:
Resultant
Solution:
2 2
𝑅𝑥 = σ 𝐹𝑥
𝑅= 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅𝑦 𝑅𝑥 = 200 cos 30° − 300 cos 60° − 400 + 100 cos 45°
𝑅𝑥 = −306.08 𝑁 = 306.08 𝑁 ←
𝑅 = (−306.08)2 +(239.10)2
𝑅 = 388.40 𝑁 ↖
𝑅𝑦 = σ 𝐹𝑦
tan θ𝑥 =
𝑅𝑦
ൗ𝑅𝑥 𝑅𝑦 = 200 sin 30° + 300 sin 60° − 50 − 100 sin 45°
𝑅𝑦 𝑅𝑦 = 239.10 𝑁 ↑
𝜃𝑥 = tan−1
𝑅𝑥
−1 239.10
𝜃𝑥 = tan
−306.08
𝜃𝑥 = −38.00° R
𝜃𝑥
13
James 1:5

FORCES

Compute the value of the resultant of the concurrent forces
shown.
Find:
Resultant
Solution:
2 2 2
𝑅= 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅𝑦 𝑅𝑥 = 100 5 −300 cos 60° − 200 cos 45° + 400 cos 30°
𝑅𝑥 = 144.43 𝑁
𝑅 = (144.43)2 + −36.89 2
𝑅 = 149.07 𝑁 ↘
1
𝑅𝑦 = 100 +300 sin 60° − 200 sin 45° − 400 sin 30°
5
𝑅𝑦 = −36.89 𝑁
𝑅𝑦
tan θ𝑥 = ൗ𝑅𝑥
𝑅𝑦
𝜃𝑥 = tan−1
𝑅𝑥
𝜃𝑥 =
−36.89
tan−1
144.43
𝜃𝑥 = −14.32° 𝜃𝑥
R
14
James 1:5

CONCURRENT FORCES

The resultant of the concurrent forces shown is 300 N pointing up
along the Y axis. Compute the values of F and θ required to give its
resultant.
Given:
𝑅 = 300 𝑁 ↑
𝑅𝑦 = 300 𝑁 ↑
𝑅𝑥 = 0
Find:
𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃
Solution:
0 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃 − 500 + 240 cos 30° (eq. 1)
500−240 cos 30°
𝐹=
cos 𝜃
Substituting 𝜃
𝑅𝑦 = σ 𝐹𝑦 500−240 cos 30°
300 = 𝐹 sin 𝜃 − 240 sin 30° (eq. 2) 𝐹= cos 𝜃
300+240 sin 30°
𝐹= 𝐹 = 511.62 𝑁
sin 𝜃
Equating the two F’s:

500−240 cos 30° 300+240 sin 30°
cos 𝜃
= sin 𝜃
sin 𝜃 300+240 sin 30°
cos 𝜃
= 500−240 cos 30°
tan 𝜃 = 1.43760
𝜃 = tan−1(1.43760)
𝜃 = 55.18°
15
James 1:5

FORCES

The block is acted upon by its weight W = 200N, a horizontal force Q =
600 N, and the pressure P exerted by the inclined plane. The resultant
R of these forces is up and parallel to the incline thereby sliding the
block up it. Determine P and R.
Given:
R is upward and parallel to the incline
𝜃𝑥 = 30°
Find:
P and R
Solution 1:
𝑅𝑥 = σ 𝐹𝑥 P
R
𝑅 cos 30° = 600 − 𝑃 sin 45° (eq. 1)
600 −𝑃 sin 45°
𝑅= 45°
cos 30° 30°
𝑅𝑦 = σ 𝐹𝑦 600
45° N
𝑅 sin 30° = 𝑃 cos 45° − 200 (eq. 2)
𝑃 cos 45°−200
𝑅=
sin 30°
200
N
Equating the two R’s:
600 −𝑃 sin 45° 𝑃 cos 45°−200
=
cos 30° sin 30°
(600 − 𝑃 sin 45°) sin 30° = (𝑃 cos 45° − 200)cos 30°
2 6
Substitute P:
300 − 𝑃 = 𝑃 − 173.205 𝑅=
𝑃 cos 45°−200
4 4
sin 30°
473.205 = 0.96593𝑃
𝑅 = 292.82 𝑁
𝑃 = 489.90 𝑁
16
James 1:5

