Surigao State College of Technology

Surigao City

MANGROVE ASSESSMENT POST TYPHOON ODETTE (RAI) IN BARANGAY

NABAGO, SURIGAO CITY

A Thesis Proposal Presented to

the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences

SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Surigao City

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

GUIRNALDO, PEIJAY Y.

OTOSA, ERIKA B.

TABUGON, XEVIER NATHANIEL D.

May, 2022
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City ii

APPROVAL SHEET

MANGROVE ASSESSMENT POST TYPHOON ODETTE (RAI) IN BARANGAY

NABAGO, SURIGAO CITY

GUIRNALDO, PEIJAY Y.

OTOSA, ERIKA B.

TABUGON, XEVIER NATHANIEL D.

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

degree of Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science,
this thesis proposal has been reviewed and is recommended
for approval in Oral Examination.

ROSELLE E. BERTULFO, MSTS

Adviser

APPROVED by the Committee for Oral Examination with a

grade of _______.

JERRY T. CUADRADO, MSc

Chair

MANNY P. EVIOTA, Ph.D. MEDIELYN M. ODTOJAN, MSc

Member Member
__________________________________________________________
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City iii

ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Environmental
Science this May, 2022.

LOUIDA P. PATAC, PhD

Dean, College of Arts and Sciences
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Surigao City iv

AKNOWLEDGMENT
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Surigao City v

ABSTRACT

Mangrove forests provide ecological benefits such as

protection against coastal erosion, climate regulation through
carbon sequestration in addition to different ecosystem products
and services to coastal residents. On the other hand, Brgy.
Nabago is facing severely threat due to some anthropogenic
activities such as cutting lumber extraction and coastal
urbanization.

This study was carried out to assess the current status of

mangrove species after typhoon odette in Brgy. Nabago using a
transect-quadrat sampling techniques. Three sampling station
will have three (3) 100-meter transect lines perpendicular to
the shoreline and establishing a series of 10 x 10 m quadrats
along the transect line with an interval of 10 m between each
quadrats. A total of five (5) species (R.apiculata, R.mucronata,
B.gymnorrhiza, N.fruticans and C.tagal) were recorded around the
area. Physico- parameters of water were obtained using a quality
parameter checker.

In general, mangrove species in Brgy. Nabago were

categorized under low diversity with values ranging to less than
1.99. Rhizophora apiculata dominates in relative density,
dominance, and species importance value. Regeneration capacities
were higher in station 3 compared to station 1 and 2. Physico-
chemical parameter of water shows the farther the sampling
station the more the value varies.
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF PLATES viii
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 1

Review of Related Literature 2

Objectives of the Study 6

Significance of the Study 6

Scope and Limitation of the Study 8

2 METHODOLOGY

Locale of the Study 9

Data Gathering Procedure 10

Data Analysis 12

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

A. Field Data Sheet/s 18

B. Letter to the Dean of the College of

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Surigao City vii

Arts and Sciences 20

C. Letter to the Barangay Captain of Nabago 22

D. Gantt chart 23

E. Budgetary requirement 24
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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 H’ diversity value and its descriptive

equivalence

2 Water Quality Guidelines for Primary Parameters

Class SC Standard of DAO 2016-08

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Surigao City ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Sampling Layout

2 Sub-quadrat for regeneration

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Surigao City x

LIST OF PLATES

Plate Page

1 Sampling Site
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background of the study,

review of related literature, conceptual framework,

statement of the problem, hypothesis, significance of the

study, and scope and limitation.

Background of the Study

Mangrove forests provide ecological benefits such as

protection against coastal erosion, climate regulation through carbon

sequestration in addition to different ecosystem products and

services to coastal residents. Not only these wooded

wetlands provide excellent nursery habitat for marine

life, but they also safeguard shorelines and benefit local

economies in about 123 countries/territories. Mangroves

are unfortunately disappearing as a result of shrimp

cultivation (aquaculture), milk fish (bangus), mud crab,

sea cucumber (bayat), coastal urbanization, tourist

destination, and clear-cutting for lumber extraction.

In Surigao City it covers an area of 2,757 hectares of

mangrove forest that come from to the eleven (11)

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Surigao City 2

barangays and nine (9) islands of Surigao (Ecological

Profile, 2017; Degamon & Gamalinda, 2021). Meanwhile,

Brgy. Nabago was formerly known as Sitio Nabago, that

belongs to Barangay Tagana-an, Surigao del Norte before.

It was officially proclaimed as a regular Barangay on

March 31, 1957 under R.A. 1408 as adopted by P.D. 557 and

it was named the place from an edible leaf "Bago" which is

nutritious and dominant in the place (SK Barangay Nabago,

2022).

Furthermore, it possess vast mangrove forest, Pearl

Farm, Mariculture Farm, and abundance in delectable

seafoods (Islaman blogspot, 2009), lapinig island near to

Barangay San Isidro and Jetty port (Surigao City Tourism

Office, 2022). Moreso, This research aims to assess the

diversity and vegetation analysis of mangroves forest

after typhoon Odette in Nabago, Surigao City.

