THE CAMPAIGN FOR REFORMS -He saw, too, how the Spanish authorities

(The violent events of 1872) ordered his aging mother to walk from
Calamba to the town of Sta. Cruz because of
Peaceful Campaign For Reforms a false charge made against her by Spanish
-Assimilate the Philippines as a province of provincial officials. This made him swore to
Spain. work for the freedom of his country.

-Philippines will be represented in the -At the age of twenty six, he wrote his first
Spanish lawmaking body called the Cortes. novel, Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not).

-Filipinos would become Spanish citizens -This novel exposed the defects of
with equal rights and privileges by all the Spanish administration of the Philippines,
Spanish citizens. the greed and immorality of the friars and the
superstition of the Filipinos.
-Filipinos would not be treated cruelly by the
friars and Spanish Civil authorities. The Great Political Analyst and Journalist
(Marcelo H. Del Pilar)
The Great Triumvirate
-He founded the Tagalog – Spanish
o Jose Rizal newspaper, Diariong Tagalog.
o Marcelo Del Pilar
-He secretly left for Spain to avoid arrest.
o Graciano Jaena
-A year later, he became the editor of La
The Great Orator (Graciano Lopez Jaena)
Solidaridad and became its guiding spirit.
o He wrote a long story about a friar
-Two of his famous books were La Soberania
named Fray Botod. Monacel en Filipinas (Monastic Sovereignty
o The friars hated him for it. in the Philippines) and La Frailocracia
o He founded the fortnightly Filipina Frailocracy in the Philippines).
newspaper La Solidaridad. Unlike Rizal and the other reformists, he
wrote in the language of the masses.
Aims of La Solidaridad

o To fight reaction BONIFACIO AND THE

o To stop all the efforts to keep the KATIPUNAN
Philippines a backward country Insurrection
o To extol (praise) liberal ideas
o To defend progress -The failure of the reform movement led
even a reformist like Marcelo H. Del Pilar to
Reform think of revolution. ―Insurrection
o The right to vote -Del Pilar wrote in La Solidaridad , ―is the
o Freedom of speech, of assembly and last remedy, especially when the people have
of press acquired the belief that the peaceful means to
o Freedom of commerce Removal of secure the remedies for evils prove futile.
the friars from the Philippines
-Upon Rizal’s arrest and exile at Dapitan , an
o Education of the people Reforms in
unknown member of the Liga, Andres
the jails of the country
Bonifacio, saw the futility of continuing the
o Abolition of the diezmos prediales
campaign for reforms. He would teach the
or the tithe (1/10 of the produce of
people to depend on themselves for their
the land)
salvation.
The Great Thinker and Writer (Jose
THE FOUNDING OF THE KATIPUNAN
Rizal)
-After the news about the arrest of Rizal -The triangle method was slow and
circulated, a small group of patriotic ineffective resulting to only about 100 new
Filipinos met at the house on Azcarraga members by the end of 1892.
Street, Manila (now Claro M. Recto
Avenue), and decided to create a new -It was then agreed that all members should
society. be allowed to get as many new members as
circumstances permitted.
-These men were Andres Bonifacio, Teodora
Plata, Valentin Diaz, Ladislao Diwa , -The membership increased in a few months
Deodato Arellano, and one or two others. All that it was thought that the set of officers
of them belonged to the lower class of would be elected.
society. The elected officers of the first Supreme
THE AIMS AND STRUCTURE OF THE Council were the following:
KATIPUNAN o Deodato Arellano - president or
Bonifacio laid down three primary objectives supremo
of the Katipunan: o Andres Bonifacio - comptroller (title
of a financial officer)
1. Civil principle of self-help and the defense o Ladislao Diwa - fiscal (legal official
of the weak and the poor; in the treasury)
o Teodoro Plata – secretary
2. Political separation of the Philippines
from Spain: secure the independence of the o Valentin Diaz – treasurer
colony; and -The elected councilors were Briccio Brigido
3. Moral focused on the teaching of good Pantas , Restituto Javier, Teodoro Plata,
manners, hygiene, and good moral character. Teodoro Gonzales, and Ladislao Diwa .
Katipuneros were urged to help sick -Early in 1895, Bonifacio was not contented
comrades and their families. In case of death, with the performance of Basa as supremo of
the Society paid the funeral expenses. Hence, the Katipunan. Hence, he had himself elected
there was damayan among its members. to replace Basa.
THE KATIPUNAN GOVERNMENT -He remained the Supremo of the Katipunan
-Bonifacio took note of La Liga Filipina’s until the establishment of a revolutionary
structure and when he founded the Katipunan government in Tejeros , Membership

