A.

Campaign for Reforms

 Execution of the GOMBURZA:
-Fr. Mariano Gomez
-Fr. Jose Burgos
-Fr. Jacinto Zamora
 Formation of Filipino Propagandists
 Failure of reform movement
 Rise of the revolutionary Katipunan

(The Role of the Middle Class)

 Forming of leaders in Finance and Education.
 1898 – Native Filipinos our called Filipinos instead of indios
 July 12, 1869 – Filipino middle class marched and serenades Gen. Carlos María

(The Nature of the Reform Movement)

 The assimilation of the Philippines to Spain, that is to say the transformation of the
Philippines to a province of Spain and making the Filipinos fellow-Spaniards

(The Great Reformists)

 Graciano Lopez Jaena
 Marcelo H. del Pilar
 José Rizal
 Antonio Luna
 Mariano Ponce
 José M. Panganiban

 1889 – La Solidaridad was created and founded by Filipino Reformists

 1891 – Discursos y Articulos Varios (Speeches and articles published in book form)
 January 20, 1896 – Lopez Jaena passed away in Barcelona due to Tubercolosis
 December 1889 – del Pilar became editor of Sol
 July 4, 1896 – del Pilar died
 José Rizal – at 26 yrs old finished his first novel Noli Me Tangere
 1891 – El Filibusterismo was finished and published
 Early 1892 – Rizal was thrown into Fort Santiago
 July 7, 1892 – the order to transfer Rizal from Fort Santiago to Dapitan became
official
 December 30, 1896 – Rizal was executed

(The Hispano-Filipino Association)

 A society was made as early as July 1888 and Was inaugurated in Madrid on January
12, 1889
 February 21, 1895 – Cortés received the petition by Representative Emilio Junoy
 1893 – Maura Law was passed

(The Role of Masonary)

 April 1, 1889 – Lopez Jaena established the lodge Revolución in Barcelona
 January 6, 1891 – lodge Nilad was established
 March 10, 1892 – lodge Nilad was recognized by the Gran Oriente Español
 May 1893 – Masonic lodges in the country was 35
 April 4, 1895 – a cablegram was sent to the governor-general by Masonic lodges

(La Liga Filipina)

 Civic society called La Propaganda was established
 The society La Propaganda was passed out of existence due to lack of funds
 July 3, 1892 – La Liga Filipina was founded and inaugurated by Rizal at Tondo
 Officers of La Liga Filipina:
 Ambrosio Salvador – President
 Agustin de la Rosa – Fiscal
 Bonifacio Arevalo – Treasurer
 Deodato Arellano – Secretary
 Aims of the La Liga:
 To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and
homogeneous body;
 (2) Mutual protection in every want and necessity;
 (3) Defense against all violence and injustice;
 (4) Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce; and
 (5) Study and application of reforms
 10 centavos – monthly dues that needed to pay by each member of La Liga
 The funds will be used:
 The member or his son who, while not having means shall show application
and great capacity, shall be sustained;
 (2) The poor shall be supported in his right against any powerful person;
 (3) The member who shall have suffered any loss shall be aided;
 (4) Capital shall be loaned to the member who shall need it for an industry
or agriculture;
 (5) The introduction of machines and industries, new or necessary in the
country, shall be favored; and
 (6) Shops, stores, and establishments shall be opened, where the members
may be accommodated more economically than else¬ where.
 July 6, 1892 – Rizal was secretly arrested

(The Failure of the Reform Movement)

 the societies established in the Philippines whose purpose was to campaign for
reforms did not have sufficient mean, with which to carry out their aims.
 the propagandists were divided against themselves by petty jealousies
B. Bonifacio and Katipunan
 Andres Bonifacio formed the Katipunan on the very night Rizal’s deportation was
leaked out

(The Founding of Katipunan)

 July 7, 1892 – Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa,
Deodato Arellano met secretly at a house on Azcárraga
 KKK – Kataastaasan Kagalanggalang na Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan
 Membership papers was signed with their own blood
 One Real Fuerte – Entrance Fee, it was twenty-five centavos
 Medio Real – Monthly Due, it was about twelve centavos

(The Katipunan Objectives)