FORCES
Solution 2: Rotate the forces
P
P
R
15°
45°
30° R
600 30°
45° N
30°
600
200 N
N 200 N
Given:
If R is at x-axis, 𝑅𝑥 = 𝑅 and 𝑅𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝑃 cos 15° − 200 cos 30° − 600 sin 30°
200 cos 30°+600 sin 30°
𝑃=
cos 15°
𝑃 = 489.90 𝑁
𝑅 = 600 cos 30° − 𝑃 sin 15° −
200 sin 30°
𝑅 = 292.82 𝑁
17
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Direction of Rotation
From the figure, what is the rotation (clockwise or counter-clockwise)

of the following:
1. Clock
2. Earth
3. Ferris wheel
4. Sarah G’s ikot ikot dance

James 1:5
DEFINITION OF MOMENT
MOMENT OF A FORCE
The moment of a force about an axis or line is the measure of its

ability to produce turning or twisting about the axis.
The magnitude of the moment of a force about an axis which is
perpendicular to a plane containing the line of action of the force is defined
as the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the axis to
the line of action of the force.
That is: 𝑀𝑜 = 𝐹 𝑥 𝑑
where: Mo = moment of force F about point O
F = force
d = perpendicular distance or the moment arm
The moment is equal to twice the area of the triangle formed by joining the
center of moment with the ends of the force.
1
𝑀𝑜 = 2 𝐹𝑑
2
𝑀𝑜 = 𝐹𝑑
19
James 1:5
PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS:
VARIGNON’S THEOREM AND PRINCIPLE OF
TRANSMISSIBILITY
VARIGNON’S THEOREM
The moment of a force is equivalent to the sum of moments of
its components.
MO = R x d = Σ(F x d)
𝑀𝑂 = 𝑅𝑑 = 𝑅𝑥 𝑑2 + 𝑅𝑦 𝑑1
PRINCIPLE OF TRANSMISSIBILITY
The effect of an external force on a rigid body remains
unchanged if that force is moved along its line of action.
20
James 1:5
Conditions for Zero Moment

A moment of a force becomes zero if either:

(a) The center of moment is on the action line of the force, i.e., d =
0 or
(b) The magnitude of the force is zero.
21
James 1:5
SAMPLE PROBLEM No. 1

Assuming clockwise moments as positive, compute the moment of force F = 450N
and force P = 361N about points A, B and C.
Given:
F=450 N
P = 361 N
Find:
𝑀𝐴 , 𝑀𝐵 , 𝑀𝐶
Solution:
𝑀𝐴 (Moment at point A)
Solution 1:
𝑀𝐴 = σ 𝑀𝐴 ↻+
3 4 3 2
𝑀𝐴 = −450 1 − 450 3 + 361 2 − 361 (3)
5 5 13 13
𝑀𝐴 = −1350.0 𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝐴 = 1350.0 𝑁 − 𝑚 ↺
Solution 2:
3 3 2
𝑀𝐴 = −450 5 + 361 4 − 361 (6)
5 13 13
𝑀𝐴 = −1350.0 𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝐴 = 1350.0 𝑁 − 𝑚 ↺
22
James 1:5
𝑀𝐵 (Moment at point B)
𝑀𝐵 = σ 𝑀𝐵 ↻+
4 3
𝑀𝐵 = 450 6 − 361 1
5 13
𝑀𝐵 = 1859.6 𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝐶 (Moment at point C)
𝑀𝐶 = σ 𝑀𝐶 ↻+
3 3
𝑀𝐶 = 450 5 − 361 4
5 13
𝑀𝐶 = 148.52 𝑁 − 𝑚
23
James 1:5

A force P passing through points A and B has a clockwise moment of
300N-m about O. Compute the value of P.
Given:
𝑀𝑜 = 300 𝑁 − 𝑚 (clockwise)
Find:
P
Solution 1:
𝑀𝑂 = σ 𝑀𝑂 ↻+
2
300 = 𝑃 3
5
𝑃 = 111.80 𝑁
Solution 2:
1
300 = 𝑃 6
5
𝑃 = 111.80 𝑁
24
James 1:5

In the figure below, a force F passing through C causes a clockwise moment of
120N-m about A and a clockwise moment of 70N-m about B. Determine the force
and its x-intercept 𝑖𝑥 .
Given:
𝑀𝐴 = 120 𝑁 − 𝑚 (clockwise)
𝑀𝐵 = 70 𝑁 − 𝑚 (clockwise)
Find:
F, 𝑖𝑥
Solution:
120 = 𝐹𝑥 2
𝐹𝑥 = 60 𝑁
70 = −𝐹𝑥 3 + 𝐹𝑦 (5)
70 = −60 3 + 𝐹𝑦 (5)
𝐹𝑦 = 50 𝑁
𝐹 = 602 + 502
𝐹 = 78.102 𝑁
70 = 𝐹𝑦 (5 − 𝑖𝑥 )
70 = 50 (5 − 𝑖𝑥 )
𝑖𝑥 = 3.6 𝑚
25
James 1:5

