Gnayit

CNaes and pomds

Jound is one d the oms of energy which stimulatrs he

Sene of hatina
Sound is procberod by a vibatirg bady. nversely evey
SOurding body is în vioidting Condrtion shat may eesean
Or unseen.
the souce hat
The ibioti0rs of saunds prodrced lay
meim ard renches. he car. Sourd
Hiavels 1hiaugh he
asanOve. bund vaes aC choracÉV}e d as

popogots
eqhite a iedium 0 PIOponate
mehorical vaves which

Sound armot tavel m uacum

Waves
n a mediunm by he tepeated
he distabine Catd
melium 15 aled
peviodic motíon of the artices of. the
Wave

hee arc sevenal chNacterstis

îndude ope,
of wove hrt
ave length, penca, amplítioe phase, hequernaj,
etc. Cut of them mportant choactar s tics a e
velcty
amprtide, naeergth aod eueray
 pude wmatimm dqoamant of the pulicle,
ofthe mediun from their aphhbrium ositon dur
durinn
pocnton Df a wave fsalad ampktre,

Nave lenqh: he disane betueen two îdertical ocojart

points ína niavs is alled wave ength.
repera:The nurber
of neves thnt pssa pointin
uwft tfme is aled wave prapottieenericu

Acibe konge of 5uMd

s audibe o
The iange of hepercies of sard vat
hurains s (cled auchbe iange

fhaquray is hertz. he qereially aaeptd

re SI unt
Starticd arge audiole iegUencies fot human s s

0-200O Hz
Sourd' he sourds f trequernces kelon the
TrhasorncC
low i t of audilde ange (les5 than OH2) ore aled
infiascric.
Souce: Corthqcke S, voleanoes,
and ibictin9 hany mochiney.
olicotioS: aupticns,
s l in mortoring enithquakes ,uOlcno
Itis
1sunans, petrobun fomatins.

ae peerkd
rom avsing schway taks
Elepharnts
sing rhONCs.
 Otasonic SOund
he sound of frequences aboe the higher +t d
Ciudiole rarge (obove 0OiE) ac allid utrasornics
Souces: bats.quartz ystal and by ve small ources.

Applicatioos
ín mother's wammb
Itis used o study he status fets
stnes.
Ttis 6rd to brenk down the kidney
Wave Matin
he tarspattion d the dstubone fon one ploce to
maton.
arcter pba in ve mdium s mlld nae
The wave motion (s of fwo types.
Wave motion: "he vave moton m which
Longitudíinal
the mediun í a t îna diectin
the partidatat of
propagaton of the nave s
patalel the cirection f
movon
te Woternaves Rdiêwave
nave
caled longtudiral
called
nave, Utia sourd
Sound na ve in air, Sekmic
Lichtwavee-tt
wavES ett
waemothon
motio h ín whidh the
he wove
ons vers
mediurn dbiats îna divection perperndiaubr
Rrtdes ofhe
tion of iaves is alld
0 the diucotionok propaga
Water naves, kacio vaves,
tanverse wave motion. Zi

Lgt waveS,ee
Cmpessio ovetwchD

longtuclina) vansveie wae

 lorgitucinal wave rarnsversG Wave
utices of-the mrotum rtices of Ve mehum visat
viaatcpzialld to the ahertion perperdiylar to the diection
Ct propngation ofthe wave
of Pragmqontion of the nave
ín e vave tavesmthe tormtf
henave lenglhtiaves
the for of corpres{ohsaesls and voughs.
ano tonretractibns.

One compressíon and one One ecestand one tvaughb

rarekgotron constrtute one Cornstitust one nave
nave

wave ar*Ot proPOgatin

hisvave an pupapie mThis
gnses brt propmgas in sohas
solics, liquics orol gas
and n the surtoa of hquíds.
This nave is onedimeraiomTais wae 1s two dehsilnal
hts wave tonnot be polavae This wave anbe polarizad

E: The prmany vave m to: he seCondany wavein

carthoua ke enrthquake.
Relation of wavelangih, fiaquenay ard velockg of
wave
be .hen the dispne tiaveled by tle
etwae length
wae duing n víbatids pertommecl is callal bthe body
ifne ví biations ane peatovmed in one second, then iD)
we get
eyernyisa the distarne tavelled ay te wove in Jaad

he distance travelled bythe wave in 1 seconol is calle

velocity otthe nave'n

V- n
This is 4hh telation of velbcity of the wave, fequerray orcl
wave length.
Stationa WiOves:
Stutionay waves are the nO Ve s plodued by suptrposit
ot two poqiessive waves ofaual armplitude,tiavelg with

he samE speal in oPpoaite díiections.