 Political Objective – separation of Philippines to Spain
 Moral Objective – the teaching of good manners, hygiene, good morals, and
attacking obscurantism, religious fanaticism, and weakness of character
 Civic Objective – principle of self-help and the defense of the poor and the
oppressed

(The Structure of Katipunan)

 Kataastaasang Sanggunian – composed of a president, a fiscal, a secretary, a
treasurer, and a comptroller or interventor
 The Sangguniang Bayan or Provincial Council, and the Sangguniang Balangay or
Popular Council
 Sangguniang Bayan and the Sangguniang Balangay represented each municipality
and town
 Sangguniang Hukuman or Judicial Council – It sat as a court of justice to pass
judgment on any member

 October 1892 – Bonifacio decided to change the method of recruiting members

 First Supreme Council
 Deodato Arellano – President or Supremo
 Andres Bonifacio – Comptroller or Interventor
 Ladislao Diwa – Fiscal
 Teodoro Plata – Secretary
 Valetin Diaz – Treasurer

 February 1893 – Bonifacio deposed Arellano due to his inaction

 Second Supreme Council
 Roman Basa – President or Supremo
 Andres Bonifacio – Fiscal
 Jose Turiano Santiago – Secretary
 Vicente Molina – Treasurer
 Restituto Javier
 Teodoro Plata
Councilor
  Teodoro Gonzales
 Ladislao Diwa

 Early 1895 – Bonifacio callled a meeting and promptly deposed Basa

 Third Supreme Council
 Andres Bonifacio – Supremo
 Emilio Jacinto – Fiscal
 Jose Turiano Santiago – Secretary
 Vicente Molina – Treasurer
 Pío Valenzuela
 Pantaleon Torres Physician
 Aguedo del Rosario
Councilor
 Doroteo Trinidad

 December 31, 1895 – another election Supreme Council was held

 Fourth Supreme Council
 Andres Bonifacio – Supremo
 Pío Valenzuela – Fiscal and Physician
 Emilio Jacinto – Secretary
 Vicente Molino – Treasurer
 Enrique Pacheco
 Pantaleon Torres
 Balbino Florentino Councilor
 Francisco Carreon
 Hermenegildo Reyes

 August 1896 – before the discovery, the fifth and last election was held
 Last Supreme Council
 Andres Bonifacio – Supremo
 Emilio Jacinto – Secretary of State
 Teodoro Plata – Secretary of Justice
 Aguedo del Rosario – Secretary of Interior
 Enrique Pacheco – Secretary of Finance

(Kinds of Membership)
 Katipunan expanded and Bonifacio decided to divide the members into three grades
 The First – it was called Katipon, who wore black hood in the meetings
 Z. Ll. B – Katipunan characters corresponding to the Roman A. Ng. B.meaning Anak
ng Bayan, it was the password of Katipon
 The Second – it was called Kawal, who wore a green hood
 Letter K – it was the symbol that the Kawal wears that can be seen on their medal,
beneath it was a crossed sword and flag, the password of Kawal was Gom-Bur-Za
 The Third – it was called Bayani, who wore a red mask and a sash with green
borders
 Rizal – was the password for the members to recognize each other in street
 Counter signs of Katipunan – member placed the palm of his right hand on the
breast, and as he passed the other member he closed his hand, bringing the index
finger and the thumb together
 The Katipon could graduate to the Kawal class if he had brought several members
into the society, while the Kawal could become a Bayani upon being elected an
officer of the society

(The Katipunan Codes)

 To maintain the secrets of their communications, Bonifacio evolved a system of
writing that would make it difficult, if not impossible, for the Spanish authorities to
discover the existence of the society
 August 21, 1896 – Bonifacio invented a cipher in number at Balintawak after the
society was discovered
 They agreed to communicate with each other in other cipher when Jacinto leads
army in Laguna and Bonifacio in Cavite
 March 22, 1897 – Bonifacio and Jacinto agreed to change their code after Tejeros
Convention

(The Flags of Katipunan)