Review of Related Literature

Mangrove Forest in the Philippines

In the article of Long & Giri (2011), it estimated the

total area of Philippine mangrove coverage at 256, 185

 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 3

hectares in 2000, slightly higher than DENR's estimate of

247,362 hectares in 2003. Surigao del Norte and Sur

(6.8%), Eastern and Western Samar (6.1%), Quezon (5.5%),

Tawi-Tawi (4.4%), Bohol (3.69%), and Basilan (3.69%) are

among the provinces having the most mangroves (2.97

percent). In Gevaña, Camacho, & Pulhin (2018) the country

Philippines has an estimated mangrove forests of 356,000

ha, that have a 0.5% deforestation rate. However, Aguirre

(2021) stated that mangroves in the Philippines are around

250,000 hectares subsequent to various conservation and

reforestation efforts made. Philippines has approximately

forty-six (46) mangrove species from more than seventy

(70) world's species and around 49,000 or nineteen percent

(19%) of total national area is protected by IUCN for

long-term conservation purposes mainly in Palawan,

Siargao, Malampaya Sound, Biri Larosa, El Nido, Tanon

Strait, Northern Sierra Madre, Dumanquilas Bay, Sibuyan

Islands, and Calauit Island are among the places where

mangroves are protected (Mendoza, 2017).

As the Philippines are archipelagic in nature, a major

portion of the population relies on the mangrove ecosystem

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Surigao City 4

for food, livelihood, and shelter. In fact, these marine

environments provide food and other commodities and

services to more than half of the country's 1,500 towns

and 42,000 villages (Primavera 2000). On the eastern shore

of Samar Island, for example, the mangrove forest protects

the coastline for coconut plantations. The coconut trees

were uprooted due to wave action during stormy weather in

areas without mangroves, according to Mendoza and Alura

(2001). The event did not occur in coastal areas where a

strip of mangroves was easily eroded compared to those

with mangrove trees. Furthermore, Harada et al. (2002)

revealed that mangroves are just as effective as concrete

seawall structures in reducing tsunami-damaged housing

damage behind the forest in a research. Mangroves can also

be used to provide incentives to local people who are

heavily reliant on mangroves. According to Camacho et al.

(2011), Banacon Island in the province of Bohol is one of

the best examples of mangrove carbon sink potential in the

Philippines. Mangroves in Banacon are healthy and capable

of storing a lot of carbon.

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Surigao City 5

Importance of Mangroves in Ecological Services

When the typhoon Rai (Odette) has had eight (8)

landfalls- affecting the areas of Surigao del Norte,

Dinagat Islands, Southern leyte, Bohol, Cebu, Negros

Oriental and Palawan with 195 kilometer per hour (kph) of

maximum sustained winds and gustiness up to 240 kph

( ECOWEB, 2021; Govt. Philippines, 2021). It destructed

the mangrove forest as it serve as the natural barriers

from the strong wind force, waves and storm surge (Losada

et al., 2017; Krauss & Osland, 2020) in the coastal and

local communities.

It serves a variety of ecosystem functions such as

timber, fuel wood, pharmaceuticals, natural colors, honey,

and sea food are among the most common of them. They also

aid in flood control, erosion, and disturbance control, as

well as protecting coastal areas from storm and tsunami

damage. It also provide an aesthetic and cultural

amenities, such as tourism, education, and indigenous

knowledge and traditions and assist in the protection of

coasts by capturing and filtering sediments. On the other

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Surigao City 6

hand, require generally intact hydrographic and salinity

regimes, despite natural and anthropogenic challenges.

Other studies of Buitre et al. (2019) and Ticman et al.

(2021) mangroves that is being classify as a protected

area, may also suffered losing mangroves and experience

severe impact with higher tendency of declining. However,

despite their importance, people is yet to fully realized

that mangroves gives more ecological services than other

species.

Mangrove Status and Threats

Mangrove forests are undeniably one of the world's most

endangered tropical ecosystems that aquaculture

development has been identified as the most significant

cause of mangrove degradation in the country since the

early years until now, there are also a number of serious

threats such as urbanization, conversion to agriculture,

overharvesting for industrial uses such as timber and

charcoal, and climate change (Agaloos, 1994; Alongi 2002;

Primavera 2000 and Boquiren et al. 2010). By the typhoon

Yolanda, it damaged not only the lives and properties of

the people affected, but also impaired the environment

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Surigao City 7

that many trees were uprooted and left with broken

branches and many animals were probably displaced

(Malabrigo et al., 2016), defoliating patterns, nutrient

cycles, and decline in biodiversity (Baldwin et al., 2001,

Herbert et al., 1999).

According to the article of Polidoro et al. (2010), 11

true mangroves species qualified for the IUCN Red List

threat categories, including two severely endangered,

three endangered, and six vulnerable species.

Objectives of the Study

This research aims to assess the Mangroves Post Typhoon

Odette (Rai) in Barangay Nabago, Surigao City.

Specifically, this research aimed to:

1. Determine diversity indices in terms of;

a. Richness

b. Abundance

c. Dominance

d. Evenness

2. Determine the mangrove vegetation

a. Population density
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Surigao City 8

b. Frequency

c. Relative density

d. Relative frequency

e. Relative dominance

f. Species importance value (SIV)

3. Determine the Physico-chemical parameters of water

Significance of the Study

This section will state those following persons who

will benefit to this study in accordance to its necessity.

Community. The result of the study will enable the

community to give importance to protect and conserve

mangrove ecosytem from anthropogenic activities and natural

disasters.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. The

result of the study will enable the DENR to be updated on

the current mangrove species after the typhoon.

Local Government Unit. The study will benefit the LGU to

enhance their public awareness and conservation efforts on

promoting mangroves trees.

