BAROMETER MANOMETER

Mercury Barometer: Measuresatmospheric Measuresdifferencein

Mercury barometer is
used to measure the pressure
atmospheric pressure.
As the column is
r
inverted over the
V a
container containing Hg
mercury, the mercury
reaches a height and
settles. This height
76cm
can be used to
determine the
atmospheric pressure.
UPHg
The barometer
p HighGasPressure
reaches a point and
stabilises because
the atmospheric
pressure and Pgas PatmtPliquid
pressure due to
mercury is the same.
Hg LHs s
LowGasPressure

Am I g Pgas Palm Rigid

of
density mercury Mel
r
Pam hpgulon.lt

heightofmercury
Specific Heat Capacity:

1K

PkgK Example

Ametalblockofmass250gisheated
andthetemperaturerisesfromLocto40c
Findhowmuchthermalenergywasprovided

Cmetal 50051kgC
E MCAT

th
2501
in
Change
the groggy in
change temperature

y
mm

92
Specific latent heat of fusion and vaporization:

ATM t
TIC STEAM

y y
100
g
j u

o
as
say
EATER Hs
MELTING
i
When energy is provided, the
y particles gain KE and the
temperature increases.

However, when there is a change in

20
ICE state, the energy provided is used HEAT Heat
to break/weaken the bonds and
hence no change in KE takes place.
Therefore, temperature remains
constant during state change.

93
EXAMPLE

A metal block of mass 150g is heated and the temperature

rises from 20C to 40C. Speci c heat capacity of the
metal is 400 . Find energy needed
dJkgc

E MCAT
400 4020
Fox
I2O0J_

A heater of power 1000W heats a metal block of 200g mass.

The rise in temperature is 80C. Speci c heat capacity is
800 . Find time needed
Jkgc
E MCAT
2,21
800 80 P EA
1000 121 t t be
12800J
Inpracticetimetakenwill
tothe
is
energy lost
longersince
surroundings

200gal80C
BY800 ENERGYGained
Etat BY200WATER
nT Find
of
thefinal
the mixture
t emperature

MCAT MCAT
Cw420051kg T 4200 720

1200gal20C
Gyo17 1 20
20080 120015

T2862
 EXPERIMENT: FIND SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY OF AN ALUMINIUM BLOCK

tocircuit
K Y E MCAT
C
stopwatch
Thermometer
Éy
fromheater
C
stopwatch

Aluminiumblock change

In
temperature
electronic

soil
Procedure: Setup the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
Immersion
heater The electric heater is turned on simultaneously with the
stopwatch. Record the initial temperature of the block and
In practice, c will be higher than the nal temperature after 5 mins. Also, record the mass

iIÉ
expected. This is because the rise in
of the block using an electronic balance.
temperature will be less than expected.
due to the energy loss to the surroundings
Using the data obtained and the relationship,

C = P.t/m(dT), we can determine the speci c heat capacity

of the aluminium block.

Precautions:
1. Fill the cavities with oil to improve the conduction
between the block and the heater and the between the
block and the thermometer
2. Minimise energy loss to the surroundings by wrapping the
block with lagging (wool, styrofoam)
3. Wait a while before taking the readings from the
thermometer. This is to ensure that the thermometer and
the surrounding reaches thermal equilibrium

Altdiagram
States of matter:

STATE ARRANGEMENT MOVEMENT SPACING DIAGRAM

Regular lattice Vibrafetoandfro
SOLD arrangement
about afixed veryclosely
position

In groups or
slipand slide Closely
LIQUID clusters pastoneanother

Random Random
zigzag
AA arrangement and continuous Very loosely
motion

95
Brownian motion:

3 zigzag

in

Brownian motion:
Brownian motion is the random, zigzag
and continuous motion of uid particles
due to bombardment with surrounding
uid particles.

Example: When a dust particle is seen

oating around, we see it randomly
change direction and move
continuously. This is due to the
bombardment of the dust particle
with the surrounding air molecules.

96
GASPRESSURE
IMPORTANT

Changeinmomentum How do gases exert pressure?

The gas particles are undergoing
Ap Pf Pi continuous, random and zigzag motion.
mu mu These particles collide with the walls of
the container and undergo change in
v 2mV
momentum. The change in momentum
i F per unit time leads to a force. This force
n If unitarea
per unit area leads to the gas pressure.
Force
per
P Fla

Gaspressure
Gas laws: Pressure and Volume

put

98
Gas laws: Pressure and Volume (Experiment)

intake
TRAPPED
gas
Graduatedcolumn
a apartment'm
oil
Volume Tph

Jigawa pump

nvm nthHm
e
by 4
x
x
x
t

Pfpa
spy

Procedure:
Precautions:
Setup the apparatus as shown and apply pressure using the
1. Ensure that the column is
pump. Record the pressure and the corresponding height of
sealed
the trapped air. Increase the pressure and record the new
2. Make sure that the column is
height. We assume that the cross sectional area is uniform
on at surface. Also, take the
which means that the volume increase is proportional to
readings from the lower
the increase in the height.
meniscus placing the eye at
the level of the reading
Tabulate the results obtained and plot a graph for P vs 1/V. If
3. Wait a while to take the
it’s a straight line passing through the origin, it con rms that
readings to allow the oil to
pressure and volume are inversely proportional.
settle down in the column

Safety Precaution:
It’s a safe experiment as there are
no hazards in the setup.

100

Practice Questions
Gas laws: Pressure and Temperature AKA PRESSURE LAW
PIET

iii ii
V

i
Why does pressure increase as temperature increases?
As temperature increases the average kinetic energy of the
particles increase. This causes the particles to collide with the walls
of the container more often as they have higher velocity. Also, the
higher velocity results in a greater force due to greater change in
momentum. Hence, the total force increases and this leads to an
increase in the total pressure.

EQUATION

P
Pig
Volumeand

I
I
massconstant

Examples

o
A gas in a container has temperature of 20C
and pressure of 100 kpa. The temperature is
o
increased to 30C. What is the new pressure?
CtoK
273

2 273 2 A room is at 10C. The temperature

2
doubles. Find the new pressure.
1 103.442 Initial pressure was 100kPa

III LEAPED
i 12103.5411
101
Gas laws: Pressure and Temperature (Experiment)

St T C PPa
Setup the apparatus as
shown and apply heat. We
record the temperature and
corresponding pressure
value. Repeat this for a
range of temperature. To
Plea
ensure an accurate
experiment, turn off the
heat source and wait for the
pressure reading to stabilise.
This is done for the system
to reach equilibrium

When the P vs T graph is pya To

extended to make it meet
the temperature axis, we nd
that the temperature at
which pressure is 0 is -273C. P Pa
This is known as absolute
zero and this is the
temperature at which
particles have no kinetic
energy

a a Tfc
273C
h
ABSOLUTEZERO 243 3173

102