-he borrowed the structure of the Liga. The -The following are the three kinds of
Katipunan had three governing bodies: Katipunan members together with their
passwords: First Grade: Katipon (member)
1. Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Anak ng Bayan Second Grade: Kawal
Council) highest; central government (soldier) GomBurZa Third Grade: Bayani
(patriot) Rizal
2. Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council)
provincial government -In order to recognize each other in the
streets, a member, upon meeting another
3. Sangguniang Balangay (Popular Council) member, would place the palm of his right
municipal government There was a Judicial hand on his breast, and as he passed the other
Council, called Sangguniang Hukuman , member he would close his hand and bring
which passed judgment on members who his index finger and his thumb together
violated the rules of the Society.
-The Katipunan Codes Because the danger of
THE KATIPUNAN ELECTIONS discovery of the Society was always present,
Bonifacio invented a system of writing which
would make it difficult for the Spaniards to
read the Katipunan letters or any written o Angelica Lopez Rizal (Fiscal)
communication. Rizal’s niece
-The first secret code invented by Bonifacio Twin Souls of Katipunan (Bonifacio –
was the following: Jacinto)

Bonifacio – Jacinto

o They did not use their true names to

prevent discovery.
o They used pen names: Jacinto
Pingkian , Dimas Ilaw Bonifacio
Agapito Bagumbayan Valenzuela
Madlang Away

The Teachings of the Katipunan

-Love God with all of your heart.

THE WOMEN OF THE KATIPUNAN -Bear always in mind that the love of God is
also love of country, and this, too, is love of
-pBonifacio wanted to involve the women of one’s fellowmen.
the Katipunan without putting it in danger of
discovery. -Engrave in your heart that the true measure
of honor and happiness is to die for the
-He suggested that women be taken in as freedom of your country.
members of the Katipunan.
-All your good wishes will be crowned with
-To minimize the danger of exposing the success if you have serenity, constancy,
Society to women who could not be relied reason, and faith in your acts and endeavor.
upon, Bonifacio decided that only the wife,
sister, daughter of a Katipunero , and a few -Guard the mandates and aims of the K.K.K.
selected women could be eligible for as you guard your honor.
membership.
-It is the duty of all to defend, at the risk of
-This strict requirement is to compel women their own lives and wealth, anyone who runs
members to keep the secrets of the great risk in the performance of his duty.
Katipunan.
-Our responsibility to ourselves and the
-Aside from propagating the ideas and ideals performance of our duties will be the
of the Society, the Katipunera’s duty is to example set for our fellowmen to follow.
make the police authorities believe that no
Katipunan meeting was being held in a -Insofar as it is within your power, share your
house. means with the poor and the unfortunate.

-The women are engaged in dancing and -Diligence in the work that gives sustenance
singing in full view of the people on the to you is the true basis of love love for your
street while the male members were holding own self, for your wife and children, and for
a meeting in a room behind the sala . your brothers and countrymen.

