THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF BOK CHOY(Brassica rapa)

USING BOKASHI COMPOSTING

A Research Proposal
Presented to the Institution Review Committee of Department of Research, Gusa
Regional Science High School - X
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Research 3
Junior High School- Science Curriculum

YERIEL R. PANTILLO
KENT GYRO V. PINGOY
PAULO MIGUEL S. TUBO

February 2023
 CHAPTER I

Introduction

In the Philippines, 1,717 metric tons of food is wasted each day Food and Nutrition

Research Institute of the Department of Science and Technology (2021). 86.2% of

biodegradable waste are food waste and by using Bokashi Composting we can utilize our

food. A sampling conducted by Barnes in 2009 that to keep the track of two separate

fermentation processes using various feed materials he attained this by fermenting he made

use of 15-liter Bokashi buckets, and the liquid was obtained by combination of methods. The

results of the two trials proved the Bokashi composting method's effectiveness, with a quick

creation of "juice," a decrease in waste volume during fermentation, and Burying garbage

causes it to degrade. According to Quiroz, Cespedes (n.d) In order to obtain Bokashi with

high N content, it is necessary to use raw materials with high Nitrogen content and increase

the amount of initial C source to facilitate microbial assimilation. The relationship between

nitrogen availability, yield, and plant traits in Bokashi and how Bokashi affects fertility and

nitrogen availability when used in combination with other cultural practices. According to

Olle (2020), Bokashi technology is simple yet innovative Technology that recycles and

upgrades various types of biowaste into nutrient-rich products that can be used as organic

fertilizers. Bokashi technology is a process to treat biowaste in general and food waste in

particular using controlled lactic acid fermentation (LAF) under anaerobic conditions. The

revolutionary Bokashi system, which originated in Asia (Japan), enhances soil fertility, plan
health, yield, and food quality. The purpose of this study is to innovate bokashi composting

into changing the ingredients used in bokashi composting to waste ingredients reliable in our

surroundings. We aim to find the advantages of bokashi in growth and yield of pechay. Our

research innovation involves the use of waste or other ingredients that can be found in the

surrounding. The research of gap of this is study is original though there are some study that

focus on the effect of the plant and our study focus on finding an alternative ingredients that

fits the standard of being an alternative ingredient of bokashi bran.

1.2 Conceptual Framework

Bokashi composting differs from regular composting in that all types of kitchen

trash, including meat and dairy products that cannot be used in aerobic systems, are

combined with some of the inoculated bran before being squeezed into the bokashi bucket

and tightly covered with additional bran (Planet Natural, 2022). An unavoidable

consequence of anaerobic composting, needs to be pulled off every other day during that

period (Planet Natural, 2022). One caution: plant roots shouldn't come into contact with it

for two to four weeks because it is still so acidic (Planet Natural, 2022). Just like any other

types of composting, the bokashi composting aim is to break down the matter/food waste to

benefit the soil that may be used in improving the growth and yield of a plant. The difference

about this type of composting that makes it much better than any type of composting is that

it ferments the food waste, producing none of the foul odors associated with food

decomposition. It is also up to ten times quicker than standard heap composting, organic

waste decomposes (www.biome.com.au, 2020). It also has a

0 percent chance of infestation which means it is not infected by any insects such as insects

and rodents (Silvia, 2021). The only con in bokashi composting is that it might not be as

fast as you expected, the fermentation process can take 2 weeks.

 Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Extraneous Variable

Figure 1: The Schematic Diagram of the Study

The diagram above showed the schematic diagram for the study. It involves the

independent and dependent variables of the research probation. The independent variables

include Bokashi composting. The dependent variables will be analyzed and compared to

obtain which composting is more effective. The diagram also shows the extraneous variable,

it is the variable/s needed for our study to be conducted.

1.3 Research questions:

1. What is NPK level of soil treated with Bokashi compost?

2. What is the growth and yield of pechay under Bokashi in terms of the following

parameters?

1.1 Length
1.2 Yield
1.3 Number of leaves

3. Is there any significant difference on the growth and yield of pechay when

applied with different treatment?

1.4 Research hypothesis:

The researchers postulated the following hypothesis to be tested at 0.5 level of

significance.

HO: There is no significant difference among the two types of composting on the

growth and yield of pechay.

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study:

This study focused on the use of Bokashi composting mixed with the composition in

pechay on loam soil. The study will be conducted in our backyard that contains loam soil.

The subjects for the type of fertilizers to be chosen were bokashi composting and direct

composting.