 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 9

Future researcher. The study will benefit the future

researcher to know that mangrove forest is significant as

well as it contribute much ecosystem services. The finding

of this study will help them to be guided if ever they

pursue another studies related to damage assessment of

mangroves due to the typhoon.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study will be focusing on the Mangrove Assessment

and Physico-chemical parameter after the Typhoon Odette in

Brgy. Nabago, Surigao City, Surigao Del Norte. Other Flora

fauna, and ecosystem services in the study site will not be

part of the research study. The coverage period of the

study will be done during the summer of June to July 2022.

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Chapter 2

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the locale of the study, data

gathering procedure, and data analysis.

Locale of the Study

The study will be conducted in Brgy. Nabago Surigao

City, Surigao del Norte. It has the population of 1, 167

according to 2020 Census that represented only 0.68% of the

total population of Surigao City. Nabago is situated at

approximately 9° 44' North, 125° 34' East in the island of

Mindanao and the land area covers of 3.7538 sq. km with the

elevation of 7.3 meters or 23.9 feet above mean sea level.

Their mangrove ecosystem is vast and their projected

average family monthly income of 2022 is 17,157.83 with the

source of livelihood are agricultural crop production,

livestock and poultry, and fisheries. Nabago is one of the

three (3) barangays that is known for the city's production

forests of 11,091.388 hectares in the domestic and

commercial use.
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Surigao City 11

Plate 1: Sampling Site

Data Gathering Procedure

Entry Protocol

To conduct this study, the researchers will ask

permission to the good office of the College Dean of Arts

and Sciences for the approval of the research study noted

by the research adviser. Another letters will be sent to

 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 12

the Punong Barangay of Nabago, Surigao City to seek

permission to conduct the study within the Barangay.

Sampling Lay-out and Sampling Techniques

A transect-quadrat sampling technique will be used to

obtain the mangrove species composition in Barangay Nabago,

Surigao City. Three sampling station will have three (3)

100-meter transect lines perpendicular to the shoreline and

establishing a series of 10 x 10 m quadrats along the

transect line with an interval of 10 m between each

quadrats.

A total of 45 quadrats with three 1m² sub-quadrat will

be established inside the 10m² quadrat that served as

regeneration plot for counting the species. Each type of

mangrove found within the quadrat will be counted based on

its life cycle stage or age: seedling, sapling, and mature

tree, with seedlings up to 1 m tall and trunk sizes less

than 4 cm in diameter, saplings greater than 1 m tall and

trunk sizes of 4 cm in diameter, and mature trees greater

than 1 m tall and trunk sizes greater than 4 cm in diameter

(Deguit et al. 2004). Using the Global Positioning System,

 Surigao State College of Technology
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coordinates will be obtained and recorded from the

beginning to the last plot of each transect line (GPS).

Figure 1: Sampling Layout

Figure 2: Sub-quadrat for regeneration

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Surigao City 14

Mangrove Species Identification

For the identification of mangrove species in the site,

researchers will be use the field guide of Philippine

mangroves by Primavera et al., (2004) and photographs will

be taken using cellphone for the confirmation of mangroves

species.

Physico-chemical parameter of water

Before gathering the diversity indices and vegetation

indices, the Orion Star A329 multi-parameter checker will

be used to determine the Physico-chem parameters with a

triplicate reading in each transect lines. The water

quality guidelines for primary parameters of DAO 2016-08

with water body classification of SC that is intended for

marshy and/or mangrove areas declared as fish and wildlife

sanctuaries, fishery water class in propagation and growth

of fish and other aquatic resources. The standard values

are the basis for the analysis of physico-chemical

parameters in the mangrove assessment after the typhoon in

Nabago Surigao City.

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Surigao City 15

Data Analysis

Biodiversity indices

The biodiversity indices such as species richness,

Shannon- Weiner diversity index (H’), evenness, and

dominance were obtained using the Paleontological

Statistical Software Package (PAST) developed by Hammer et

al. (2001).

Descriptive interpretation of the H’ was done using the

scale developed by Fernando et al. (1998) and is presented

in Table 1.

Table 1. H’ diversity value and its descriptive equivalence

(Fernando et al. 1998)
H’ value Descriptive Equivalence

>3.5 Very High

3.0-3.49 High

2.5-2.99 Moderate

2.0-2.49 Low

<1.99 Very Low

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Surigao City 16

Vegetation Analysis

The diameter of each of tree stem will be measured at

1.3 meter above the ground. The height of the trees will be

using steel tape and tape measure in the circumference of

the trees. For the calculation of diameter breast height

(DBH) using the formula D=C/π, where C is the circumference

of the tree and π is 3.14.

Meanwhile, the vegetation analysis will be using the

density, frequency, relative density, relative frequency,

relative dominance, and species importance value (SVI)

wherein it stands for the important value of each mangrove

species in the community. This analysis provides a better

indicator regarding the importance of the function of a

species in its habitat.

Relative Density = Density of a species x(100)

Total density of all species

Dominance = Total basal area of each tree species from all plots
Total area sample

Relative Dominance = Dominance of a species x (100)

Total dominance for all species
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 17

Relative Frequency = Frequency value for a species x 100

Total of frequency value for all species

SVI= Relative Density + Relative Frequency + Relative

Dominance

Physico-chemical Analysis

The certain parameters of water identified such as the

temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), turbidity,

conductivity and salinity will be obtain using the Orion

Star A329 multi-parameter checker.