The moment of a certain force F is 180N-m clockwise about O and 90N-m
counter-clockwise about B. If its moment about A is zero, determine the
force.
Given:
𝑀𝑜 = 180 𝑁 − 𝑚 (CW)
𝑀𝐵 = −90 𝑁 − 𝑚 (CCW)
Find:
F
Solution:
180 = 𝐹𝑥 3
𝐹𝑥 = 60 𝑁
−90 = 𝐹𝑥 3 − 𝐹𝑦 (6)
−90 = 60 3 − 𝐹𝑦 (6)
𝐹𝑦 = 45 𝑁
𝐹 = 602 + 452
𝐹 = 75 𝑁
26
James 1:5

A moment of 50 lb·ft about O is required to loosen the nut. Determine the
smallest magnitude of the force F and the corresponding angle θ that will
turn the nut.
Find:
F, ϴ
15
−50 = −𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
12
15
50 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
12
15 𝑑𝐹
0= 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
12 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝐹
0 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝐹
(𝑇𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒, 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜)
𝑑𝜃
𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0
𝜃 = 90°
15
50 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛(90°)
12
𝐹 = 40 lb
27
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Parallel Force System
Which of the following is/are a parallel force system?

a.
b.
c.
d.
James 1:5
RESULTANT OF PARALLEL FORCE SYSTEM

Parallel forces – one in which the action lines of all the forces are parallel.
𝑅𝑥 = Σ 𝐹𝑥
𝑅𝑦 = Σ 𝐹𝑦
𝑅= 𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2
Use Varignon’s Theorem to determine the location/position of the resultant
𝑅𝑑 = σ 𝐹𝑑
For resultant of parallel force system:

• 𝑅 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
• 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (↑↓→←)
• 𝑑 (𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑭𝒙 𝑭𝒚
→ +
← -
↑ +
↓ -
29
James 1:5

Determine the resultant of the parallel force system acting on the bar
AB shown below.
Find: Resultant
Solution:
𝑅𝑦 = σ 𝐹𝑣 ↑ + 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑅𝑑 = σ 𝐹𝑑 ↻ +
𝑅𝑦 = −20 − 10 + 10 − 40 60𝑑 = 10 2 − 10 5 +
𝑅𝑦 = −60 𝑁 40(8)
𝑑 = 4.8333 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑡. 𝐴
𝑅𝑥 = 0
𝑅= 𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑦 = −60𝑁 R
𝑅 = 60𝑁 ↓
30
James 1:5

A parallel force system acts on the lever shown below. Determine the
magnitude and position of the resultant.
Find: Resultant
Solution:
𝑅𝑦 = σ 𝐹𝑣 ↑ + 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑅𝑑 = σ 𝐹𝑑 ↻ +
𝑅𝑦 = −30 − 60 + 20 − 40 110𝑑 = 30 2 + 60 5 −
𝑅𝑦 = −110 𝑁 20 7 + 40(11)
𝑑 = 6 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑡. 𝐴
𝑅𝑥 = 0
𝑅= 𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2
R
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑦 = −110𝑁
𝑅 = 110𝑁 ↓
d
31
James 1:5
Types of Loads
Note: Uniformly distributed load, triangular distributed load and

trapezoidal distributed load can be converted into its equivalent point
load.
𝑅 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

𝑅 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 1
= 𝑤𝑜 ∙ 𝐿 = 𝑤𝑜 ∙ 𝐿
𝐿 2𝐿 2
𝑑 = (location of the point 𝑑 = (location of the point load
2 3
load from the left) from the left)
32
James 1:5

A beam of length L supports a load which varies from w N/m at the
right end to zero at the left end. Determine the magnitude and
position of the resultant load.
Find: Resultant
Solution:
1
𝑅= 𝑤𝐿 (Newton)
2
2
𝑑= 𝐿 from pt. O (meter)
3
R
d
33
James 1:5

The beam AB supports a load which varies from an intensity of 50N/m
to 200N/m. Calculate the magnitude and position of the resultant
load.
Find: Resultant
Solution 1 Solution 2
34
James 1:5
Solution 1 R
d
R
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 d
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝒅𝟏
𝒅𝟏
𝒅𝟐 𝒅𝟐
𝑁
𝑅1 = 50 12 𝑚 = 600𝑁
𝑚 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑅𝑑 = σ 𝐹𝑑 ↻ +
1 𝑁
𝑅2 = (150 ) 12 𝑚 = 900𝑁 12
2 𝑚 1500𝑑 = 600 +
2
2
𝑅𝑦 = σ 𝐹𝑣 ↑ + 900 (12)
3
𝑅𝑦 = −600 − 900 𝑑 = 7.2 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑡. 𝐴
𝑅𝑦 = −1500𝑁
𝑅 = 1500𝑁 ↓
35
James 1:5
Solution 2
Try solving this on your own.
The answer is the same as in Solution 1
R
d 𝑹𝟐
𝑹𝟏
𝒅𝟏
𝒅𝟐
36
PRE-ASSESSMENT
COUPLES
If the side of each square is 1 m, determine:

1. Moment at A
2. Moment at B
3. Moment at C
4. Moment at D
5. Moment at E
For God so loved the world that He gave His one and only Son,
that whoever believes in Him shall not perish but have eternal life.
John 3:16
Definition of Couples
Couple – two parallel, non-collinear forces that are equal in magnitude

and opposite in direction. It is a special case in which the resultant has

zero magnitude but does have a moment. This moment sum is
constant and independent of the moment center.
*Couple, C is a moment
𝐶 = 𝐹𝑑 (𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑁 − 𝑚 )
↻ 𝑜𝑟 ↺ (𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑒)
𝑀𝐴 = σ 𝑀𝐴 ↻ +
𝑀𝐴 = 𝐹𝑑
𝑀𝐵 = σ 𝑀𝐵 ↻ +
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝐶 = 𝐹𝑑
𝑀𝐵 = 𝐹 𝑑 + 𝑎 − 𝐹(𝑎)
ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝐵 = 𝐹𝑑 + 𝐹𝑎 − 𝐹𝑎 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝐵 = 𝐹𝑑
𝑀𝐶 = σ 𝑀𝐶 ↻ +
𝑀𝐶 = 𝐹𝑑
38
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. Determine the resultant of the parallel forces shown below.

Determine also the moments at points A, B, C, D and E.
Find:
Resultant For Moment at D
𝑀𝐴 , 𝑀𝐵 , 𝑀𝐶 , 𝑀𝐷 , 𝑀𝐸 𝑀𝐷 = σ 𝑀𝐷 ↻ +
= −10 4 + 20(1) +
Solution: 40 2
For Resultant: 𝑀𝐷 = 60 𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑦 = σ 𝐹𝑣 ↑ +
= −10 + 20 + 30 − 40 For Moment at E
𝑅=0 𝑀𝐸 = σ 𝑀𝐸 ↻ +
= −10 6 + 20(3) +
For Moment at A 30 2
𝑀𝐴 = σ 𝑀𝐴 ↻ + 𝑀𝐸 = 60 𝑁 − 𝑚
= 10 2 − 20 5 −
30 6 + 40(8)
𝑀𝐴 = 60 𝑁 − 𝑚
For Moment at B
𝑀𝐵 = σ 𝑀𝐵 ↻ +
= −20 3 − 30 4 −
40 6 To find the distance d of the couple:
𝑀𝐵 = 60 𝑁 − 𝑚 𝐶 = 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐵 =𝑀𝐶 =𝑀𝐷 =𝑀𝐸
𝐶 = 𝐹𝑑
For Moment at C
60 = 50𝑑
𝑀𝐶 = σ 𝑀𝐶 ↻ +
= −10 3 − 30 1 + 𝑑 = 1.2 𝑚
40 3
𝑀𝐶 = 60 𝑁 − 𝑚
39
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. Determine the resultant moment about point A of the system of

forces shown below. Each square is 1m on a side.
Find:
𝑀𝐴
Solution:
For Moment at A:
𝑀𝐴 = σ 𝑀𝐴 ↻ +
1 3 2
= −100 4 + 200 2 + 200 3 + 𝐶1 − 𝐶2
5 13 13
1 3 2
= −100 4 + 200 3 + 200 2 + 80(2) −
5 13 13
100( 2)
𝑀𝐴 = 560.80 𝑁 − 𝑚
40
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. The cantilever truss shown carries a vertical load of 2400N. The

truss is supported by bearings at A and B which exert the forces 𝐴𝑣 ,
𝐴ℎ and 𝐵ℎ . The four constitute two couples which must have
opposite moment effects to prevent movement of the truss.
Determine the magnitude of the supporting forces.
Find:
𝐴𝑣 , 𝐴ℎ , 𝐵ℎ
Solution:
By observation:
To produce a couple,
𝐴𝑣 = 2400 𝑁
Couple produced by two 2400 N:

𝐶1 = −2400(6)
= −14400 𝑁 − 𝑚
𝐶1 = 14400 𝑁 − 𝑚 ↺
To prevent movement of the truss, 𝐶1 must be equal in magnitude to the couple

𝐶2 produced by 𝐵ℎ and 𝐴ℎ but opposite in direction:
𝐶2 = 𝐹𝑑
14400 = (𝐵ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝐴ℎ )(4)
𝐵ℎ = 𝐴ℎ = 3600 𝑁
𝐵ℎ = 3600 N →
𝐴ℎ = 3600 N ←
41
John 3:16
RESOLUTION OF A FORCE INTO A FORCE