A group of subjects is to be studied. It will be the application of bokashi composting

in the growth of pechay. Our study solely focuses on using ingredients reliable in our

surroundings as an alternative ingredient to the bokashi bran. The growth, yield and height of

the plant will be the basis of the study. Our study

1.6 Significance of the Study:

In accordance with this, the probation has assisted the following:

School Community: This study will help school campuses especially in planting plants.

Department of Agriculture: This study will assist the department by informing rural

workers such as farmers on a new way to improve quality farm composing.

National Food Authority: This study will help in upgrading the system of food

managing and composing

Department of Education: This study will give knowledge to students on learning a

much more efficient way of composting.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources: This study will help in

managing trash and reducing food waste that is disposed of in landfills.

Future researchers: This study will serve as a guide and reference to the future

researchers who have a close relative study.

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms:

Scrap. Refers to a small quantity or piece of anything, especially one that remains

after the main portion has been consumed.

Bokashi bucket. Refers to a bucket in which the bokashi composting takes place.

Growth. Refers to the process of the plant based on its characteristics.

Yield. Refers to the quantity of something a plant produces.

 Fertility. Refers to the productivity of a plant.

Composing. Refers to the organic matter that has decomposed and is utilized as plant

fertilizer.

Fermentation. Refers to the process of a material being chemically broken down by

bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms; usually involves effervescence and the release of

heat.

Anaerobic. Refers to the concerning, requiring, or involving the absence of free oxygen.

NPK Level. Refers to the ratio of the three plant nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus

(P), and potassium.

 Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

2.1 Bokashi Composting: Performance Monitoring to Assess Potential Commercial-

Level Applications

The Bokashi method is a type of composting in which organic waste is

broken down through a fermentation process in which microbes use the food waste as

a source of energy. Substrates for microbial growth and the formation of byproducts

that can be used by other microorganisms. (Barnes, 2009). A sampling conducted by

Barnes that to keep the track of two separate fermentation processes using various

feed materials he attained this by fermenting (Ferm 1 and Ferm 2) he made use of

15-liter Bokashi buckets, and the liquid is obtained by combination of methods. On

the fermented contents of the Bokashi buckets, solid analysis was done. These exams

were for the fertilizers' main ingredients, total nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus.

The results of the two trials proved the Bokashi composting method's effectiveness,

with a quick creation of "juice," a decrease in waste volume during fermentation, and

Burying garbage causes it to degrade. (Barnes, 2009). According to Quiroz, Cespedes

In order to obtain Bokashi with high N content, it is necessary to use raw materials

with high N content and increase the amount of initial C source to facilitate microbial

assimilation. The relationship between nitrogen availability, yield, and plant traits in

Bokashi and how Bokashi affects fertility and nitrogen availability when used in

combination with other cultural practices. (Quiroz, Cespedes,n.d). According to

(Olle, 2020), Bokashi technology is simple yet innovative Technology that recycles

and upgrades various types of biowaste into nutrient-rich products that can be used as
 organic fertilizers. Bokashi technology is a process to treat biowaste in general and

food waste in particular using controlled lactic acid fermentation (LAF) under

anaerobic conditions. The expensive and intensive practices of modern agriculture

also pollute the environment. Application of Bokashi thus replaces the

aforementioned necessity in many crops by taking into account the latest notion of

eco-friendly technology. Fermented biomass is what bokashi is. It serves as an EM

storehouse (effective microorganism). It generates a growth regulator and provides a

steady supply of organic and EM-based nourishment. Bokashi manufacturing is able

to save this energy, in contrast to typical compost, where heat generation results in

significant energy loss (Ahmed, Gogoi, 2010). Nowadays, Bokashi technology is

nearly nonexistent in Europe. The revolutionary Bokashi system, which originated in

Asia (Japan), enhances soil fertility, plant health, yield, and food quality. This

technique has a great deal of potential for use in Europe, but the appropriate approach

needs to be established based on an understanding of temperature regimes for useful

bacteria that would affect crop yield (Olle, 2020).

2.2 Net Mineralization Nitrogen and Soil Chemical Changes with Application of Organic

Wastes with 'Fermented Bokashi Compost

Composting was arranged in block design and were used to organize the

composting treatments. Using established laboratory techniques, the

physico-chemical and biological parameters of the compost were tested every 20

days for a total of 100 days. Utilizing SAS software for the analysis of variance,

Fisher's LSD test was used to n.d). According to (Olle, 2020), Bokashi technology is

simple yet innovative Technology that recycles and upgrades various types of

biowaste into nutrient-rich products that can be used as organic fertilizers. Bokashi

technology is a process to treat biowaste in general and food waste in particular using

controlled lactic acid fermentation (LAF) under anaerobic conditions. The expensive
 and intensive practices of modern agriculture also pollute the environment.