When he a rightwaid moing
Cleest merks witna leftward
moving tiough, tey undego'N
qe destuctive îmtritaenlG. here will be o doplaemert tom
the point. hspoirt is olld node.
eqhhbrium postion at
lhena crest of:one wave Super pOses pn the ciestof
wavE Dr a ough or WOVE S4pe poscs on the
HAot her
undeigo Comnstructivé inteiecne
tvOugh of amother ave, ey
hoe wi be macium dsplacment at thee pomts

which ale colled ortirnodes,

he cistara betveen any two suCC eSsíve Heles or ant inalsi

Oand the distznee beteen thr node ard ortinootis

The anplitde ord velcity of andn partide i3 rexinrumat

artirooes. Jtdarnses qiadualkl arna bromes zen0at the

nodes.
ANl the patices ouept ose at the vivdes, iaeases
haunoni motion of sane penad.
CKeonkos srpe
Brats!
îerre ornd deaross of loudnes5 of sound
he periodie
vtertee
ihen tno souds of naaly epal
ficqueancies
pheromenon ofbeats and one
cach other is alled the
eease ond one daHGIse n loudness ís calledohebeat.

f nond, ae the haquerats of ihe 90urds hat prduie

bent, then the rumbar ct beats heard per sevrdo)13
qtven by ne.
Snce the implEcoíon ot sOund contirrs or 01 saonds or
humon ear, ne cannot han oncther 3ud disiíircthy itit
Eaches #e tar durng this time. tente we amot oleeNve
Lnts distirctly Wihen the diteene in tiequenayis
1Oe ton 40
 Appications cf Brats5.
hese ae used in turing musial inshumerts
h e s GrE used to Poduce theamulous etteets ináne films
+ Eats ae used to detect davgeious gases in ines

Beats are used to detemíne he fiauanay of a tunírg tork

Doppler Efect
The apparent chorge in tiequeay of ound due to
relotivemotion between the soUIGe andobseivei.5 calkd
Dopple fet
Apphications of p Dopper effect
The sprd and the diheetion ofotion of submainearnbe
nlaulato
+The CoPpler efect 9 setultor hepolce to detamne
apmoachi
speed of automobtleg ihot ove Weing and moúng

CWOy-
Peppler effect ísused to hnd the eloaiky of a pprcadking

and vecedinq skors.

opple HIaSOuNC :tcaun rensure how fost orslawte
blood is moung, nhih an mdicae the chaulotons
deftsand blood clo S anbe toundl, Jt cav beabo beused
to lin gonise a bhcked ovteny, nartowing of an a try,
ulged o ter i e, hent va be deltcts anol poot fumctoning ofvalues
n k eVein3.
 +Doppler kadar: AbAR stands fo Rodto Detection
vd Kongig Dpph ndar s a Spciolrrd vados that
he
ues he Dopper efftot fo poduce velooty dota of
ohcet ot adistane. J+ dhesthis ay bounang a mCIOvAe
Sigyan onadestrd targe +and orralyzing how the objaet's
motion hos atercd nget and the tegency ges high
oCCuNate measule ments
4 olice Radat: alsd krpwn as speecl qun is a deuice
odat

he lce to masure he Sperd tf ovíng vehices

useol by po

Echo
he sochd that is iepeatd orrne after the oriqnalsond
obot1oces is alled an e o
Cue to reflection at lbge
ppligedion3:
bedetrmined
e ition and dis trne of sSubmaríne an
dis tonnae of erey aircat anbe
* e psitin and
detemínec
oe5 an be dotmined.
Te depth of Seas and
is usecl to fir umors, kidrey stones, status
#Ccho technigue
h in heart scarmíng.
of fctus nomh arnd
 Me thods to míríme echors
sound abeonbng aterials
+Bi providing gatd ard virdan.
Phoviding large number of doors

# oretucting ough als

having pollshed ánd low celings.
kelotion between time of echo and dis tone bf the

obsacle
dlstanne of the ohstaclk frm he oheener
let a be he
in d.
Vbe the velacity of sound
4 e he time to hr she echo
by the saund to reach the
Then thh total dís tanG traveled
observeras an echo =2
dtd
the sound
total dhsane thaveled by
himetohar the echo=
Velocity cf thesaind
The míninum disa
oFthe obstnce
d ho
Dstane f the thstacle 2 ol7.4melas
Toact cco the mirMUm cdistora 5houldba 11fmeees.
keverceration:
The persismce ctaudtble und evenoftr hetuce

Ins stpper í i t enittig sound 15 alled kbabeaton

 Kebeiatior ie*
he dunation of time fpr which Ve tewi beiation cerst,
in a holl is alled ever beratíon t e
tdepends n.
eflectiny power d walls, aeflin9 and ther suafates
Pesxnt in the holl
# Intersity of sound pioduced.
volume of the hall
heue ncy ot s0urd.
Sobine's formrula. .