Among the prominent women members of -Punish any scoundrel and traitor and praise
the Katipunan were: all good work. Believe, likewise, that the
aims of the K.K.K. are God given, for the
o Josefa Rizal (President) will of the people is also the will of God.
o Gregoria de Jesus (Vice President)
The Kartilya ng Katipunan
o Marina Dizon (Secretary)
-Emilio Jacinto wrote the Kartilya which moves to evil, they who are guided likewise
consisted of thirteen ―teachings. It is the move towards evil.
―best known of all Katipunan texts and it is
the ―only document set in print by the PRELUDE TO AMERICAN
Katipunan prior to August 1896 that is REGIME (The Relief of Primo De
known to be still extant(existing). Rivera)
-The Kartilya was printed as a small -Primo de Rivera’s success in stopping the
pamphlet that was distributed to the members bloodshed was highly praised in Spain. The
of the Katipunan. Queen of Spain, who was reigning for her
son, rewarded him with the Grand Cross of
-It was derived from the Spanish cartilla San Fernando and a pension of 10,000.
which was the primer used for grade schools
during Spanish period. -When armed hostilities occurred in mid
February 1898, many Spaniards blamed the
-Hence, it served as the primary lessons of Filipinos for violating the Truce of Biak na
the members of the Katipunan. Bato.
-Life which is not consecrated to a lofty and -Meanwhile in Spain, the elections resulted
sacred cause is like a tree without a shadow, in the triumph of the Conservative Party.
if not a poisonous weed.
-It sent General Basilio Augustin as governor
-A good deed that springs from a desire for general to succeed Primo de Rivera. This was
personal profit and not from a desire to do unfortunate because Primo de Rivera has
good is not kindness. good intentions, which he thought, would
-True greatness consists in being charitable, make the Filipino rebels return to Spain as
in loving one’s fellowmen and in adjusting faithful subjects.
every movement, deed and word to true - At that time there was a rumor that the
Reason. Spaniards and the Americans were drifting
-All men are equal, be the color of their skin towards a war. With the possibility of a war,
black or white. One may be superior to Primo de Rivera would have been a wise
another in knowledge, wealth, and beauty, choice to govern the archipelago since he
but cannot be uperior in being. knew the Filipinos well.

-He who is noble prefers honor to personal -The newly appointed governor general had
gains; he who is mean prefers personal profit never been to the Philippines and did not
to honor. know the problems confronting the country.
But the new Spanish Prime Minister insisted
-To a man with a sense of shame, his word is on Primo de Rivera’s relief. On April 9,
inviolate. 1898, General Augustin arrived in Manila.

-Don’t fritter away time; lost riches may be The Spanish American War (1898)
recovered, but time lost will never come Factors:
again.
o Cuban struggle for independence
-Defend the oppressed and fight the o Efforts of the Americans to extend
oppressor. influence overseas
o Sinking of the warship MAINE
-An intelligent man is he who is cautious in
speech and knows how to keep the secrets -Jose Marti leader of the Cubans; they
that must be guarded. rejected Spain’s offer of autonomy because
they wanted complete independence.
-In the thorny path of life, man is the guide of
his wife and children; if he who guides -New York Journal and New York World
published stories about the alleged atrocities
of the Spanish people and they called for US -Filipino Volunteer Militia they all sided with
to intervene. Aguinaldo.

