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Systems 2 Major Airframe Components S26 PDF

The major components of an aircraft airframe are the fuselage, wings, and empennage. The fuselage forms a pressure hull and houses systems and passengers. Wings provide lift and often contain fuel. The empennage comprises horizontal and vertical stabilizers which provide stability. These components are assembled using rivets, bolts, adhesives, and other techniques to form stressed-skin, monocoque, or semi-monocoque constructions. Pressurization and flight loads are considerations in airframe design.

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80 views

Systems 2 Major Airframe Components S26 PDF

The major components of an aircraft airframe are the fuselage, wings, and empennage. The fuselage forms a pressure hull and houses systems and passengers. Wings provide lift and often contain fuel. The empennage comprises horizontal and vertical stabilizers which provide stability. These components are assembled using rivets, bolts, adhesives, and other techniques to form stressed-skin, monocoque, or semi-monocoque constructions. Pressurization and flight loads are considerations in airframe design.

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AGK Systems

Lesson 2: Major Airframe Components


Major Airframe Components

• The three major sub-assemblies are:


• Fuselage, the wings and the empennage
(fin and tailplane)
• Wings and empennage comprise the
aerodynamic surfaces
• The fuselage forms a pressure hull between
the forward and rear pressure bulkheads
Major Airframe Components
Riveting
• Most common method for attaching metallic
structures
• A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener
• The rivet is upset, or bucked(deformed)so that the
tail of it expands
• Rivets are used throughout an aluminium alloy
structure
• Blind rivets: are used when access can only be
gained one side of structure – less tolerant to stress
than solid rivets.
Riveting - blind
Bolting and Welding
• Bolts permit structural parts to be
disassembled
• Almost all the nuts used will have small
drilling through them to allow them to be
wire-locked – safety feature against
vibration

• Metal joints may be fusion welded(welds


two metal by blending compatible metal
elements), brazed(ısı altında eriterek
birleştirme) or soldered(lehim)
Pinning
• Involves using straight or tapered fasteners
to attach and/or locate one structure to
another(sıkı geçme)
Adhesives
• Adhesive can be used to join structures
• Pressure and heat is applied to the adhesive
to ensure a completely firm and stable
bond
Uses for Adhesives
• Adhesive is used to fix stiffening stringers and
doublers to wing and fuselage panels
• The resulting panel is both stronger and lighter
• Adhesives are also used, often in conjunction with
rivets to bond lapping joints on skin panels
Construction - The Truss
• Early structures used wood or steel tubing frames, covered
with fabric and then doped
• Internal bracing frames used to prevent structure buckling
• The whole assembly was known as a truss
• The truss carries tension and compression loads
• Steel wire braced the structure
• Longerons provided stiffness
• Fabric cover played no part in structural strength assembly
Truss Structure
Construction - The Monocoque

• Series of aluminium frames joined by longerons


• Metal skin is then attached around the whole
assembly
• Requires no internal framework or truss
• Skin - which provides a smooth outer cover for the
aircraft
• Formers and frames - which define the structure’s
shape
• Surface damage weakens the structure
Construction-Semi Monocoque
• Semi-monocoque designs predominate in modern aircraft
• Principal components of the semi-monocoque design are:
• Aircraft skin - provides aerodynamic shape
• Formers/frames - define the shape
• Stringers - run longitudinally and help to withstand buckling
• Longerons - the main longitudinal load-carrying members
• Bulkheads - provide structural partitions inside the fuselage
• Firewall - a fire resistant bulkhead
Modern Construction
Reinforced Shell Structure
• Outer skin reinforced by complete
framework
• Weaker areas around windows and doors
are reinforced with frames and stringer
sections known as intercostals
• Components attached to stressed skin,
usually with rivets
Machined or Integral Structure
• A single machined piece of aluminium
forms skin and stringer-like structure
• No need for rivets and other attachment
methods saving a great deal of weight
• Ideal for wet wings where structure of wing
itself used to form a fuel tank cell
Machined or Integral Structure
The Fuselage
• Fuselage cross-sections are circular or
almost circular
• This is done for two reasons:
• Ensures that air flow will not separate at
moderate angle of attack.
• More easily withstands the loads imposed
by pressurisation
Modern Fuselage
The Double Bubble Fuselage
• The double-bubble geometry uses
intersecting circles, tied together by the
fuselage floor
• Efficient structure with less wasted space
Other Fuselage Cross Sections