Application of Bokashi thus replaces the aforementioned necessity in many crops by

taking into account the latest notion of eco-friendly technology. Fermented biomass

is what bokashi is. It serves as an EM storehouse (effective microorganism). It

generates a growth regulator and provides a steady supply of organic and EM-based

nourishment. Bokashi manufacturing is able to save this energy, in contrast to typical

compost, where heat generation results in significant energy loss (Ahmed, Gogoi,

2010). Nowadays, Bokashi technology is nearly nonexistent in Europe. The

revolutionary Bokashi system, which originated in Asia (Japan), enhances soil

fertility, plant health, yield, and food quality. This technique has a great deal of

potential for use in Europe, but the appropriate approach needs to be established

based on an understanding of temperature regimes for useful bacteria that would

affect crop yield (Olle, 2020).

2.2 Net Mineralization Nitrogen and Soil Chemical Changes with Application of Organic

Wastes with 'Fermented Bokashi Compost

Composting was arranged in block design and were used to organize the

composting treatments. Using established laboratory techniques, the

physico-chemical and biological parameters of the compost were tested every 20

days for a total of 100 days. Utilizing SAS software for the analysis of variance,

Fisher's LSD test was used to identify significant differences at the P 0.05 level

(Mengistu, 2017). In another experimental method by (Muscolo, 2018) four

composts were created using various ratios and combinations of vegetable waste

and/or olive pomace. The four composts were examined physically, chemically, and

biologically after 120 days in order to assess the level of maturity, stability, and

quality of the end products produced under the same composting circumstances and

duration. 90 days following the addition of the compost, their effectiveness as a soil
 improver was assessed by looking at the soil's chemical and biochemical

characteristics (Mengistu, 2017).

2.3 Effects of Bokashi Hydroponics and Conventional Hydroponics on Vegetative

Growth, Yield and Quality of Green Pepper

One potential approach to utilizing organic waste in agricultural soils is by incorporating

them. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of organic waste and Fermented Bokashi Compost

(FBC) in order to optimize their utilization for soil improvement, particularly in terms of

altering nitrogen mineralization and soil chemical characteristics. The study employed a

completely randomized experimental design with a 6 x 2 x 5 factorial setup, which included five

types of organic waste and a control group (soil without waste), with or without the addition of

FBC. The assessment was conducted at five different time points (0, 7, 42, 70, and 91 days)

under laboratory conditions, with three replicates for each scenario. The incorporation of organic

waste resulted in improvements in soil chemical properties and an increase in soil nitrogen

concentration. Nevertheless, the rate of nitrogen mineralization was influenced by the

carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio of the organic waste and the duration of incubation. When FBC

was mixed with the organic waste, it expedited and enhanced the decomposition of organic

matter, leading to a more rapidly available supply of nitrogen. These organic waste materials

hold potential as organic fertilizers, but their effectiveness appears to be contingent upon

understanding the specific C/N ratio of each type. FBC, on the other hand, can be employed

when a swifter degradation process is desired, resulting in a more immediate supply of nutrients

for plants.
2.4 Use of Bokashi as a Soil Fertility Supplement in Organic Cultivation of Spinach

A study by (Dana Mae Christel, 2017) which aims to compare the use of

vermicomposting (worm, bacteria, parasite composting) and bokashi (food wasting)

composting. According to the results of the field testing, EM bokashi produced by food

waste is an appropriate additional or substitute to soil fertility amendment for organic

vegetables production systems. According to the results of the field testing, EM bokashi

created from food waste is an appropriate additional or substitute soil fertility

amendment
for organic vegetables. Production techniques. Trials in the field and a greenhouse revealed

that the soil microbial community in B treatments displayed a pattern of carbon substrate

usage that was distinct from that of the other treatments on primary coordinate analysis's

starting point. According to these facts, bokashi applications impact the soil microbial

community's functional diversity. Some attempts have been made to explain how bokashi

amendments affect soil fertility once they are applied; other macronutrients and micronutrient

levels in bokashi amendments themselves have not been well characterized. (Hu and Qi,

2013). Although some efforts have been made to evaluate the biological features of bokashi

application to soils, little work has been done to define the microbial community and other

biological characteristics of bokashi amendments. After bokashi amendments to soil in coffee

systems, the activities of urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase, and both increased.

(Gómez-Velasco et. al. 2014). Another study assessed how EM bokashi applications affected

the bacterial community structure of the soil and discovered that the amendment changed the

community structure temporarily, but the native soil community structure reappeared in less

than a year. (Mayer et. al., 2010).