In analyzing the physico-chemical of water, the multi-

parameter checker will be used to determine its

composition with a triplicate reading in each station. The

water quality guidelines for primary parameters of DAO

2016-08 (Table 2) with water body classification of SC

that is intended for marshy and/or mangrove areas declared

as fish and wildlife sanctuaries, fishery water class in

propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic

resources. These standard values are the basis for the

analysis of physico-chemical parameters in the mangrove

assessment after the typhoon in Nabago Surigao City.

 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 18

Table 2: Water Quality Guidelines for Primary Parameters

with class SC of DAO 2016-08

Parameter Unit Standard Values

Temperature Celsius 25-31

pH 6.5-8.5

Dissolved Oxygen mg/L 5

(Minimum)

Conductivity μS/cm -

Turbidity NTU -

Salinity ppt -
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 19

Chapter 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results and discussions of

the study. The presentation of discussion of the results is

based on how the problems are sequenced in the statement of

the problem.

Diversity Indices

The total mangroves species in Brgy. Nabago, Surigao

City consists of 5 species such as R. apiculata, R.

mucronata, B. gymnorrhiza, N. fruticans and C. tagal. The

species R. apiculata has dominated in every station with

highest numbers of individuals followed by R. mucronata and

C. tagal obtained the lowest number of individuals and

absent in the two stations.

Table 3. Diversity indices of mangroves in Brgy. Nabago,

Surigao City

Indices Station 1 Station 2 Station 3

Taxa_S 4 3 4

Abundance 689 649 594

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Surigao City 20

Dominance_D 0.8002 0.9287 0.608

Shannon_H 0.436 0.1646 0.728

Evenness_e^H/S 0.3866 0.393 0.518

The table 3 shows the results of the diversity indices

of mangroves in the three stations of Brgy. Nabago which

signify that Station 1 has found 4 species richness with

the abundance value of 689. The dominance has 80.02% out of

689 individuals, while evenness has a lower value of

38.66%. The Shannon value for station 1 has 0.436 that

implies a diversity descriptive equivalence of very low.

Whereas, in Station 2 out of 649 individuals it has the

species richness of 3 which lower from the two station and

the Shannon diversity value of 0.1649 that implies a very

low interpretation of diversity according to Fernando et

al. 1998. Yet, the dominance has a higher value of 92.87%

of the species while 39.3% distributed evenly among the

different species.

In Station 3, it has also a species richness of 4 with

the abundance value of 594 individuals. The dominant of

species has a value of 60.8% while the variability of

 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 21

distribution in the different species has the value of

51.8% and the Shannon diversity value of 0.728 which also

corresponds to a very low equivalence.

Hence, there are 5 mangrove species in Brgy. Nabago that

is dominated by R. apiculata in all sampling stations and

this is lower among other mangroves studies with Ten (10)

species in Condona Island, Opong, Tagana-an, Surigao del

Norte particularly R. stylosa, R. apiculata and R.

mucronata are dominated (Ratunil et al., 2019), Ten (10)

species in Brgy. Imelda, Dinagat Island that R. apiculata

identified as the highest species importance value

(Canizares and Seronay, 2016) and Eight (8) species in

Cagdianao, Claver, Surigao del Norte.

Mangrove Vegetation

The vegetation analysis of the mangrove was evaluated

by using the values of population density, frequency,

relative density, relative frequency, relative dominance,

and SIV.
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 22

In Barangay Nabago, the Rhizophora apiculata has the

highest number of Relative Density (96.30%) Relative

frequency (96.30%) Relative Dominance (96.59%), Population

density (0.0138%), and SIV with (289.20%) Followed by

Rhizophora mucronata with Relative Density of (13.80%),

Relative frequency (13.30%) Relative dominance (14.38%),

Population density (0.0018) and SIV with (42.04%). And

Ceriops tagal has the lowest relative density of (0.33%),

relative frequency (0.34%) relative dominance (0.29%),

population density with (4.44%) and SIV with (0.97%). This

means that majority of the species in Barangay Nabago was

dominated by Rhizophora apiculata.

Table 4. Population Density of mangrove species in the

three sampling station in Brgy. Nabago

Population Density
Species Station 1 Station 2 Station 3

R. apiculata 0.0136444 0.0138889 0.010044444

R. mucronata 0.0003111 0.0005111 0.001822222

B. gymnorrhiza 0.0002222 0.0000222 0.001288889

N. fruticans 0.0011333 0 0
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 23

C. tagal 0 0 4.44444E-05

In table 4, population density shows that mangrove

species of R. apiculata has the highest density in station

2 with 0.0138889, followed by the R. mucronata with

0.001822222 in station 3, then B. gymnorrhiza in station 3

with 0.001288889 and N. fruticans in station 1 with

0.0011333.

Table 5. Frequency of mangrove species in the three

sampling station in Brgy. Nabago, Surigao City

Frequency

Species Local name Station Station Station

1 2 3

R. apiculata Bakuan   
Lalaki

R. mucronata Bakuan   
Babae

B. Pototan   
gymnorhizza

N. fruticans Nipa  x x

C. tagal Tungog x x 
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 24

As illustrate in the table 5, R. apiculata was the

highest among other species in the three sampling station

with 1691 individuals followed by R. mucronata, B.

gymnorhizza, N. fruticans, C. tagal with 119, 69, 51, and 2

individuals respectively. This suggests that R. apiculata

in Brgy. Nabago, Surigao City was the very high frequency

that this specie thrives more significantly in the

different quality of substrate from gravel, sand, and

mixture of soil (Mullet et al., 2014).