AND A COUPLE
It sometimes becomes necessary to replace a force acting at a
given point by an equal force acting through some other point. This
introduces a couple.
(c) is an equivalent force-couple system of the force system (a) and (b).
42
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A short compression member carries eccentric load P = 200N

situated 0.2m from the axis of the member. Determine the equivalent
axial load and a couple that is applied at the axis of the member.
Solution:
𝑃 = 200 𝑁
c
𝐶 = 200(0.2)
= 40 𝑁 − 𝑚
43
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. Replace the system of forces acting on the frame by a resultant R at

A and a couple acting horizontally through B and C.
Find:
Equivalent force system –
Resultant at A and Couple acting 𝐶 = 50(4.4)
horizontally through B and C
= 220 𝑁 − 𝑚
Solution:
For Resultant
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑦 = σ 𝐹𝑣 ↑ +
= −20 + 30 − 60
𝑅 = −50 𝑁 = 50 𝑁 ↓
For “d,” use Varignon’s Theorem

𝑀𝐴 = 𝑅𝑑 = σ 𝐹𝑑
50𝑑 = −20 1 + 60(4)
𝑑 = 4.4 𝑚
𝐶 = (𝐵ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝐶ℎ )(2)
220 = 𝐵ℎ (2)
𝐵ℎ = 110 𝑁 →
𝐴ℎ = 110 𝑁 ←
44
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. The four forces shown act on the rollers of an in-line skate.

Determine the equivalent force and a couple systems with the force
acting at O (the ankle joint of the skater).
Find:
Equivalent force couple For “d,” use Varignon’s Theorem:
system with the force (resultant) 𝑀𝑜 = 𝑅𝑑 = σ 𝐹𝑑 ↻ +
acting at O.
154𝑑 = 18 8.3 +
Solution: 30 4.8 + 46 0.3 − 60 3.2
Resultant 𝑑 = 0.74805 𝑖𝑛
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑦 = σ 𝐹𝑣 ↑ +
= 18 + 30 + 46 + 60 𝐶 = 154(0.74805)
𝑅 = 154 𝑙𝑏 = 115.20 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛
45
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Pre-Assessment No. 6
Referring to the figure for questions 1-3,

1. If 𝑅𝑦 = 250 𝑁, 𝑅𝑥 = −190 𝑁 and 𝑖𝑥 = 5 𝑚, determine the
moment about point O.
2. If the moment at point O is -200 lb-in and distance d is 3 ft,
determine the resultant R.
3. If 𝑅𝑦 = 10 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠, 𝑅𝑥 = −7 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 and 𝑖𝑥 = 7 𝑓𝑡, determine the
distance d.
46
John 3:16
RESULTANT OF NON-CONCURRENT FORCE

SYSTEMS
𝑅= 𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2 (magnitude of the resultant)
𝑅𝑥 = Σ 𝐹𝑥 (x-component of the resultant)

𝑅𝑦 = Σ 𝐹𝑦 (y-component of the resultant)
𝑅
tan θ𝑥 = 𝑦ൗ𝑅𝑥 (inclination of the resultant with respect to x-
axis)
For perpendicular distance d of the resultant from point O, use

Varignon’s Theorem:
𝑀𝑜 = ෍ 𝑀𝑜 = 𝑅𝑑 = ෍ 𝐹𝑑
𝑅𝑑 = Moment of the resultant about point O

σ 𝐹𝑑 = Summation of the moment of component forces
(𝐹1 , 𝐹2 … 𝐹𝑛 ) of the resultant about point O or summation of the
moment of horizontal and vertical component of the resultant about
point O.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. The rectangular framework shown in the next slide is subjected to

the indicated non-concurrent system of forces. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the resultant, also its moment arm relative
to the origin O.
Find:
Tentative locations of resultant:
Resultant (Magnitude,
Direction)
Moment arm of resultant
from point O
Solution:
𝑅𝑥 = σ 𝐹𝐻 → +
𝑅𝑥
= 20 cos 30° Solving moment about point O
− 100 cos 45° + 60 − 100 cos 60°
𝑀𝑜 = σ 𝑀𝑜 ↻ + = 𝑅𝑑
𝑅𝑥 = −43.39 𝑁 𝑀𝑜
𝑅𝑥 = 43.39 𝑁 ← = 20 cos 30°(3) − 100 cos 45° 3
− 100 sin 45° 4 + 60 3
𝑅𝑦 = σ 𝐹𝑉 ↑ + + 100 sin 60° (4)
𝑅𝑦 𝑀𝑜 = 83.40 𝑁 − 𝑚
= 20 sin 30° Right location of resultant since 𝑀𝑜 is
+ 100 sin 45° − 30 − 100 sin 60° clockwise
𝑅𝑦 = −35.89 𝑁
𝑅𝑦 = 35.89 𝑁 ↓
𝑅= 𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2
= 56.31 𝑁 ↙
𝑅𝑦
𝜃𝑥 = tan−1 𝑀𝑜 = 𝑅𝑑
𝑅𝑥
= 39.60° 83.40 = 56.31𝑑
𝑑 = 1.48 𝑚
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. In a certain non-concurrent force system, it is found

