FORMULA SSCE 1993

Trigonometric Hyperbolic
2 2
cos x + sin x = 1 ex − e−x
sinh x =
1 + tan2 x = sec2 x 2
cot2 x + 1 = cosec 2 x ex + e−x
cosh x =
sin(x ± y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y 2
2 2
cosh x − sinh x = 1
cos(x ± y) = cos x cos y ∓ sin x sin y 1 − tanh2 x = sech2 x
tan x ± tan y coth2 x − 1 = cosech2 x
tan(x ± y) =
1 ∓ tan x tan y sinh(x ± y) = sinh x cosh y ± cosh x sinh y
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x cosh(x ± y) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y
cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x tanh(x ± y) =
tanh x ± tanh y
= 2 cos2 x − 1 1 ± tanh x tanh y
= 1 − 2 sin2 x sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x
2 tan x cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x
tan 2x =
1 − tan2 x = 2 cosh2 x − 1
2 sin x cos y = sin(x + y) + sin(x − y) = 1 + 2 sinh2 x
2 sin x sin y = − cos(x + y) + cos(x − y) 2 tanh x
tanh 2x =
2 cos x cos y = cos(x + y) + cos(x − y) 1 + tanh2 x
Inverse Hyperbolic
Logarithm √
sinh x = ln(x + x2√+ 1), −∞ < x < ∞
−1

ax = ex ln a cosh−1 x = ln(x 2
! + x"− 1), x ≥ 1
logb x 1 1 + x
loga x = tanh−1 x = ln , −1 < x < 1
logb a 2 1−x

Differentiations Integrations Differentiations Integrations

#
d d
#
[k] = 0, k dx = kx + C, [sec x] = sec x tan x. sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
dx dx
k constant k constant.
d
#
n+1
d n x [cosec x] cosec x cot x dx
#
[x ] = nxn−1 xn dx = + C, dx
dx n+1 = −cosec x cot x = −cosec x + C
n &= −1
d
#
d x [cosh x] = sinh x sinh x dx = cosh x + C
#
[e ] = ex ex dx = ex + C dx
dx #
d
[sinh x] = cosh x cosh x dx = sinh x + C
1 dx
#
d dx
[ln |x|] = = ln |x| + C #
dx x x d
[tanh x] = sech 2 x sech2 x dx = tanh x + C
# dx
d
[cos x] = − sin x sin x dx = − cos x + C d
#
dx [coth x] cosech 2 x dx
dx
d = −cosech2 x
#
= − coth x + C
[sin x] = cos x cos x dx = sin x + C
dx d
#
[sech x] sech x tanh x dx
d
# dx
[tan x] = sec2 x 2
sec x dx = tan x + C = −sech x tanh x = −sech x + C
dx
d
#
[cosech x] cosech x coth x dx
#
d
[cot x] = −cosec 2 x cosec2 x dx = − cot x + C dx
dx = −cosech x coth x = −cosech x + C

5
 SSCE 1993

Differentiations of Inverse Functions Integrations Resulting in Inverse Functions

d 1
[sin−1 x] = √ , |x| < 1 #
dx
dx 1 − x2 √ = sin−1 (x) + C
d −1 1 − x2
[cos−1 x] = √ , |x| < 1
dx 1 − x2 #
dx
d 1 = tan−1 (x) + C
[tan−1 x] = 1 + x2
dx 1 + x2
dx
#
d −1
[cot−1 x] = √ = sec −1 (x) + C
dx 1 + x2 |x| x2 − 1
d 1
[sec−1 x] = √ , |x| > 1
#
dx
dx |x| x2 − 1 √ = sinh−1 (x) + C
x2 + 1
d −1
[cosec−1 x] = √ , |x| > 1
dx |x| x2 − 1
#
dx
√ = cosh−1 (x) + C, x > 0
d 1 2
x −1
[sinh−1 x] = √
dx 2
x +1 ! "
1 1+x
#
d 1 dx
[cosh−1 x] = √ , |x| > 1 2
= ln + C, |x| < 1
dx 2
x −1 1−x 2 1−x
d 1 ! "
1 x−1
#
[tanh−1 x] = , |x| < 1 dx
dx 1 − x2 = ln + C, |x| > 1
x2 − 1 2 x+1
d 1
[coth−1 x] = , |x| > 1
dx 1 − x2
#
dx
√ = −sech −1 (x) + C, |x| < 1
d −1 x 1 − x2
[sech−1 x] = √ , 0<x<1
dx x 1 − x2 #
dx
d −1 √ = cosech −1 |x| + C
[cosech−1 x] = √ , x &= 0 x 1 + x2
dx |x| 1 + x2

# ## # # $# k2 (r,θ)
%
Cylindrical Coordinates: f(x, y, z) dV = f(r cos θ, r sin θ, z) dz dA
G R k1 (r,θ)

# ##
Spherical Coordinates: f(x, y, z) dV
G ## #
= f(ρ sin φ cos θ, ρ sin φ sin θ, ρ cos φ)ρ2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ
G

## ! "
∂Q ∂P
&
Green’s Theorem: P (x, y) dx + Q(x, y) dy = − dA
C R ∂x ∂y
& ##
Stoke’s Theorem: F . dr = (∇ × F) . n dS
C σ

## ###
Gauss’ Theorem: F . n dS = ∇ . F dV
σ G