Figure 3. Relative Density, Relative Frequency, Relative

Dominance of mangroves species in the Station 1

120

100

80

60
Relative Density
40
Relative Frequency
20 Relative Dominance

0
ta ta za ns
ula ona rhi ica
ic cr no
r ut
ap mu m fr
R. R. gy N.
B.
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 25

In relative density R. apiculata dominated in station

1 with (89.11%), followed by N. fruticans with (7.40%), and

the lowest density obtained by B. gymnorrhiza with (1.45%).

In relative frequency R. apiculata has the highest

frequency with 89.11%, followed by N. fruticans with

(7.40%) and the lowest is B. gymnorrhiza with (1.45%). In

terms of relative dominance, R. apiculata dominate with

95.51% followed by B. gymnorrhiza with 2.31% and the lowest

dominance is R. mucronata with 2.17%.

This means that majority of the species in station 1

were dominated by Rhizophora apiculata which represents the

majority of the number of individuals per area as a percent

of the number of individuals of all species. As supported by

Patindol and Casas, (2019), the most abundant families in

Tacloban City are Rhizophoraceae and Acanthaceae with the

most common species are Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia

alba. The least common mangrove species are Bruguiera

gymnorrhiza, Camptostemon philippinensis, and Xylocarpus

granatum.

According to Robertson and Alongi (1992), Rhizophora

apiculata is an indicator of the intermediate estuarine

 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 26

zone. It has the ability to survive strong currents and

tides, a maximum salinity of 65 ports, and salinity range

between 8 to 10 ppt for optimal growth.

Figure 4. Relative Density, Relative Frequency, Relative

Dominance of mangroves species in the Station 2

120

100

80

60 Relative Density
Relative Frequency
40 Relative Dominance

20

0
R. apiculata R. mucronata B. gymnorrhiza

In station 2, the relative density of R. apiculata is

(96.30%), followed by R. mucronata with (3.54%), and the

lowest density obtained by B. gymnorrhiza with (0.15%). In

relative frequency R. apiculata has the highest frequency

with 96.30%, followed by R. mucronata with (3.54%) and the

lowest is B. gymnorrhiza with (0.15%). In relative

dominance, R. apiculata dominate with 96.59% followed by R.

 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 27

mucronata with 3.33% and the lowest dominance is B.

gymnorrhiza with 0.07%.

In Aurora mangroves, R. apiculata can be found mostly

in the interior portion with shallow current of water of

which the substance is basically muddy. Among all other

mangrove trees , this species has the most distinct prop or

stilt roots which are known to support the main stem,

natural adaptation for oxygen absorption and intake of

nutrients from the soil.

Figure 5. Relative Density, Relative Frequency, Relative

Dominance of mangroves species in the Station 3

90
80
70
60
50
40
30 Relative Density
20 Relative Frequency
10 Relative Dominance
0
ta ta za ga
l
ula ona rhi ta
ic cr no
r
C.
ap mu m
R. R. gy
B.
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 28

For the relative density in station 3, the highest

density is the R. apiculata with 76.09%, followed by the R.

mucronata with 13.80%, and B. gymnorrhiza is 9.76%, then

the lowest density is C. tagal with 0.33%.

In relative frequency, R. apiculata has the highest

frequency with 76.09%, followed by R. mucronata with

14.38%, and B. gymnorrhiza is 8.74%, then the lowest is

0.34% which is C. tagal.

In terms of relative dominance, R. apiculata is the most

dominant species with 76.57%, followed by 14.38% of R.

mucronata, and B. gymnorrhiza with 8.74%, then the lowest

is the C. tagal with 0.34%. This result implies that the R.

apiculata is the highest among other species and its

primary reason is that this species is best suited to the

environment and the quality of substrate on the soil.

Table 6. Species Importance Value (SIV) of mangrove species

in the three sampling stations

Species Importance Value

Species Station 1 Station 2 Station 3

R. apiculata 273.74 289.20 229.02

 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 29

R. mucronata 6.24 10.42 42.04

B. gymnorrhiza 5.21 0.39 28.27

N. fruticans 14.80 0.00 0

C. tagal 0.00 0 0.97

In SIV, R. apiculata leads the highest importance

value in every station with 273.74, 289.20 and 229.02

respectively, followed by R. mucronata with 42.04% and B.

gymnorrhiza with 28.27% in station 3, N. fruticans with

14.80 in station 1 and the lowest value is 0.97 of C.

tagal.

Figure 6. Regeneration of mangrove species of the three

sampling station in Brgy. Nabago, Surigao city

 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 30

45

40

35

30

25
Seedlings
20 Saplings

15

10

0
Station 1 Station 2 Station 3

In Figure 6, illustrate that Mangrove regeneration in

the three sampling stations in which station 3 has obtained

the highest total of 50 individuals of potential

regeneration wherein 41 are seedlings and 9 are sampling.

For station 1 has a total of 47 mangrove regenerations

which come from 31 seedlings and 16 saplings and station 2

has 29 seedlings. This emphasize that the overall mangrove

regeneration in each station has a lower regeneration

capacity mainly due to the disturbance of typhoon that

needs enough time for the recovery.