Manifest Destiny -Consultative Assembly headed by Pedro

Paterno, accomplished nothing.
o belief that the US has the divinely
ordained duty to help troubled Four Major Forces on the Historical Stage:
countries.
1. Spanish colonialism [trying to ward off its
-On April 24, Spain declared war and on impending end]
April 25, US declared war and the Spanish –
2. American imperialism [waiting for such
American war began.
time when it had gathered sufficient military
BATTLE OF MANILA BAY strength in the Philippines before showing its
real motives]
-Commodore George Dewey upon orders of
President McKinley, proceeded immediately 3. Filipino ilustrados [ main concern was to
to the Philippines with a squadron of four place themselves in a jockeying position
armored cruisers (Olympia, Baltimore, whatever political setup was to emerge]
Boston and Raleigh), two gunboats (Concord
4. The masses [who still believed and fought
and Petrel) and a revenue cutter
for the revolutionary objectives of the
(McCulloch).
Katipunan]
-Admiral Patricio Montojo he headed the
The Filipino Seige of Manila
Spanish fleet of 12 ships (with Reina Castilla
as the flagship) in the battle which lasted for -While the Americans waited for
only a few hours (started at 5:40 am and reinforcements, they treated Aguinaldo with
ended at noon). the courtesies befitting a head of state.
-After the battle, there was no fatal casualties -They took care not to make any commitment
and no ship was heavily damaged on the side at the same time, continuing to let the
of the Americans whereas, 160 men were Filipinos think they meant well.
killed and 210 were wounded on the side of
the Spaniards. -Their motive was to use the Filipinos to
fight the Spaniards until reinforcements
-Because of the battle, Commodore Dewey arrived.
became an instant hero. He was promoted to
rear admiral and later admiral. -When the Spanish navy was destroyed,
many Spaniards took refuge at Intramuros or
-Dewey blockaded Manila because he had no Walled City.
land forces to back them up in besieging the
city. -Aguinaldo besieged the city and cut off its
food and water supply to force the Spaniards
ATTEMPTS AT GAINING FILIPINO out.
SUPPORT
-Aguinaldo offered the option of surrender
-Basilio Augustin successor of Primo de three times, with generous terms, but these
Rivera; he was demoralized by the defection were rejected by Gov. Gen. Augustin as he
of the Filipinos from their side to was also waiting for reinforcements which
Aguinaldo’s side and Dewey’s victory in never came.
Manila Bay; he appealed to Filipino people
to assist Spain; he issued decrees creating a The Aguinaldo Dictatorship
Filipino Volunteer Militia and Consultative
-Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista adviser of
Assembly to win over ilustrados whom he
Aguinaldo; convinced Aguinaldo to establish
appointed to both bodies.
a dictatorial government to prosecute the war
against Spain.
May 24, 1898 o November 1899 all Spanish forces
in the South were shipped to Spain.
-Aguinaldo issued a decree formally
o The Treaty of Paris of 1898
establishing a dictatorial government. Having
this government, Aguinaldo deemed it The Treaty of Paris was concluded on
necessary to declare the independence of the December 10, 1898 and provided for the
Philippines. following:
-Apolinario Mabini [Sublime Paralytic] is 1. Spain agreed to remove all soldiers from
the unofficial adviser of Aguinaldo. Cuba
-He objected to the plan and stressed the need 2. Spain ceded Philippines, Guam and Puerto
to reorganize the government first into one Rico to the United States
that could prove to foreign powers its
independence and stability Before declaring 3. The US compensated Spain for its losses
independence. But Aguinaldo prevailed over with a payment of $20 million
Mabini.
The Malolos Congress
Proclamation of Philippine Independence
-By virtue of the Decree of June 18, 1898,
June 12, 1898 Aguinaldo called for the election of delegates
to the revolutionary Congress which Mabini
-Philippine independence was proclaimed in envisioned to be a mere advisory body of the
the presence of a huge crowd at the ancestral president.
home Of General Emilio Aguinaldo between
four and five in the afternoon in Cavite El -The historic Malolos Congress was
Viejo [now known as Kawit ]. convened by Aguinaldo at Barasoain Church
in Malolos.
This was highlighted by the following:
-Aguinaldo gave his due respect to the people
-Official Unfurling of the Philippine National for their patriotism and heroism and briefed
Flag [The Philippine flag war first unfurled them on their task of writing a constitution
in the Battle of Alapan . It was sewed in for the country.
Hong Kong by Doña Marcela Mariño
Agoncillo , her daughter Lorenza Agoncillo -An election of officers was held and Pedro
and the niece of Rizal, Mrs. Delfina Herbosa A. Paterno became the president.
de Natividad].
-The Philippine Independence proclaimed in
[The eight rays of the sun signifies the eight Cavite El Viejo was ratified.
provinces: Manila, Cavite, Bulacan,
The First Philippine Republic
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Tarlac,
Laguna and Batangas] Governor Ramon -On January 23, 1899, the first Philippine
Blanco placed under martial law. Playing of Republic was inaugurated in Malolos with
the Marcha Nacional Filipina [formerly Aguinaldo as the first president.
Marcha Filipina Magdalo ] by the San
Franciso de Malabon marching band as the -There are three branches: executive, judicial
country’s national anthem. and legislative.