 Benita Rodriguez and Gregoria de Jesus made a flag
 It consisted of a red rectangular piece of cloth with three white K's arranged
horizontally at the center
 It was the first official flag of the Katipunan
 General Mariano Llanera – used a black banner with a two cross-bones and the
letter K in white, Bonifacio called it as “Llanera’s Skull”
 General Pío del Pilar – used a flag consisted of an equilateral triangle with a K at
each angle. Inside the triangle was a mountain with the sun rising behind it.
 Magdalo Faction of the Katipunan – adopted a flag consisting of a red rectangular
banner with a white K in the ancient Tagalog script in the center of a sun,
represented by a white circle, with an indefinite number of rays
 The rays were limited to eight representing the eight provinces who our fighting
against the Spaniards
 March 17, 1897 – the military leaders of Katipunan adopt a new flag with a new
design
 The new design was consisted of a red rectangular cloth with a white sun and rays in
the middle. The sun was the mythological sun with eyes, eyebrows, nose, and
mouth.
 It became as the first official flag of the Filipinos
 December 14-15, 1897 – signing of the Truce of Biyak-na-Bato

(Celebrations)
 February 17 – every year they are praying for the memory of the three priests
GOMBURZA
 The catafalque was adorned with wreaths made of the makabuhay plant, the
symbol of immortality
 They entered in single file and prayed for the souls of the departed martyrs and
swore to avenge their death

(Andres Bonifacio)
 born in Tondo, a part of the province of Manila on November 30, 1863
 his parents were Santiago Bonifacio and Catalina de Castro
 he has three brothers and two sisters
 Ciriaco
 Procopio
 Troadio
 Espiridiona
 Maxima
 founder and organizer of Katipunan
 Learned alphabet in a school conducted by a certain Guillermo Osmenña of Cebu
 Andres was employed as a clerk messenger in the commercial firm of Fleming and
Company, later on he became the Company’s agent
 He transferred to Fressell and Company as an agent
 1892 – he met Gregoria de Jesus of Kalookan and fell in love with her
 Gregoria was initiated into the Women’s chapter of Katipunan and chose Lakambini
as a symbolic name
 1895 – Bonifacio , Emilio Jacinto, Restituto Javier, Guillermo Masangkay, And few
other went to Morong (Rizal) for a place to hide incase the society was discovered
 Makarok and Pamitinan – they found this caves in San Mateo and Montalban
 Bonifacio was the legitimate Father of the Revolution

(Emilio Jacinto)
 born in Tondo on December 15, 1875
 he is the son of Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizon
 he studied at San Juan de Letran and UST
 At the age of 18 he joined the Katipunan
 Jacinto was acknowledge as the “Brain of Katipunan”
 He was the editor of Kalayaan, the society’s newspaper
 Aside from Kartilla, Jacinto also wrote:
 Liwanag at Dilim (Lightvand Darkness)
 Pahayag (Manifesto)
 Sa mga Kababayan (To my Countrymen)
 Ang Kasalanan ni Caín (Cain’s Sin)
 Pagkatatag ng Pamahalaan sa Hukuman ng Silangan (Establishment of the
Provincial Government of Laguna)
  Samahan ng Bayan sa Pangangalakal (Commercial Association of the People)

(The Teachings of Katipunan)

 Jacinto prepared one which is called Kartilla
 Kartilla – consisted of thirteen (13) “teachings” that the members should follow

(KARTILLA)
 I. L ife which is not consecrated to a lofty and sacred cause is like a tree without a
shadow, if not a poisonous weed.
 II. A good deed that springs from a desire for personal profit and not from a desire
to do good is not kindness.
 III. True greatness consists in being charitable, in loving one’s fellow-men and in
adjusting every movement, deed and word to true Reason.
 IV. All men are equal, be the color of their skin black or white. One may be superior
to another in knowledge, wealth and beauty, but cannot be superior in being.
 V. He who is noble prefers honor to personal gains; he who is mean prefers personal
profit to honor.
 VI. T o a man with a sense of shame, his word is inviolate.
 VII. Don’t fritter away time; lost riches .may be recovered, but time lost will, never
come again.
 VIII. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.
 IX. A n intelligent man is he who is cautious in speech and knows how to keep the
secrets that must be guarded.
 X. In the thorny path of life, man is the guide of his wife and children; if he who
guides moves toward evil, they who are guided likewise move toward evil.
 XI. Think not of woman as a thing merely to while away time with, but as a helper
and partner in the hardships of life. Respect her in her weakness, and remember the
mother who brought you into this world and who cared for you in your childhood.
 XII. What you do not want done to your wife, daughter and sister, do not do to the
wife, daughter and sister of another.
 XIII. T he nobility of a man does not consist in being a king, nor in the highness of the
nose and the whiteness of the skin, nor in being a priest representing God, nor in
the exalted position on this earth, but pure and truly noble is he who, though born
in the woods, is possessed of an upright cha¬ racter; who is true to his words; who
has dignity and honor; who does not oppress and does not help those who oppress;
who knows how to look after and love the land of his birth.
 Bonifacio also created his Katungkulan Gagawin ng mga Z.Ll. B.
(The Duties of the Son of the People)