 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 31

Table 7. Physico-chemical parameters of water in the three

sampling station of Brgy. Nabago, Surigao City

Parameters Station Station Station DAO 2016-08

1 2 3 Standard values
for SC
classification
Temperature
(⁰C) 29.13 29.63 29.84 25-31
pH
7.32 7.37 7.86 6.5-8.5
Dissolved
Oxygen (mg/L) 9.63 9.4 10.53 5
Conductivity
(µs/CM) 52.04 54.18 54.37 -
Salinity
(ppt) 31.84 33.31 33.24 -

In station 1 to 3, the average water temperature is

within 29°C that belongs to the standard values for the

classification of SC. For the pH, the highest average is

7.86 which is the station 3 and the lowest is station 1

with 7.32 that implies appropriate for the DAO

classification. In Dissolved Oxygen (DO), the station 3

water surfaces is the highest average with 10.53 and

station 2 is the lowest with an average 9.4 only. In

conductivity, the highest is the station 3 that obtain an

average of 54.37 while the lowest is the station 1 with

52.04. Then the salinity, the station 2 has the greatest

 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 32

salinity of 33.31 while the station 1 is the lowest average

of 31.84.

This means that the Physico-chemical parameters of

water in each stations shows that the farther the sampling

station the more the value varies. For the conductivity it

has the highest value among stations because it based on

the salinity of the water. In salinity it shows that the

results of salinity are high due to the dry season and

dilution of the freshwater (Edokpayi et.al, 2008).

 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 33

Chapter 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary and findings of the

study. From the findings of the study, the conclusions were

drawn and recommendations are given.

Summary

This study determined the diversity of mangroves and

its vegetation analysis as well as the physico-chemical

parameters of water in Nabago, Surigao City. Line transect

and quadrat method applied in each station with 10 x 10 m

dimensions. It was found that Rhizophora apiculata is the

highest number of individuals among other species in all

sampling stations in terms of abundance, dominance,

relative density, relative frequency, relative dominance

and species importance value.

Findings. This study revealed the following:

1. There are five (5) mangroves species in Brgy. Nabago,

Surigao City such as R. apiculata, R. mucronata, B.

 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 34

gymnorrhiza, N. fruticans and C. tagal. The specie

Rhizophora apiculata has dominated in all sampling

stations with highest numbers of individuals among

other species. Ceriops tagal is the lowest number of

individuals and absent in the two sampling stations.

The variability of distribution among species is

unevenly distributed in each sampling station. The

Shannon diversity of three sampling stations has the

descriptive value to a very low equivalence that

ranges to less than 1.99.

2. Species Rhizophora apiculata revealed as the highest

number in terms of Relative Density, Relative

frequency, and Relative Dominance in each sampling

station that in relative density it has the value of

89.11%, 96.30% and 76.09% respectively. Its relative

dominance with 95.51%, 96.59% and 76.57% and the

relative frequency values of 89.11%, 96.30% and 76.09%

followed by Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera

gymnorrhiza, Nypa fruticans and Ceriops tagal is the

lowest percentage with the relative density of 0.33%,

 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 35

relative dominance of 0.34% and relative frequency of

0.33%.

R. apiculata is the higher importance value (SIV)

among species in every station with 273.74, 289.20 and

229.02 respectively, compared to R. mucronata with

42.04% and B. gymnorrhiza with 28.27% in station 3, N.

fruticans with 14.80 in station 1 and the lowest

value is 0.97 of C. tagal.

3. The three (3)water quality parameters belongs to the

average standard values of DAO 2016-08 in the

classification of SC while the two (2) water quality

parameters have significantly varies in there each

station that implies the farther the sampling station

the more the value varied.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following

conclusions were drawn:

There were five (5) mangrove species identified in

Brgy. Nabago which are the R. apiculata, R. mucronata, B.

gymorrhiza, N. fruticans, and C. tagal. The result showed

 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 36

that the conditioned of mangrove species falls under low

diversity. Rhizophora apiculata was the most abundant

species in the area with highest relative density,

dominance and species important value. Aside from that the

overall mangrove regeneration in each station has a lower

regeneration capacity due to the disturbance of typhoon.

And the physico-chemical parameter of waters in each

station showed that the farther the sampling station the

more value varies.

Recommendations

On the basis of the conclusions, the following

recommendations are offered:

1. The BLGU should maintain and strengthen the rules and

regulations they implement towards the mangrove

forest.

2. Implementations of mangrove tree planting every year

to maintain its abundances.

3. The DENR should conduct public awareness/symposium to

the public to encourage the importance and its

benefits of having mangrove ecosystem.

