Introduction & Terminology worksheet Name___________________

Section A: Intro to A&P

1. Define anatomy. ______________________________________________________________________
2. Define physiology. ____________________________________________________________________
3. How does the anatomy of an organ determine its function? Provide an example. ____________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Which type of anatomy?
a. If asked to study organs in the abdominal cavity. _____________________
b. If asked to study how the skin changes as one ages. ____________________
c. If asked to identify epithelial tissue within the body. _____________________
d. If asked to examine organs in the cardiovascular system. ___________________
5. Identify the levels of organization starting with the simplest and concluding with the most complex.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. What do you call a group of cells that perform similar functions? _________________

Section B: Systems
1. Locate the following organs using diagrams in the textbook. For each organ listed, indicate what organ
system it belongs to. After filling in the chart, find the organs on the models.
Organ Organ System
Heart
Lungs
Trachea
Larynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestines
Kidneys
Urinary Bladder
Brain
Ovaries
Spinal Cord

2. State the general function of each organ system listed.

Organ System General Function of System

Skeletal

Muscular

Endocrine

Respiratory

Digestive

Urinary

Cardiovascular

Nervous

Integumentary
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 Lymphatic

Immune

Reproductive

 Get a bag of index cards and practice matching the systems, organs and functions. After matching the
cards, check your notes to see if you are correct.

Section C: Homeostasis
1. For your body to maintain homeostasis, it must perform and maintain a minimum of 12 functions that we
have come to call characteristics of life. Identify 5 of these characteristics and give a brief explanation of
what each characteristic is.

2. What are the 5 survival needs of the human body?

3. Nutrients, water and oxygen are basic materials our body needs to survive. Why is temperature and
atmospheric pressure so important for the survival of the human body?

4. What is homeostasis?

5. How is communication essential for homeostasis and which system(s) are responsible for it?

Section D: Terminology
A precise set of terms and planes have evolved to describe positions, relationships, and directions within the
human body. To avoid confusion they must always be related to the standard anatomical position standing
erect, palms of the hands forward.
Planes are fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided (sectioned) to facilitate the viewing of
structure. By studying a region from sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes of reference a 3-dimensional
perspective can be obtained.
Terms of position and direction describe the position of one organ relative to another, usually along one of the
three major body planes. Color the body planes and directional terms (arrows) in the diagram.

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BODY PLANES
a. Median, Midsagittal – Color Red
Divides the body into left/right halves.
b. Sagittal – Color Green
Divides the body into unequal left and right parts and
parallel to the median plane.
c. Frontal, Coronal – Color Blue
Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
d. Transverse, Cross Horizontal – Color Yellow
Divides the body into upper and lower parts.

ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS
e. Cranial, Superior – Color Orange
These terms refer to a structure being closer to the head
or higher than another structure in the body.
f. Caudal, Inferior – Color Brown
These terms refer to a structure being closer to the feet
or lower thon, another structure in the body
g. Anterior, Ventral – Color Gray
These terms refer to a structure being more in front than
another structure in the body.
h. Posterior, Dorsal – Color Purple
These terms refer to a structure being more in back than
another structure in the body.
i. Medial – Color Pink
This term refers to a structure being closer to the median
plane than another structure in the body
j. Lateral – Color Dark Green
This term refers to a structure being further away from
the median plane than another structure in the body
k. Proximal – Color Dark Blue
Employed only with reference to the limbs, term refers to
a structure being closer to the median plane or root of
the limb than another structure in the limb
l. Distal – Color Black
Employed only with reference to the limbs, term refers to
a structure being further away from the median plane or
the root of the limb than another structure in the limb.

Section E: Directional Terminology

1. What is the advantage for the medical community to use a “universal” language?

2. Describe the anatomical position. Why might it be confusing if we did not use this position as a reference
point?

3. Identify the correct directional term.

a. ____________________ means toward the front
b. ____________________ means further away from the point of attachment of a limb
c. ____________________ means towards the head or up
d. ____________________ means closer to the body surface
e. ____________________ means towards the midline

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4. Use the directional terms to complete the following statements.
a. The esophagus is _________________________ to the spinal cord.
b. The heart is ____________________ to the diaphragm and ____________________ to the lungs.
c. The kidneys are ____________________ to the heart.
d. The knee is _____________________ to the hip, but ___________________ to the foot.
e. The spine is ____________________ to the sternum.
f. The sternum is ____________________ to the heart.
g. The cranium is ______________________ to the scalp.
h. The nose is _____________________ to the ears.
i. The elbow is ___________________ to the fingers.

Section F: Body Planes

1. Identify the planes or sections on the diagram.
2. Use the terms to indicate the plane or section.
a. Name the plane in which the entire width of the sternum
may be seen. ____________________
b. Name the plane that divides the body into mirror image
halves. _________________________
c. A plane that divides the forearm into proximal and distal
portions is a __________________ section.
d. A plane parallel to the midsagittal plane is a
______________________ plane.
e. A plane removing just the tip of the nose parallel to the face is a ____________________ section.
f. Looking at the cut surface of the removed nose is a _____________________ view.
g. Looking at the bottom of a brain removed from the cranium is a _____________________ view.
h. Looking at the heart from the right side of a right __________________________ view.
i. Assume a midsagittal section of the brain. When looking at the cut surface, this is a
_________________________ view.
j. You were told to cut an animal along two planes so that both lungs are observable in both sections.
The two sections that meet this requirement are the _________________________ and
_________________________.

Section G: Body Cavities

1. Label the body cavities
in the diagram.

2. Why is the abdominal

cavity more prone to
injuries than the other
cavities?

3. What separates the

dorsal cavity into two
subdivisions?

4. What separates the

ventral cavity into two
subdivisions?

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5. Identify the body cavities where the following surgical procedures would occur.
a. Removal of the uterus. ______________________
b. Coronary bypass surgery (heart surgery). ______________________
c. Removal of a serious brain tumor. __________________
d. A stomach ulcer operation. ____________________
e. A spinal tap to remove cerebrospinal fluid. _______________________
f. A biopsy of lung tissue. ______________________
g. Removal of a polyp on the lining of the large intestines. ____________________
h. Surgery to tack up the urinary bladder. ______________________

HONORS A&P
Abdominal Regions & Quadrants
 Use the links on ‘Websites’ under the Human A&P tab….click on the following links and practice. Links:
Planes, Abdominopelvic Regions, Quadrants
 Answer these questions.
o In which quadrant would a surgeon cute to remove the gall bladder? _____________________
o In which quadrant would an acute appendicitis be felt? ________________________

Section H: Regional Terms

 Practice terms using blank diagrams. Label the lines with numbers and practice using a separate piece
of paper.
 Create index cards with common name and regional terms. Maybe include a pic.
 Use the links on ‘Websites’ under the Human A&P tab….click on the ‘Regional terms’ links and
practice.

Section I: Technology
1. How does this technology create images? Provide examples.

a. CT (computed tomography) – __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. Ultrasound (sonography) – ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

c. PET (positron emission tomography) – __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

d. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) – ____________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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Regional Terms Practice Diagram