that Σ 𝐹𝑥 = -80N, Σ 𝐹𝑦 = +160N and Σ 𝑀𝑜 = 480N-m in a
counter-clockwise sense. Determine the point that
which the resultant intersects at X-axis.
Given:
Solution 2:
Σ 𝐹𝑥 = -80N ; 𝑅𝑥 = 80 𝑁 ←
Σ 𝐹𝑦 = +160N ; 𝑅𝑦 = 160 𝑁 ↑
Σ 𝑀𝑜 = -480N-m (CCW)
𝑅= 𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2
𝑅 = 178.89 𝑁 ↖
Find:
𝑖𝑥 𝑀𝑜 = 𝑅𝑑
−480 = −178.89𝑑
Solution 1:
𝑑 = 2.6832 𝑚
𝑅𝑦
𝜃𝑥 = tan−1
𝑅𝑥
𝜃𝑥 = 63.435°
𝑀𝑜 = σ 𝑀𝑜 ↻ + 𝑑
𝑀𝑜 = 𝑅𝑦 (𝑖𝑥 ) sin 𝜃𝑥 =
𝑖𝑥
−480 = −160(𝑖𝑥 ) 2.6832
sin 63.435° =
𝑖𝑥
𝑖𝑥 = 3 𝑚
𝑖𝑥 = 3 𝑚
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. Determine the resultant of the three forces acting on the dam and
locate its intersection with the base AB. For good design, this
intersection should occur within the middle third of the base. Does it?
Find: 𝑅= 𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2
Resultant 𝑅 = 27424 𝑁 ↘
Location of the
intersection of resultant with the
base AB
Does resultant intersect
at middle third of the base?
Solution:
Solution 1:
𝑀𝐵 = σ 𝑀𝑜 = 𝑅𝑑 = σ 𝐹𝑑 ↻ +
𝑀𝐵 = 10000 6 − 24000 11 −
6000(4)
𝑀𝐵 = −228000 𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑅𝑥 = σ 𝐹𝐻 → + 𝑀𝐵 = 228000 𝑁 − 𝑚 ↺
𝑅𝑥 = 10000 − 6000 sin 60°
𝑅𝑥 = 4803.8 𝑁 → 𝑀𝐵 = σ 𝐹𝑑 ↻ +
−228000 = −𝑅𝑦 (𝑥)
−228000 = −27000(𝑥)
𝑅𝑦 = σ 𝐹𝑉 ↑ + 𝑥 = 8.44 𝑚 from point B
𝑅𝑦 = −24000 − 6000 cos 60° For good design:
6 < 𝑥 < 12
𝑅𝑦 = −27000 𝑁
Yes, x intersects middle third of base
𝑅𝑦 = 27000 𝑁 ↓ AB. Therefore, the dam is a good
design.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Solution 2:
𝑀𝐵 = 𝑅𝑑 ↻ +
−228000 = −27424 (𝑑)
𝑑 = 8.3139 𝑚
𝑅𝑦
𝜃𝑥 = tan−1
𝑅𝑥
𝜃𝑥 = 79.912°
𝑑
sin 𝜃𝑥 =
𝑥
8.3139
sin 79.912° =
𝑥
𝑥 = 8.44 𝑚 from point B
For good design:
6 < 𝑥 < 12
Yes, x intersects middle third of
base AB. Therefore, the dam is a
good design.
51
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. The force system shown consists of the couple C and four forces. If the
resultant of this system is a 500-lb·in. counterclockwise couple, determine P, Q,
and C.
Given: 𝑅𝑦 = σ 𝐹𝑉 ↑ +
5 3
The resultant of the 0 = −𝑄 − 20 + 𝑃 (eq.2)
13 5
system is a couple 𝐶 𝑅 = -500 lb-
in. (CCW), therefore R = 0, 𝑅𝑥 = Solving eq. 1 and eq. 2:
0, 𝑅𝑦 = 0 𝑄 = −20 + 𝑃
3 13
(from eq.
5 5
2)
Find:
3 13 12
P, Q, C 0 = − −20 + 𝑃 +
5 5 13
4
Solution: 80 + 𝑃 (eq.1)
5
𝑃 = 200 𝑙𝑏
Q = 260 𝑙𝑏
13 If the resultant is a couple, the