2.5 Radish Growth and Yield Results by EM Bokashi Amount in the Lahar Ground

This study aimed to assess the effects of varying doses of EM Bokashi Performance

of radish (Raphanus sativus) planted in potted lahar soil in an open field. As it

showed, it is further supported by LSD Significant difference from control and other

treatments.

Conventional agriculture relies heavily on chemical fertilizers, which have caused

human health problems and environmental degradation motivates researchers to

develop alternatives to chemical fertilizers (Chen, 2006). According to Möller (2009),

organic fertilizers serve as a source of many nutrients and means for improving soil

properties when used effectively and extensively. Currently, wood vinegar and
mokusaku has been tested for seed germination, pest control, and fruit and vegetable

production (Garcia- Perez et al. Nakai et al., 2007; Masaki, 2011; Zulukarami et al.,

2011. Ho et al., 2013; De Guzman & Adalla, 2021; Guzmán & Cabavalo; 2021; De

Guzmán & Dadural, 2021). In the study of De Guzman and Dagupan (2022), four

different treatments, three replicates, and 10 sample plants per replicate. 120 sample

plants were used. This study was an evaluation of EM bokashi on radish growth and

yield performance in mudflow soil. From the results, it was concluded that treatment 4

(300g EM Bokashi) performed very significantly compared to the other treatments. The

results of the mean tuber diameter study showed significant differences between

treatments. That number means days to germination, final length of the longest leaf,

average tuber length, average tuber weight. There is a very big difference between

treatments. Therefore, application of Treatment 4 (300g) is the recommended amount of

radish. Therefore, there are research areas that need to be addressed, such as: B.

Evaluation of high rate of EM bokashiIncrease propensity across all parameters,

conduct field trials, assessing residual effects, combined with other

parametersContinued use of organic fertilizers and other crops, especially in

long-lasting crops, to further evaluate their impact (De Guzman, Dagupan, 2022).

According to Abo-sido, Goss, Griffith and Klepac-Ceraj (n.d), bokashi is an organic

soil conditioner that uses a microbiological process to break down agricultural waste

and create a nutrient-rich fertilizer. Although the benefits of different types of bokashi

for soil fertility and plant growth are well documented, changes in microbial

community composition and nutrients during bokashi maturation are not well

characterized.
2.6 Microbial Transformation of Traditional Fermented Fertilizer Bokasi Changes

Chemical Composition and Improves Plant Growth

The Green Revolution, which began in the 1960s, marked an era of high-yield

agriculture made possible by the Haber-Bosch process, which converts atmospheric

nitrogen into ammonia for fertilizer. About half of the world's population now

depends on this increased yield for their livelihoods (Erisman et al., 2008). However,

it is becoming increasingly clear that this agricultural yield boom is unsustainable.

More than half of the applied fertilizer is lost to the environment, depending on

factors such as climate, soil type and application technique (Good and Beatty, 2011;

Sutton et al., 2011; Weisler et al., 2001). It pollutes water bodies, causes

eutrophication, emits greenhouse gasses, and poses risks to human health (Erisman et

al., 2013; Fowler et al ., 2013). In addition, reliance on chemical farming is impacting

farmers' knowledge. Communicating these negative externalities is very costly for

farmers, similar to the cost of fertilizers (Sutton et al., 2011). Still, it is important to

provide sufficient nutrients to meet yield requirements. Soil modification through an

agroecological approach can optimize natural material cycles and effectively limit the

adverse effects of large fertilizer inputs (Abo- sido et al., 2021). Microbial vaccines

"effective microorganisms" (EM) are used to promote soil fertility and plant growth

in agriculture. We tested the effects of commercial EM products on soil-borne disease

control, microbial activity, and bacterial composition in organically managed sandy

soils (Shin et al., 2017). We used three different recipes to make bokashi in two

experiments. All Bokashi varieties include 2 gallons of cow dung (collected from the

Natick Community Organic Farm in Natick, Massachusetts, USA), 3 gallons of soil

("Maine Topsoil" coastal soil made from clay, compost, and peat), and 1gallon of

Fertilizer Cornmeal (Bob's Red Mill Organic Whole Wheat Cornmeal). In experiment

1, both bokashi molds were fed 5 g of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Fleischmann's(r)

 active dry yeast) and 50 ml of molasses (Crosby's Fancy Molasses). The estimated

number of yeast cells per gram of Bokashi's starting mix is 3 x 10^6 (Abo- sido et al.,