References
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 37

Agaloos, B. (1994). Re-afforestation of mangrove forests in

the Republic of the Philippines. In:Proceedings of the
international tropical timber organization workshop:
development and dis-semination of re-afforestation
techniques of mangrove forests. JapanAssociation for
Mangroves,Japan, pp 75–98
Aguirre. (2021). A Philippine community sees life-saving
payoffs from restoring its mangroves.
Alongi, D. (2002). Present state and future of the world’s
mangrove forests. Env Conser 29(3):331–349
Alura, D., Alura, N., & Alura, R., (2015). Mangrove Forest
and Seagrass Bed of Eastern Samar, Philippines: Extend
of Damage by Typhoon Yolanda. International Journal of
Novel Research in Life Sciences Vol. 2, Issue 5,pp:
(30-35). www.noveltyjournals.com
Baldwin, A., Egnotovich, M.,Ford, M., and Platt, W. (2001).
Regeneration infringe mangrove forest damage by
Hurricane Andrew. Plant Ecology, 157 (2), 151-164
Boquiren R., Di Carlo G, Quibilan M (eds) (2010). Climate
change vulnerability assessment of the Verde Island
Passage, Philippines. Technical report. Conservation
international, Virginia,
Buitre, M., Zhang, H., & Lin, H., (2019). The Mangrove
Forests Change and Impacts from Tropical Cyclones in
the Philippines Using Time Series Satellite
Camacho L, Gevaña D, Carandang A, Camacho S, Combalicer E,
Rebugio L, Youn Y (2011). Treebiomass and carbon stock
of a community-managed mangrove forest in Bohol,
Philippines.Forest Sci Tech 7(4):161–167
Degamon, L.,& Gamalinda, E. (2021). Length -Weight
Relationships of Anodontia edentula from Mangrove
Habitats of Surigao City, Philippines. International
Journal of Biosciences (IJB) 19(No. 3):2021
DOI:10.12692/ijb/19.3.110-118
Deguit, E., Smith, R., Jatulan, W., and White, A., (2004).
Participatory coastal resource assessment training
guide. Coastal Resource Management Project of the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Cebu
City, Philippines. 134 p.
DAO, (2016). Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent
Standard of (2016).
 Surigao State College of Technology
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https://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/DAO-
2016-08_WATER-QUALITY-GUIDELINES-AND-GENERAL-EFFLUENT-
STANDARDS.pdf
Ecological Profile, (2017). Surigao City Ecological Profile
2017.
http://www.surigaocity.gov.ph/sites/default/files/docu
ments/content/surigao_city_ecological_profile. pdf
ECOWEB. (2021). ECOWEB Sitrep no. 2: Typhoon Odette
(Rai).https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/ecoweb-
sitrep-no-2-typhoon-odette (ECOWEB,
2021)rai#:~:text=Moving%20at%2030%20kilometers
%20westward,town%20of%20President%20Carlos%20P
Gevaña, D.T., Camacho, L.D., Pulhin, J.M. (2018). Conserving
Mangroves for Their Blue Carbon: Insights and
Prospects for Community-Based Mangrove Management in
Southeast Asia. In: Makowski, C., Finkl, C. (eds)
Threats to Mangrove Forests. Coastal Research Library,
vol 25. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-
319-73016-5_26
Harada K, Imamura F, Hiraishi T (2002). Experimental study
on the effect in reducing tsunami bythe coastal
permeable structures. Final Proc. Int. Offshore Polar
Eng. Conf. USA, 652–658
Herbert, D. A., Fownes, J. H., and Vitousek, P. M.(1999).
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rate affects resistance and resilience. Ecology,
80(3), 908-920
Islaman Blogspot, (2009). The Islander; Nabago Island
Getaway. http://islaman.blogspot.com/2009/02/nabago-
island-getaway.html?m=1
Krauss, K., & Osland, M., (2019). Tropical cyclones and the
organization of mangrove forests: a review. Annals of
Botany, Volume 125, Issue 2, 23 January 2020, Pages
213–234, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz161
Long, J. B., and Giri, C. (2011). Mapping the Philippines’
Mangrove Forests Using Landsat Imagery. Sensors 11,
no. 3: 2972-2981. https://doi.org/10.3390/s110302972
Losada, I.J.; Beck, M.; Menendez, P.; Espejo, A.; Torres,
S.; Diaz-Simal, P.; Fernandez, F.; Abad, S.; Ripoll,
N.; Garcia, J.; Narayan, S.; Trespalacios, D.; Quiroz,
A.. (2017). Valuing Protective Services of Mangroves
in the Philippines : Technical report. World Bank,
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Washington, DC. © World Bank.

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/27666
Malabrigo, P., Umali, A., & Replan, E., (2016). Damage
Assessment and Recovery Monitoring of the Mangrove
Forests in Calauit Island Affected by Typhoon Yolanda
(Haiyan. DOI: 10.47125/jesam/2016_sp2/04
Mendoza A, Alura D. (2001). Mangrove structure on the
eastern coast of Samar Island, Philippines(pp 423–
425). In: DE Stott, RH Mohtar, GC Steinhard (eds)
Sustaining the global farm. Selectedpapers from the
10th International Soil Conservation Organization
Meeting held May 24–29,1999 at Purdue University and
the USDA-ARS National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory
Mendoza. (2017). Mangrove Forests in the Philippines.
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philippines/
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Typhoon “ODETTE” as of 24 December 2021, 6AM.
https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/dswd-dromic-
report-19-typhoon-odette-24-december-2021-6am
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A., Ellison, J., Farnsworth, E.J. (2010). The loss of
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Philippine mangroves: institutionalissues. Ecol 35:91–
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(2004). Field Guide to Philippines Mangroves; Handbook
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295-2021
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 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 41

Appendix A

Letter to the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences

April 01, 2022

LOUIDA P. PATAC, PhD

Dean, College of Arts and Sciences
Surigao State College of Technology

Dear Dr. Patac;

A pleasant day!!

We, the undersigned are presently conducting a research

study entitled.
"Mangrove Assessment Post Typhoon Odette (Rai) in Barangay
Nabago, Surigao City". The purpose of this study is to
assess the damage of mangrove forest brought by the super
typhoon odette.

In this connection, the undersigned would like to ask

permission from your good office to make an ocular survey
in the barangay Nabago, Surigao City. Please be assured
that the school won't be responsible for anything that
happens in the conduct of our study.

Thank you very much for your generous approval.