(KATUNGKULAN GAGAWIN NG MGA Z. Ll. B)

 I. Love God with all your heart.
 II. Bear always in mind that the love of God is also the love of Country, and this, too,
is love of one’s fellow-men.
 III. Engrave in your heart that the true measure of honor and happiness is to die for
the freedom of your country.
 IV. All your good wishes will be crowned with success if you have serenity,
constancy, reason, and faith in your acts and endeavor.
 V. Guard the mandates and aims of the K.K.K. as you guard your honor.
 VI. It is the duty of all to deliver, at the risk of their own lives and wealth, anyone
who runs great risks in the performance of his duty.
 VII. O ur responsibility to ourselves and the performance of our duties will be the
example set for our fellow-men to follow.
 VIII. Insofar as it is within your power, share your means with the poor and the
unfortunate.
 IX. Diligence in the work that gives sustenance to you is the true basis of love — love
for your own self, for your wife and children, and for your brothers and countrymen.
 X. Punish any scoundrel and traitor and praise all good work. Believe, likewise, that
the aims of the K.K.K. are God-given for the will of the people is also the will of God.

(The Women’s Chapter of Katipunan)

 It was Bonifacio’s idea on expanding membership of the Katipunan
- First, it was to do away the triangle method of recruiting
- Second, to formed the Women’s Chapter
 1893 – he opened the door of the Katipunan to the patriotic and scrupulous women
who had virtue to keep their tongues in place
 Women – acted as a front for the clandestine goings-on of the Katipuneros
 Women Supreme Council
 Josefa Rizal – President
 Gregoria de Jesus – Vice-President
 Marina Dizon – Secretary
 Angelica Rizal Lopez – Fiscal
 Gregoria de Jesus – she risked her life just to keep Katipunan Documents even when
she was pregnant

(The Katipunan Newspaper)

 To win more adherents to its side was the establishment of a printing press
 Candido Iban and Francisco del Castillo – bought two small printing press of Bazar El
Cisne
 Antonio Salazar – agreed to part his 400 pesos for the press
 Kalibo,Kapis – it is where Iban and Francisco spread the doctrines of the Katipunan
 To manage the press, Valenzuela asked the help of Ulpiano Fernandez, a printer in
the printing plant of the daily El Comercio, and Faustino Duque, a student of San
Juan de Letran
 Kalayaan – Valenzuela suggested it as a name for the newspaper of the Katipunan
 Marcelo H. del Pilar – Emilio Jacinto uses Marcelo’s name as the editor to fool the
Spanish Authorities
 January 18, 1896 – 200 copies of the first number were printed the hard way
 Mid-March – the paper came out
 What’s iinside the paper:
 Valenzuela Catuiran (Is it Right?) – described the cruelties of the Spanish
priest and civil guards of San Francisco del Monte (now in Quezon City) on a
helpless village lieutenant. It is written by Jacinto
 Jacinto’s Manifesto – urged the Filipinos to revolt
 Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love of Country) – poem written by Bonifacio
 Pen names they used:
 Jacinto – Dimas-ilaw
 Bonifacio – Agap-ito Bagumbayan
 Valenzuela – Madlang-away
 Manila, Cavite, Morong(Rizal), Kalookan, Malabon – this is were the papers was
secretly distributed
 The second number did not come out because of the Spanish authorities

(The Exapansion of the Katipunan)

 Because of the Kalayaan, the society’s newspaper, immediately influenced the
thinking and feeling of the masses in Central Luzon
 End of March 1896 – hundreds of people nightly joined the Katipunan
 January 1, 1896 – the Katipunan not more than 300 members but because of the
Kalayaan it was increased to around 30,000