moment effect in the system will
be the same at any point.
𝑀𝑜 = σ 𝑀𝑜 ↻ +
5 12
−500 = −𝑄 6 + 80 2 +
3 13
20 3 − 𝑃 6 +𝐶
5
12
−500 = −260 6 + 80 2 +
3 13
20 3 − 200 6 +𝐶
𝑅𝑥 = σ 𝐹𝐻 → + 5
𝐶 = 1440 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛
12 4
0 = −𝑄 + 80 + 𝑃 (eq.1)
13 5
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Practice Problems
The problems here are intended for practice in solving problems.
Corresponding answers are indicated. You do not need to submit it.
1. Determine the resultant using triangle law. (Answer: 𝑅 =

288.48 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 ↖, 𝜃𝑥 = 41.47°)
2. The vertical force P of magnitude 150 lb is applied to the frame

shown in Fig. (a). Resolve P into components that are parallel to the
members AB and AC of the truss. (Answer: 𝐴𝐶 = 202.86 𝑙𝑏, 𝐴𝐵 =
99.59 𝑙𝑏)
73°
0
28°
3. Resolve P = 480-N force into components along the cables AB and

AC. Use α=40◦ and β=25◦. (Answer: 𝐴𝐵 = 223.83 𝑁, 𝐴𝐶 = 340.43 𝑁)
53
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
4. Determine completely the resultant of the con-current force system

as shown. (Answer: 𝑅 = 565.43 𝑙𝑏 ↘, 𝜃𝑥 = −57.14°)
5. The resultant of the concurrent forces shown is 300 N pointing to

the right along the x axis. Compute the values of F and θ required to
give its resultant. (Answer: 𝐹 = 464.42 𝑁 , 𝜃 = 24.83°)
54
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
6. Assuming clockwise moments as positive, compute the moment of

force F = 321N and force P = 444N about points A, B and C. (Answer:
𝑀𝐴 = 963 𝑁 − 𝑚 ↺, 𝑀𝐵 = 1171.37 𝑁 − 𝑚 ↻, 𝑀𝐶 = 514.72 𝑁 −
𝑚 ↺)
7. A force P passing through points A and B has a counter-clockwise

moment of 100N-m about O. Compute the value of P. (Answer: 𝑃 =
37.268 𝑁)
8. In the figure below, a force F passing through C causes a clockwise

moment of 217N-m about A and a clockwise moment of 96N-m about
B. Determine the force and its x-intercept 𝑖𝑥 . (Answer: 𝐹 = 137.40 𝑁,
𝑖𝑥 = 3.8612 𝑚)
55
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
9. A moment of 88 lb·in about O is required to loosen the nut.

Determine the smallest magnitude of the force F and the
corresponding angle θ that will turn the nut. (Answer: 𝜃 = 90°, 𝐹 =
5.87 𝑙𝑏)
56
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
10. Determine the resultant of the parallel forces system acting on the
bar AB shown below and the position of the resultant from point A.
(Answer: 𝑅 = 45 𝑙𝑏 ↓, 𝑑 = 4.7333 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑡. 𝐴)
11. The beam AB supports a load which varies from an intensity of 333
lb/ft to 88 lb/ft. Calculate the magnitude and position of the resultant
load. (Answer: 𝑅 = 4841.5 𝑙𝑏 ↓, 𝑑 = 9.2692 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑡. 𝐴 or 𝑑 =
13.731 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑡. 𝐵 )
57
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
12. Determine the resultant of the parallel forces shown below.

Determine also the moments at points A, B, C, D and E. If the resultant
is a couple, determine the distance “d” between forces that produced
the couple. (Answer: 𝑅 = 0, 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐵 = 𝑀𝐶 = 𝑀𝐷 = 𝑀𝐸 = 400 𝑁 −
𝑚 ↻ (𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑒), 𝑑 = 1.6 𝑚)
13. The cantilever truss shown carries a vertical load of 885 lb. The
truss is supported by bearings at A and B which exert the forces 𝐴𝑣 ,
𝐴ℎ and 𝐵ℎ . The four constitute two couples which must have opposite
moment effects to prevent movement of the truss. Determine the
magnitude of the supporting forces. (Answer: 𝐴𝑉 = 885 𝑙𝑏 ↑, 𝐴𝐻 =
1264 𝑙𝑏 →, 𝐵𝐻 = 1264 𝑙𝑏 ←)
58
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
14. A short compression member carries eccentric load P = 650 lb

situated 1.25 ft from the axis of the member. Determine the
equivalent axial load and a couple that is applied at the axis of the
member. (Answer: Drawing, 𝑃 = 650 𝑙𝑏, 𝐶 = 812.5 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡 ↺)
15. Replace the system of forces acting on the frame by a resultant R

at B and a couple acting vertically through A and C. (Answer: Drawing,
𝑅 = 50 𝑁 →, 𝐴𝑉 = 10 𝑁 ↓, 𝐶𝑉 = 10 𝑁 ↑)
59
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
16. The rectangular framework shown in the next slide is subjected to

the indicated non-concurrent system of forces. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the resultant, also its moment arm relative
to the origin O. (Answer: 𝑅 = 4.9901 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 ↘, 𝜃𝑥 = 22.59°, 𝑑 =
27.916 𝑓𝑡)
17. In a certain non-concurrent force system, it is found that Σ 𝐹𝑥 =