Respectfully yours,

PEIJAY Y. GUIRNALDO

ERIKA B. OTOSA

XEVIER NATHANIEL D. TABUGON

 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 42

Researchers

Noted:

ROSELLE E. BERTULFO, MSTS

Research Adviser

Approved by:

LOUIDA P. PATAC, PhD

Dean, College of Arts and Sciences

Appendix B
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 43

Letter to the Punong Barangay

April 01, 2022

Alberto D. Abaa
Brgy. Captain
Nabago, Surigao del Norte

Dear Hon. Abaa;

A pleasant day!!

We, the undersigned are presently conducting a research

study entitled "Mangrove Assessment Post Typhoon Odette
(Rai) in Barangay Nabago, Surigao City". The purpose of
this study is to assess the damage of mangrove forest
brought by the super typhoon odette.

In this connection, the undersigned would like to ask

permission from your good office to make an ocular survey
in your barangay. Please be assured that our survey in
your mangrove forest shall be treated with utmost
confidentiality and your participation will be
appreciated.

Thank you very much for your generous approval.

Respectfully yours,

PEIJAY Y. GUIRNALDO
Researcher
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 44

ERIKA B. OTOSA
Researcher

XEVIER NATHANIEL D. TABUGON

Researcher

Noted by:

ROSELLE E. BERTULFO, MSTS

Research Adviser

Approved by:

Alberto D. Abaa
Brgy. Nabago Captain
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 45

Appendix C

Field Data Sheet/s

Station no. ______

Transect no. _____
Recorder: ________
Date: ____________

Tree no. Species Height Diameter

Appendix D

Gantt Chart

Week I Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

Reserch
MARCH Topic and Chapter 1 Chapter
Problem 2
Submissio
Consultati n of
APRIL Midterm on with applicati Proposal
adviser/ on for Defense
revision proposal
defense
REVISION
MAY Proposal Proposal (consultation with
Defense Defense adviser and
panelist)
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 46

Submission
JUNE revised Finals
proposal

JULY- Field Data Sampling

SEPTEMNER

OCTOBER Analyzing the Data Chapter 3

Results and
discussion
Chapter 3
NOVEMBER Chapter 4
Results and discussion

DECEMBER Chapter 4 Final REVISION

Defense

Appendix E

Budgetary Requirements

Budget Item Amount

Printing 500.00
Transportation 3,000.00
Incentives to Helper 4,500.00
Load (Internet) 500.00
Food 3,000.00
Total Amount: 11,500.00
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 47

Appendix F

Documentation during Field Sampling

 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 48

Appendix G

Documentation of Mangrove Species in Brgy. Nabago, Surigao

City

Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophora mucronata

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Ceriops tagal

 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 49

Nypa fruticans

Appendix H

Raw Data Collection

Station 1- Station 1- Station 1-

Transect 1 Transect 2 Transect 3

Local Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

name 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

Bakuan 5 4 4 4 6 7 3 4 4 5 4 4 5 3 5

Lalaki 7 6 4 0 0 2 6 3 1 1 9 4 0

Bakuan 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0

Babae
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 50

Pototan 0 0 0 1 0 0 7 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Nipa 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0

1 5

Tungog 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Station 2- Station 2- Station 2-

Transect 1 Transect 2 Transect 3

Local Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

name 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

Bakuan 1 3 4 5 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 4

Lalaki 7 4 9 4 8 3 8 5 7 4 6 1 8 4 7

Bakuan 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 7 4 3 0

Babae

Potota 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nipa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tungog 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Station 3- Station 3- Station 3-

Transect 1 Transect 2 Transect 3

Local Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

name 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 51

Bakuan 3 2 1 3 4 4 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 3 2

Lalaki 8 8 9 3 0 5 9 3 7 3 5 7 3 4 8

Bakuan 5 0 0 1 0 3 4 1 1 1 1 5 3 0 0

Babae 9 2 1

Potota 1 5 4 3 4 3 1 5 1 4 3 2 1 5 6

n 1

Nipa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tungog 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 52

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name : Peijay Y. Guirnaldo

Address : Valencia, Cagdianao, Dinagat Islands

Date of Birth : September 29, 1998

Place of Birth : Mabini, Cagdianao, Surigao del Norte

Civil Status : Single

Father : Prodincio O. Guirnaldo

Mother : Lilia Y. Guirnaldo

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Elementary : Valencia Elementary School

Secondary : Valencia National High School

Tertiary : Surigao State College of Technology

Narciso Street, Surigao City

Course : Bachelor of Science in Environmental

Science

SEMINARS / TRAINING
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 53

Formal photo
CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name : Erika B. Otosa

Address : Sta. Cruz, Placer Surigao del Norte

Date of Birth : July 10, 2000

Place of Birth : Marihatag Surigao del Sur

Civil Status : Single

Father : Prudencio G. Otosa Jr.

Mother : Noreen B. Otosa

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Elementary : Sta. Cruz Elementary School

Secondary : Amando A. Fabio Memorial National High

School

Tertiary : Surigao State College of Technology

Narciso Street, Surigao City

Course : Bachelor of Science in Environmental

Science

SEMINARS / TRAINING
 Surigao State College of Technology
Surigao City 54

Formal photo

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name : Xevier Nathaniel D. Tabugon

Address : Plaridel, Libjo Dinagat Islands

Date of Birth : November 13, 2000

Place of Birth : Plaridel, Libjo Surigao del Norte

Civil Status : single

Father : Teddy E. Tabugon

Mother : Evelyn D. Tabugon

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Elementary : Plaridel Elementary School

Secondary : Plaridel National High School

Tertiary : Surigao State College of Technology

Narciso Street, Surigao City

Course : Bachelor of Science in Environmental

Science

SEMINARS / TRAINING