• Aircraft with unpressurised cabins sometimes


incorporate:
• Non-circular or rectangular cabins
• The oval type cross section fuselage( i.e A380),
results in:
• Lower manufacturing cost
• Greater capacity resulting in increased revenue
• Better options for cargo loading and unloading
The Pressure Hull
• Section of fuselage between forward and rear pressure
bulkheads
• Normally pressurised up to a maximum of about 8 or 9 psi
pressure differential
• The pressure hull experiences:
• Axial stress acts along the longitudinal axis
• Hoop stress acts radially across the fuselage cross
section
• Cyclic stress experienced every time cabin is pressurised so
the pressure hull has a fatigue life, measured in flight cycles
Cabin Pressurisation Loads
The Wings
• Support the weight of aircraft
• May provide attachment points for the
engines
• Often store fuel
• Therefore they need to be very strong
Stressed-Skin Wing
D-Spar Construction
Wing Design
• There are three types of wing design:
• The cantilever wing
• The semi-cantilever wing
• The externally braced wing
Cantilevered Wing
Semi-cantilever Wing
Wing Design

• An external braced wing has external


supporting struts and bracing wires
• High speed jet transport aircraft have
cantilever wings because struts create too
much drag
Wing Spar
• Is the main span-wise structural member of
the wing
• Withstands bending loads and supports the
weight of the wing on the ground
• Large or very long wings may have more
than one spar
• Typically constructed either as box section or
as an I beam
The Main Spar
Torsion Box
• With multiple spar designs the spars are
linked together to form a torsion box
• The torsion box is very rigid, resistant to
twisting and greatly adds to wing strength
Wing Ribs
• Provide aerodynamic shape
• Allow the stressed skin to be attached to
the wing structure and transfer the loads
into the spar

rib
Stringers
• Combine with ribs to share loads and
transfer load to spars
Stressed Skin
• Provides the smooth aerodynamic outer
cover and withstands tension and
compression stresses
Fuel Storage Spaces
• Wet wing:
• Internal wing spaces can form an integral
fuel tank
Torsional Stresses and Flutter
• The wing experiences torsional stresses for two reasons:
• Engines mounted on wing thrust tend to cause twist
forces
• Stresses caused by difference between CG and CP
• CG and CP don’t act through the same point on the wing
they form a couple which tend to twist wing around
flexural axis
• Some torsional stress can be relived by carefully
designing engines and fuel tanks to move the flexural axis
closer to the centre of pressure
If the wing dos not have enough Flutter
torsional stifness, loads are not
properly arranged, it can suffer
from flutter.
Aerodynamic flutter is an
undamped ascillation through
the structure due to an
aerodynamic unbalance. This
occurs when the aerodynamic
forces couple with a strucures
natural mode of vibration to
produce a rapid periodic motion
which is fluttering.
The Empennage
Horizontal and vertical
stabilizer
Main functions are:
To provide
longitidunal(horizontal
stabilizer) and directional
stability(vertical stabilizer)
Same materials used in wing
Cockpit voice recorder or
flight data recorder are
located in empennage for
better protection.
The T-Tail

İt allows for tailplane surfaces to be kept well out of the


airflow behind the wing.
Smoother airflow but can be dangerous at high angle of
attack, also high stresses on the fin.
Hinge CG
line
BALANCE MASS
+
Wing sweep is defined to be positive when
the wings are swept back, placing the wingtips aft of
the wing root.
From best to worst

A380 – Double
Bubble
.+
girder
web

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