2021). The control ("Experiment 1-Control ") contained 1 gallon of raw rice husk,

while the manipulated type (" Experiment 1-Charcoal") contained 1 gallon of rice

husk charcoal . . . Smoked rice husks with charcoal for 4 hours. In Experiment 2,

both types of bokashi were made with 1 gallon of raw rice husk, while the control ("

Exp. The manipulated type ("Experiment 2-IMO") was made using IMO containing

50 ml of molasses. IMS were collected from visible microbial growth on local

soil-covered rice for 3 days and then grown in sealed jars at a ratio of 1 part brown

sugar to 3 parts rice IMO. After three days in the jar, the IMO mixture was added to a

gallon mound of soil and cornmeal and a little water, covered and mixed daily for a

week. IMO was applied as a bokashi ingredient by adding 2 handfuls of this IMO soil

to the bokashi stack. Note that the controls for both experiments were made using the

same process and ingredients, but the fertilizer age was different in the two

experiments.

2.7 Initial Performance of Corn in Response to Treatment of Seeds with Humic Acids

Isolated from Bokashi

Wet organic matter exhibits bioactivity similar to auxin effects. Since Bokashi is

produced by a special humic process, information on the potential bioactivity of its

humic acid is needed. The aim of this work was to study the initial performance of

maize indicator plants to the application of various concentrations of humic acid

isolated from Bokasi. Corn seeds were treated with solutions containing 0, 10, 20, 30,

40, and 80 mmol of L-1C in the form of humic acid for 16 hours. The seeds were then

planted in 1 dm³ pots inside the greenhouse with amended and fertilized soil. The

growth characteristics of shoots and root systems were evaluated. The results showed

that humic acid extracted from bokashi had a beneficial effect on the initial yield of
 maize. The tropical climate and large territorial extent are key factors in the

significant participation of agriculture in the Brazilian economy. Maize cultivation,

which constantly requires new technologies to further increase productivity, makes an

important contribution. Some potential technical options are rooting, nutrient uptake

efficiency, and increased plant chlorophyll content (Melo et al., 2015). These

improvements can be achieved through the application of biostimulants based on

humic substances isolated from soil organic matter and composted organic waste.

2.8 Effectiveness of Lime-Sulphur in Controlling Papaya Two-Spot mites in

Conventional and Organic (Bokashi-EM) Systems

The application of Bokashi ensures the soil's and bacterial flora's healthy

growth, provides nutrients, regulates salinization and groundwater contamination,

and shields crops from disease assault. It offers nutrients that plant roots may readily

absorb, such amino acids. There are several studies in which the horticultural plant

growing method EM-Bokashi has been tried improved productivity as a result of

horticultural plant cultivation, and which improved plant productivity as a result

(Artiana et al., 2016; Birnadi et al., 2019, Roldi et al., 2013).

2.9 An Overview of the Effects of Compost on Soil Properties, Water Use and Plant

Productivity

Organic soil amendments have long been thought of as vital to preserving and

having effect on the standard of both natural and managed soils, primarily due to their

function in delivering nutrients and by way of their influence on the physical

attributes of soil. Previously in farming systems, introduction of synthetic fertilizers

on large-scale organic wastes were the only means of adding numerous nutrients,
 particularly nitrogen, to the soil (Adugna, 2016). Another study by (Glycine, 2016)

discovered that bokashi sago and bokashi of charred rice husk Dregs boosted soybean

output. They suggested using Bokashi as a soil amendment. Modifications for

conventional farmers who grew plants in Farmland in the margins. These statistics

indicate that Bokashi composting has a real impact on the chemical characteristics of

the soil. On a same study by (Glycine, 2016) he stated that utilizing organic fertilizers

can assist in altering the plant's microenvironment and can help optimize the output

of soybeans. Organic Fertility, structure, and will may all be enhanced by

matter.indirectly maintain the soil's porosity and aggregation. An increase in the

organic content of the soil will improve its capacity to both absorb and nutrient

exchange in the soil. Because of this, the application of the effectiveness of inorganic

fertilizer would be greater because the organism will take in the released

nutrients.organic substances become accessible to plants, the best possible growth

and development of the plants, additionally provide great yields (Glycine, 2016).

These claims made by Glycine demonstrated that bokashi and organic composting

both have a significant impact on soil traits and plant development.

2.10 Popularization of Bokasi as Organic Fertilizer in Indonesia

The use of organic fertilizers may have the following practical benefits: easy

preparation, low cost, local availability of materials, and suitability to farmers.