End of Filipino American Collaboration -Executive was vested in the President and
and Spanish Rule assisted by the Cabinet called Council of the
Government
o Surrender of Manila ended the
Filipino American collaboration. -Legislative was exercised by the unicameral
o Gen. Diego delos Rios last Spanish Assembly of Representatives. When the law
making body is not in session, legislative was
Governor General in the country.
exercised by a Permanent Commission (7 -On the night of February 4, 1899, an
assemblymen). American sentry, Private William W.
Grayson, with another soldier, encountered
-Judicial power was vested in the Supreme three armed Filipinos in Silencio corner
Court of Justice. A chief justice selected by Sociego St. in Sta Mesa, Manila. Recalling
the Assembly of Representatives headed this the incident, Grayson said: About eight
branch. o’clock, Miller and I were cautiously pacing
-Lawmaking body was more powerful than our district.
the executive branch. -We came to a fence and were trying to see
The Malolos Republic At Work what the Filipinos were up to. Suddenly, near
at hand, on our left, there was a low but
o Education was one of the concerns. unmistakable Filipino outpost signal whistle.
Schools were opened and 35,000
was set aside to finance the -It was immediately answered by a similar
educational needs of the Malolos whistle about twenty five yards to the right.
Republic. Then a red lantern flashed a signal from
o Primary schools and higher blockhouse number 7. We had never seen
such a sign used before.
education were established.
o War tax was imposed to Filipinos Filipino – American War Escalates
[age of 18 to 60].
o They solicited donations from rich After the refusal of General Otis to end
Filipinos and Chinese. hostilities, General Arthur MacArthur
o Armed forces were organized but it ordered the advance of American troops
was ill-trained and ill equipped toward Filipino positions in Manila and the
Gaceta de Filipinas [first called El suburbs.
Heraldo de la Revolucion ] -Regiments from Kansas and California
newspaper of the Republic. captured Santa Ana and Makati.
o La Independencia most famous of
private owned newspapers. -Troops from Nebraska and Utah occupied
the San Juan Bridge
PHILIPPINE – AMERICAN WAR
ROOTS OF CONFLICT -Volunteers from Idaho and Washington
massacred hundreds of Filipinos who were
Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation then trying to cross the Pasig River.
-Announced in the Philippines on January 4, -The coastlines were pounded continuously
1899. by Admiral Dewey’s naval guns capturing
Manila and the Suburbs.
-Through this proclamation, the US made
clear its intention of imposing its sovereignty --Major Jose Torres Bugallon one of the
over the Philippines. bravest Filipino soldier; killed in the Battle of
La Loma.
-In the same proclamation, General Elwell
Otis was named the commander of American -Caloocan fell to the Americans because they
ground forces in the Philippines which was to were superior in arms.
“extend by force American sovereignty over
this country.” On January 5, 1899, Aguinaldo -General Antonio Luna fought bravely but
issued a counter proclamation. were forced to retreat to Bulacan.

Outbreak of War -American cruelty was clearly demonstrated

in their siege of Malabon as men, women,
-The tension between the Americans and the and children in the area were killed by the
Filipinos precipitated an inevitable war. Americans.
-When reinforcements arrived in late -He died with more than forty wounds in his
February and early March, 1899, Americans body and head.
advanced towards Bulacan, capturing other
towns on their way. Battle of Pasong Tirad