90N, Σ 𝐹𝑦 = -120N and Σ 𝑀𝑜 = 480N-m in a clockwise sense. Determine
the point that which the resultant intersects at y-axis. (Answer: 𝑖𝑦 =
5.3333 𝑚)
18. Determine the resultant of the three forces acting on the dam and
locate its intersection with the base AB. For good design, this
intersection should occur within the middle third of the base. Does it?
(Answer: 𝑅 = 31.627 𝑘𝑁 ↘, 𝜃𝑥 = 75.59°, 𝑥 = 8.2267 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑡. 𝐵,
Yes)
60
ASSESSMENT TASK
CM Assessment Task No. 2

Write the problem. Show your complete solution and box your final
answer.
1. Compute the value of the resultant of the concurrent forces shown.

2. The block is acted upon by its weight W = 500N, a Q = 750 N 10°

inclined from horizontal, and the pressure P exerted by the inclined
plane. The resultant R of these forces is upward and parallel to the
incline thereby sliding the block up. Determine P and R.
3. The moment of a certain force F is 180N-m counter-clockwise about

O and 90N-m clockwise about B. If its moment about A is zero,
determine the force.
61
ASSESSMENT TASK
4. A parallel force system acts on the lever shown below. Determine

the magnitude and position of the resultant from point B.
5. A beam of length L = 20 ft supports a load which varies from w =

125 N/m at the left end to zero at the right end. Determine the
magnitude and position of the resultant load. (Hint: convert ft to m
first.)
6. Determine the resultant moment about point A of the system of

forces shown below. Each square is 1 ft on a side.
62
ASSESSMENT TASK
7. The force system shown consists of the couple C and four forces. If
the resultant of this system is a 33.333-lb·ft. clockwise couple,
determine P, Q, and C.
100 lb
350 lb
63

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#2 CEEMEC30 – ENGINEERING

FLEX Course Material

2ND TERM AY 2022-2023

RESULTANT OF CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM

RESULTANT OF PARALLEL FORCE SYSTEM

RESULTANT OF NON-CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM

1. Find all missing angles:

2. What is the value of angle a?

RESULTANT OF TWO CONCURRENT FORCES

RESULTANT OF TWO CONCURRENT FORCES

• SOH CAH TOA

RESULTANT OF TWO CONCURRENT FORCES

Sample Problem No. 1

RESULTANT OF TWO CONCURRENT FORCES

Sample Problem No. 2

Using sine law

RESULTANT OF TWO CONCURRENT FORCES

Sample Problem No. 3

RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE CONCURRENT

Graphical Method. The two vectors can be added to give a resultant;

Analytical Method (Component Method). The vectors can be resolved

RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE CONCURRENT

Horizontal and Vertical Component of a Force

Examples: Find the horizontal and vertical components of forces

RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE

RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE

Sample Problem No. 1

RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE CONCURRENT

Sample Problem No. 2

RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE

Sample Problem No. 3

Equating the two F’s:

RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE CONCURRENT

Sample Problem No. 4

RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE CONCURRENT

Solution 2: Rotate the forces

From the figure, what is the rotation (clockwise or counter-clockwise)

4. Sarah G’s ikot ikot dance

The moment of a force about an axis or line is the measure of its

Conditions for Zero Moment

A moment of a force becomes zero if either:

(b) The magnitude of the force is zero.

SAMPLE PROBLEM No. 1

SAMPLE PROBLEM No. 2

SAMPLE PROBLEM No. 3

SAMPLE PROBLEM No. 4

SAMPLE PROBLEM No. 5

Which of the following is/are a parallel force system?

RESULTANT OF PARALLEL FORCE SYSTEM

For resultant of parallel force system:

For summation, use the sign convention:

SAMPLE PROBLEM No. 1

SAMPLE PROBLEM No. 2

Note: Uniformly distributed load, triangular distributed load and

𝑅 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

SAMPLE PROBLEM No. 3

SAMPLE PROBLEM No. 4

If the side of each square is 1 m, determine:

Couple – two parallel, non-collinear forces that are equal in magnitude