Through the application of a technology called bokashi, chemical-based farming

methods can be replaced by more sustainable agricultural methods

(JuniperPublishers, 2019). The purpose of this paper is to provide a succinct overview

of how Bokashi is used to enhance crop and soil fertility. In farming, bokashi is an

amendment that improves soil fertility systems. With the use of this technology, soil

can be improved. Qualities that promote improved growing and producing conditions
 for plants. The use of inorganic fertilizers has decreased, and there have been a

number of reported benefits of the Bokashi treatments on soil fertility and plant

growth (JuniperPublishers, 2019). A study of bokashi and Sunn hemp on the growth

in maize. They discovered that the use of Sunn hemp, Bokashi, and mixture of Sunn

hemp and Bokashi, as well as inorganic fertilizer, enhanced based on the maize

yields, it can be said that the consumption of organic fertilizer may be lowered by

around 50% (JuniperPublishers, 2019). Study showed that use of bokashi made of

burned - rice husk and bokashi sago dregs upbeat the production of soybean,corn and

rice grown in dry land soil. It is evident that using Bokashi has helped to improve.

Having fertile soil promotes greater plant growth and output (JuniperPublishers,

2019). Due to its low price, safety, efficacy, quantity of resources, and adaptability to

farmers in managing agricultural and environmental activities, bokashi utilization

could be adopted as a cheap technique. For future research, clarification of the

technique and mechanistic foundation of bokashi is needed.

2.11 The Improvement of the Growth of Tomato Transplants by Bokashi Tea

The utilization of effective microorganisms' bokashi fermentation is proposed as a method for

repurposing food waste into innovative feed supplements and as a partial replacement for the

traditional composting of food waste, including byproducts from industrial processes. This

approach aims to enhance both crop production and soil quality while mitigating greenhouse gas

emissions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of bokashi tea treatment on the

growth of tomato seedlings. Two treatments were administered: one involving bokashi tea and

the other serving as the control without bokashi tea. Although tomato seedlings treated with

bokashi tea exhibited a tendency toward increased height compared to the control group, the

results did not reach statistical significance. The number of leaves on the tomato seedlings

treated with bokashi tea did not show a significant difference. However, the stem diameter of the
tomato seedlings was notably larger (by 13%, P = 0.04) in the plants treated with bokashi tea

compared to the control group. In conclusion, the application of bokashi tea positively impacts

the growth of tomato seedlings by promoting greater stem diameter and enhancing nutrient

uptake by the plants.

2.12 The Significance of Bokashi Compost Obtained from Beneficial Microorganisms on

Sustainability and Waste Disposal

The utilization of chemicals is widely recognized as a primary contributor to soil pollution.

Research efforts are being undertaken to develop innovative approaches for mitigating the

detrimental effects associated with the increasing use of chemical inputs. These efforts aim to

foster awareness of nature conservation in both agricultural production and consumption

practices, with the ultimate goal of ensuring sustainable waste management. Furthermore, the

improper disposal of household waste has emerged as a significant issue in our country. This

issue has far-reaching consequences for climate change, as it contributes to environmental

pollution. To address and potentially eliminate these adverse effects, bokashi compost, derived

from organic waste materials, has been produced globally for many years. Its purpose is to

enhance soil's physical and chemical properties, bolster productivity, and promote

sustainability.This study seeks to underscore the significance of bokashi compost, which is

generated through the use of beneficial microorganisms and serves as an effective soil

conditioner. Its role in maintaining the integrity of our natural ecosystem without causing harm

to the environment is a central focus in terms of sustainability.

2.13 Impacts of Bokashi on survival and growth rates of Pinus pseudostrobus in
community reforestation projects

Community-driven, small-scale reforestation practices have been suggested as an

alternative to large-scale reforestation efforts carried out by external organizations, which often

suffer from low efficiency. These conventional reforestation projects are frequently conducted in

soils that have been severely degraded, indirectly leading to the introduction of non-native

species and low seedling survival rates. Bokashi, a fermented organic soil amendment, can be

created using a variety of agricultural byproducts and has demonstrated its beneficial effects in

agriculture in various contexts. In this study, we present the outcomes of a community-led,

small-scale reforestation experiment in which we assessed the origin of pine seedlings (local and

commercial) and the use of Bokashi as a soil amendment. The Bokashi used in this study was

locally prepared by members of a small rural community in central Mexico. Nearly two years

after initiating the trial, the survival rates of locally sourced trees, both with and without Bokashi

amendment, ranged from 97% to 100%, while survival rates for commercial trees in both

treatment groups (with and without Bokashi) were between 87% and 93%. Throughout the study

period, seedlings planted in Bokashi-amended soil, whether local or commercial, consistently

displayed significantly greater height (averaging 152 cm) compared to those planted in

unamended soil (averaging 86 cm). Additionally, an unexpected infection by Cronartium

quercuum in the first year of the experiment was taken into account as a covariable. Although

infected seedlings exhibited deformities, this did not impact their survival and growth rates. The

use of Bokashi as an amendment appears to be a cost-effective, locally viable technology to

enhance seedling survival and growth, particularly in reforestation efforts targeting areas with

degraded soils. This approach enables local stakeholders to witness more rapid results, thereby

maintaining their interest in conservation activities.