Assassination of Luna -While fleeing the Americans, Aguinaldo

reached the Mountain Province. He ordered
-General Antonio Luna was the most brilliant his trusted general, Gregorio Del Pilar
among the Filipino military officers. He had ( Goyong ; Boy General), to remain behind
one defect, he was short tempered. as they continued to advance. Del Pilar was
to intercept the Americans who were tracking
-Aguinaldo recognized his brilliance and them.
appointed him to a high position in the army.
Luna saw that the army has no discipline. -This would give Aguinaldo sufficient time
to widen the distance between him and the
-He tried to instill discipline in the army, but pursuing Americans.
the common soldiers particularly the Kawit
regiment did not like him for it. They refused -Del Pilar chose to delay the enemy at
to take orders from him. Pasong Tirad , a narrow pass of 4,500 feet
high. There is only one trail leading to it.
-When the Philippine American War broke
out, Luna was chief of the military zone that -So narrow was the trail that only one man at
included many provinces of Central Luzon. a time could climb. It was in this place that
Del Pilar and 60 loyal soldiers positioned
-He made many enemies because of his short themselves.
temper. He slapped Felipe Buencamino ,
Aguinaldo’s Secretary of Foreign Affairs, -The American troops under Major Peyton
who disagreed with his (Luna’s) strong March pursued Aguinlado . In the morning of
opposition to any negotiation with the December 2, March and his well-armed men
Americans. He also slapped soldiers due to proceeded toward Del Pilar’s position.
their inefficiency or failure to meet his
standards. -The Filipino troops guarding the narrow
pass fired at the Americans who had no
-While he was in Bayambang , Pangasinan recourse but to retreat. They held off for
inspecting the defenses against the advancing more than 5 hours.
Americans, he received a telegram from
Cabanatuan saying that he was wanted there. Capture of Aguinaldo

-He went there with his aide, Colonel -Aguinaldo was finally captured on March
Francisco Roman, and some soldiers. When 23, 1901, in Palanan, Isabela Province, by
he reached Aguinaldo’s headquarters in means of a trick planned by Brigadier
Cabanatuan on June 5, 1899 and did not find General Frederick Funston.
Aguinaldo there, he got angry. Then he heard -A party of pro American Macabebe scouts
a rifle shot, rushed downstairs, cursed the marched into Palanan pretending to be the
soldiers, and slapped one of them. reinforcements that Aguinaldo was waiting
-A captain named Pedrong Kastila from for.
Cavite, hacked Luna with a bolo. -With the Macabebes were two former
-The other soldiers started hacking him as Filipino army officers, Tal Placido and
well with their bolos, some even fired Lazaro Segovia, who had surrendered to the
gunshots at him. Luna drew his revolver but Americans, and five Americans, including
fell outside the convent and died saying, General Funston, who pretended to be
“Cowards! Assassins!” captives.
-Caught by surprise, Aguinaldo’s guards
were easily overpowered by the Macabebes
after a brief exchange of shots. Aguinaldo
was seized by Tal Placido and placed under
arrest by General Funston.

-He was brought to Manila and kept a

prisoner at Malacañang. There he was treated
by General MacArthur more as a guest than
as a prisoner.

- On April 1, 1901, convinced of the futility

of continuing the war, Aguinaldo swore
allegiance to the United States.

-On April 19, 1901, Aguinaldo issued a

proclamation calling on the Filipino people to
lay down their arms and accept American
rule.

-His capture signaled the death of the Frist

Philippine Republic but the war continued.

End of Filipino – American War

-On July 4, 1902, President Theodore

Roosevelt declared that the Philippine
American War, which Americans called the
Philippine insurrection, was over.

-He made the declaration after the Philippine

Commission reported to Roosevelt that the
recent “insurrection” in the Philippines was
over and a general and complete state of
peace existed.

-With the end of the war, the United States

started concentrating its attention and efforts
towards establishing the machinery for
governing the country as an American
colony. It took the United States more than
three years to defeat the army of the first
Philippine Republic.

-However, the outcome of the war was

undoubtedly in favor of the Americans
because of the tremendous military
advantages enjoyed by the United States.

-The US was superior in terms of the number

of enlisted men and officers it employed in
the struggle, together with the superior
weapons it used on Aguinaldo and his men.