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Air Traffic Control

The document discusses circling approach procedures for aircraft. It defines a circling approach as a maneuver used to align an aircraft with a runway for landing when a straight-in approach is not possible due to factors like runway misalignment or wind. It outlines the different segments of instrument approach procedures and categories of aircraft for circling approaches. It also provides details on obstacle clearance altitudes/heights, minimum visibility requirements, protected circling approach areas, and maneuvering speeds for visual circling approaches.

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32 views

Air Traffic Control

The document discusses circling approach procedures for aircraft. It defines a circling approach as a maneuver used to align an aircraft with a runway for landing when a straight-in approach is not possible due to factors like runway misalignment or wind. It outlines the different segments of instrument approach procedures and categories of aircraft for circling approaches. It also provides details on obstacle clearance altitudes/heights, minimum visibility requirements, protected circling approach areas, and maneuvering speeds for visual circling approaches.

Uploaded by

Akaf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CIRCLE TO LAND

PROCEDURES

Presented by:
MUHAMMAD KHALID
KHAN
Senior Joint Director (ATS)
Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority
CONTENTS
• Circling Approach.
• Need For Circling Approach
• Segments Of Instrument Approach Procedures.
• Categories Of Aircraft For Circling Approach
• OCA/H & Minimum Visibility For Visual Maneuver (Circling)
Approach
• Circling Approach Area & Maneuvering Speed
• Circling Approach Charts

2
CIRCLING APPROACH
 A circling approach is a maneuver used to align
the aircraft with a runway for landing when a
straight-in landing from an instrument approach
is not possible or desirable. Two times where
this occurs
 Runway not aligned with the approach
 Runway aligned with the approach, but not the
runway you want to land on Circling to land is a
relatively defined maneuver

3
CIRCLING APPROACH

 Circling approach. An extension of an instrument approach


procedure which provides for visual circling of the aerodrome prior
to landing.

Visual manoeuvring (circling) is the term used to describe the


visual phase of flight after completing an instrument approach,
which brings an aircraft into position for landing on a runway
which is not suitably located for straight-in approach, i.e. one
where the criteria for alignment or descent gradient cannot be
met.

4
NEED FOR CIRCLING APPROACH
Circling approaches are necessary for a variety of reasons. The most common
are strong tailwinds, obstacles, high descent angles and/or the final approach
segment exceeds 30 degrees from the approach runway.
the circling approach contains the visual phase of flight after
completing an instrument approach, to bring an aircraft into position for
landing on a runway that for operational reasons is not suitably located
for straight-in approach. In addition, when the final approach track
alignment or the descent gradient does not meet the criteria for a
straight-in landing, only a circling approach shall be authorized and the
track alignment should ideally be made to the centre of the landing
area.

5
INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE SEGMENTS

 AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE MAY


HAVE FIVE SEPARATE SEGMENTS:
 ARRIVAL
 INITIAL – FIX ASSOCIATED IS CALLED INITIAL
APPROACH FIX (IAF)
 INTERMEDIATE – INTERMEDIATE FIX (IF)
 FINAL – FINAL APPROACH FIX/POINT (FAF – FAP)
 MISSED APPROACH – MISSED APPROACH POINT,
(MAPt).

6
SEGMENTS OF APPROACH
1. ARRIVAL SEGMENT - this segment is a transition from the en-route
phase to the approach phase of the flight.
2. INITIAL APPROACH SEGMENT [ICAO]- That segment of an
instrument approach procedure between the initial approach fix and
the intermediate approach fix or, where applicable, the final
approach fix or point.
3. INTERMEDIATE APPROACH SEGMENT - this segment usually
begins at the intermediate fix (IF) and ends at the final approach fix
(FAF) or final approach point (FAP). Here the aircraft speed and
configuration should be adjusted to prepare for the final approach.
4. FINAL APPROACH SEGMENT - That segment of an instrument
approach procedure in which alignment and descent for landing are
accomplished. An average ILS approach has final approach fix
approximately of 6 NM and not less than 3 NM.

7
5. MISSED APPROACH – It is followed by a pilot when
instrument approach cannot be accomplished to full stop landing.

8
CATEGORIES OF AIRCRAFT FOR CIRCLING APPROACH

9
OCA/H & MINIMUM VISIBILITY FOR VISUAL MANOEUVRE
(CIRCLING) APPROACH

10
PROTECTED CIRCLING APPROACH AREA
 The boundaries of protected air space for circling approaches
are defined by an arc drawn from the threshold of each runway
at an airport.
 The higher the speed of the aircraft, the larger the arc.
 A minimum of 300 ft. of obstacle clearance is provided in
circling segment.

11
CIRCLING APPROACH AREA & MANEUVRING SPEED

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CIRCLING APPROACH

You need to get aligned with the best Runway.

13
CIRCLING APPROACH

14
CIRCLING APPROACH

15
THANK YOU

16

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