2.14 Use of organic waste and bokashi-type fermented compost in the development of
cauliflower seedlings

Seedling formation reflects the performance of a culture, and the composition of the

substrate can have an impact on seedling quality. The introduction of bokashi compost and

organic residues can alter substrate properties and affect seedling growth. This study aimed to

assess the growth of cauliflower seedlings by incorporating bokashi-type fermented compost

and agricultural residues into the substrate. The experiment followed a completely randomized

design with a 5x2 factorial setup, involving five types of agricultural residues (control with no

residues, coffee residue, yerba mate residue, corn residue, and a mixture of coffee, yerba mate,

and corn residues) and two conditions of bokashi addition (with 5% and without), with 18

replicates. Cauliflower seeds were sown in polyethylene trays and kept in a protected

environment for 30 days. Various parameters, including the fresh and dry mass of shoots

(comprising stems and leaves), the number of leaves per seedling, relative water content (RWC)

in leaves, and leaf pigments, were examined. Data analysis involved variance analysis,

comparison of means using the Tukey test, multivariate analysis, and linear correlation. The

incorporation of bokashi compost positively influenced the development of cauliflower

seedlings. However, the effectiveness of adding agricultural residues was only observed when

combined with bokashi. The use of a mixture of residues proved to be the most successful in

promoting the growth of cauliflower seedlings by enhancing the substrate with organic residues.

2.15 Microbial transformation of traditional fermented fertilizer bokashi alters chemical

composition and improves plant growth

Bokashi represents an organic soil enhancer that harnesses microbial processes to

decompose agricultural waste, resulting in a nutrient-rich fertilizer. While the advantages of

various bokashi types for soil fertility and plant development are well-documented, the

alterations in microbial community composition and nutrient content during the maturation of
bokashi remain insufficiently understood. Our objective was to discern potential disparities in

the quality of bokashi generated from diverse ingredients and to delve into the biochemical

changes and succession of microbial communities within bokashi throughout the maturation

process. We conducted a comparative analysis of the impacts of these distinct bokashi varieties

on the growth of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and kale (Brassica napus subsp. pabularia)

seedlings, assessed NH4+ and PO43- concentrations, and characterized the bacterial and fungal

communities within bokashi over a 12-day maturation period. Our findings indicate that

cucumber and kale plants cultivated in soils enriched with any type of bokashi experienced

enhanced chlorophyll levels and increased dry biomass. During the maturation of bokashi, we

observed a decline in available PO43- and a rise in NH4+ levels. Additionally, there seemed to

be an increase in the relative abundances of decomposers and beneficial microorganisms, along

with a decrease in potential plant pathogens. Irrespective of the initial bokashi ingredients and

the variations in microbial composition and nutrient dynamics, all types of bokashi similarly

contribute to improved plant growth and contain beneficial microbes.

 CHAPTER III

Methodology

3.1 Research design

The research design utilized in this study represents a Quasi-experimental approach.

The primary objective of this research was to assess and evaluate the impact of bokashi

composting on the growth and yield of onions. The study also aimed to explore the feasibility

of using readily available ingredients in our environment as a viable alternative to bokashi

bran. By employing this research design, the researchers endeavored to elucidate the

relationship between bokashi composting and its effects on onion growth and yield. The

intention was to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential

3.2 Research Setting

The study area will be located at Upper Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental

Camaman-an, Richmond Hills Subdivision.

 Figure 3.1 Satellite View of Richmond Hills Subdivision (Google Maps)

3.3 Sampling Procedure

Simple Random Sampling. A simple random sample is a subset of a statistical

population where each member has an equal chance of being selected. Unbiased

representation of a group is what a straightforward random sample is supposed to be (Adam

Hayes, 2022). In our study we would be choosing bok choy seeds randomly in the market

whatever is available. We would be planting 4 seeds in each 16 pots, out of 4 seeds

approximately half of it may continue to grow in each pot. It will be distributed into 4 groups;

the first group we will be distributing no treatment, next is 100g of bokashi compost with no

treatment of bokashi tea, next is 200g of bokashi treatment with no treatment, and for the last

is 300g of bokashi compost with no treatment. For the next group we will be distributing no

bokashi compost treatment with 200ml of bokashi tea, next is 100g of bokashi compost with