Ncodhnag to saláine the reverberation tie s given by

where T: Relébeatión tímne
T-0.165 v
Zas Vvokume hall
ar absorptíoh avcfhcient of a Sutae
S: Surtae aiea of the suutaa thot
absohs Sound

lere 203: Q5,105, t0g9%1.. ie totl sound eneng9

abaoibed by vauous uraes.in #he hal)

Hiee Vibratiorns:
vibrcrtons ot a systm which, vibrats wíth its
The
atunal iauerny ov allal fiee vibatons
The vibctiokns of a plucked guiteh stving
Fi
e viatións cf tunrg fork.
 oved ibiatíons:
The vibrations of a systen whih vlbaks due to the
tbrce is called faced
epented action of an erknal
vhbrations.
Fat A Aoatíing tumg foik ona nooden bor produ

orced vi bratitns.
Amuaal înstuments haung 3ourd bo prdutes
Hrecl vitaatórs
Resonance
he phenonerncn in vwhch
a lky. under fôrcad vikraios
when 1s ratual-feueno
ibiac at gieater amplítugde
to the mput tiaynay, is calcd leonance
euals
nonstuctuual elemerts like
Fex Whena bhstoauIS the ,

bui ldinqs make sound dueto

wirdo ns in the naty
esonanO

When anautoobie i5.srtt,the acessCnes Of t uhidh

leoOnte.
are not írrtnt, ptoduces s0und due to
Dshuction of some bilding9 dufng earth quakes, whie
due to eSnane.
others are left. ímtoct is
 Conditicns of Gccd Acitouíum.
he loudnes of sound shald be uniloimîn he etie kall
T e ranbation tíme should lhe qptimum. Tt shouldreitter

too lovw pr to0 hgh.

Thene should be no echo mthe hall
Outside noíse shauld rot ertrs snto he hall
heie shoudld be no reonance effect. m ve quditaium.
*Thae shaud be ot be any fotersig effect of souod
at any plate m he hall.

TPrae should' inot be any air-lbome hoise

h e r e should not be oiny rose due to non stuctual
clmerts attached to stucturol elements.
Noise llution
he pollrdon o the erátanment due to qleading troke
omuicntion,omfirt and
hich ntetferes with human
hankh io alled rois polutiorn.
decibel and to syunbol is dB
S.Tnt of hoíse is
Causesot ose pollution
The roise polhstiorn baj aackes during festials ard

fuctio
+hie noix pioducd by thcéfic on 1cpds.
noise from wOkshoparnd foundaries
naise ptducs bg exgoaiies fs Stone diusig.
he
 Efedsof Note ollution.
Nooe pollution effecks human heath, cmtorn ardeficienay
I t interupts the ammunition the people.
I t couBes mpatíence ard mental disorader.
It auses heart, liver ond kidney poblems
Notse like resorone may colapse builcligs and aldges
Methas ot Mirúmizírg Nokse llution
valls shauld be ornstructed tor industies
Sounel proof
ard foctories
dould be t i u c t d for
Ihe factoies ond
acCIO dHomes
anay fiom tesídertial
oin.

oe vríntaíned rar sdheclo ard hosptls.

loisefree zones shoulel stieets, ard
aust be done alorg hauays,
*
hop plantation
irdustiial arcs o abeonb the roise bvel
whn fiítd sourd
should be used
loudspake1s
 Roblems
1 l o tuning forcks producrs 4 beats per
secord,when
30undelto gethe: .he hequevay of one is 00Hz. Wher
he other is loaded with a little nax, the kra ts sups.tird

he fiepuerryot he seod uwrg fork.

2004Hz B-

n 4 beats/sez

A B-n
200 B-A

B 04 Hzur16 ti2.
reqency of B reduars

AoB O beats/zc

900B-0o
B-200Hz ecs whun opplieluce)
204 12 (oriol)
2Aboy heans an echo of hs own oice ftom a distont hillafter

23onds. find the distane of the Iill. The veloaity of sound is

H0ms
H ? sec, ve 340ms d:

d vk 340x

d 84Dm
less thorn that ofa
3.he iauernaj of turíng fuk
a Ais 3n
fork B is 3%geotr
Stordord torkP. The fieruenay of another
han that of P. find the farencies of tuo uring fks A ard B

is Sbentsbarond are hanrd when ey are sounded together.

Lettwo fok be hond B ard the heqenaj of standoid fot be r
hen tequenay of ork A -nand firquenay of fork B =Pa
Grven, is gö% less than p
00 5 63p +3r 097np
and s 3% qcatei tharn p
Ne o(11005: 1.03 np
Number of beats haelper Seard 5
. e097.03), : 5

p o06 160412 8333 fl2

97x 100 1 z0.97x8333 80832

whehave a0.97v),
P 3.03rp 1.03 88 33 85 884z
The the requernay of fork 1 is 30.831 and fiaquerzy
of fork 6 i 86.8312