200ml of bokashi tea, next is 200g of bokashi compost with 200ml bokashi tea, and for the

last is 300g of bokashi compost with 200ml of bokashi tea. For the next group we will be

distributing no bokashi compost treatment with 300ml of bokashi tea, next is 100g of bokashi

compost with 300ml of bokashi tea, next is 200g of bokashi compost with 300ml bokashi tea,

and for the last is 300g of bokashi compost with 300ml of bokashi tea. For the next group we
will be distributing no bokashi compost treatment with 500ml of bokashi tea, next is 100g of

bokashi compost with 500ml of bokashi tea, next is 200g of bokashi compost with 300ml

bokashi tea, and for the last is 300g of bokashi compost with 500ml of bokashi tea.

Row 1 No Treatment No Treatment : 200 ml No Treatment : 300ml No Treatment :5 00ml

Row 2 100g : No 100g : 200ml 100g : 300ml 100g : 500ml

Treatment

Row 3 200g : No 200g : 200ml 200g : 300ml 200g : 500ml

Treatment

Row 4 300g : No 300g : 200ml 300g : 300ml 300g : 500ml

Treatment

Figure 3.2 Table of Distribution

Sampling Scheme. Sampling will be done daily measuring the traits of the plants when

bokashi composting would be used such as the growth, yield, weight, and size of leaves. In

making the bokashi compost a Bokashi bucket is needed. Adding scraps and food waste inside

the bucket and leaving it for approximately two weeks will complete the fermentation process

(Bokashi Organko, 2022) In order to maintain the fermentation mass dry and prevent it from

starting to rot, it would be beneficial to empty it every two to three days (Bokashi Organko,

2022). Add the waste ingredient compost (alternative product of the bokashi bran) and press it

in. Put food waste in the bucket, cover it with bokashi bran and pack it down tight (using your

hand, a plate, or a kitchen masher). This will assist in removing air from the substance and

establishing the ideal anaerobic atmosphere. Replace the cover after adding the waste

ingredient compost (alternative product of the bokashi bran) and pressing it down (Master

Class, 2021). The fermented bokashi compost should be ready to nourish plants two weeks
 after it starts to decompose. Bury it in the garden for it to nourish the soil (Master Class,

2021).The soil was examined at each sampling date after the compost mulch was removed,

and the remaining soil was planted with wheat (Duong, 2013). After 4 weeks, plant growth

and nutrient uptake were assessed. Despite having intermediate amounts of accessible N and

P, the coarse-textured compost (C2) had the least impact on nutrient availability and

plant development, (Duong, 2013).

3.3 Data Collection Method

3.3.1 Germination

In Germination, 2 weeks will be needed for the seed to show the seeds will be layered

towards the ground. Preserving a level, wet soil surface for strong plant stands. The germination

process would be done in a tray/pot inside a shelter not in the actual sampling site.

3.4.2 Bokashi Application

Treatments included: Treatment 1 (no application), Treatment 2 (100 g), Treatment 3

(200 g), and Treatment 4 (300 g) in separate pots that were 10x10x17 inches (Ronel De

Guzman, 2022). According to the study's findings, Treatment 4 stood out among the treatments

in terms of average tuber diameter. The average number of days to germination, the ultimate

length of the longest leaf, the average tuber length, and the average tuber weight also

demonstrated a highly significant difference. LSD, which showed notable variations in the

control group and among other therapies, provides additional evidence for it.
3.4.3 Measurements

To determine the growth parameters: height of the stem, weight of the bare, leaf size,

and the yield. To determine the height of the stem: small plants: Measure the height with a

ruler, folding ruler, or tape measure (make sure the ruler or tape measure is metric). Place a

ruler on the ground next to the stem and measure the height of the tallest stem (ignoring the

leaves). If the plant has multiple stems, measure the tallest one

(Teachclimatescience.files.wordpress.com n.d). To obtain the weight of the we will use a

weighing scale, according to harvardforest(n.d), if the leaf is compound (multiple leaflets

attached to the main petiole/petiole), measure from the top of the entire leaf to the base of the

lowest leaflet meeting the petiole for leaf length. To calculate the yield of our plant we will

count the fruit each seed bloom.

Data Analysis

The primary data that will be collected from the results of the research study will then

be analyzed by computing the mean values of the crops’ height, weight, leaf size, and yield.

The standard deviation will also be analyzed for both the values of bokashi composting and

traditional composting. Finally, Independent Samples (T –Test) will be extracted which

compares the means of the independent group (bokashi with different treatment) in order to

determine whether there is statistical evidence that the associated population means are

significantly different.