3.2.

0 Sewerage and Drainage System

3,2,1 Definition of Sewerage and Drainage system

The definition drainage is, a conduit that solely feeds one structure, which could be
anything from a home to an office complex. This pipe transports all water and wastewater
into the sewage system. There are many distinct types of drains, each with a specific
function. For instance, a lateral drain is a portion of drain located outside the walls of a
certain building that can be connected to drains in other surrounding buildings to form a
sewer. Any effluent must be dumped into a neighbouring reservoir or the sea using a
drainage system, which can be either natural or manmade. Other than that, a drainage
system is a setup for moving liquids away from areas where they are not needed for disposal
in the proper places. A "drainage system" can be anything from gutters and drains in homes
that collect rainwater to stormwater systems that channel water from the sky into roadside
ditches and drainage systems that channel sewage from homes into public "sewers" for
disposal.

Sewers, also known as the sewerage system, are an underground system of pipes
that collect and transport water runoff from drains, wastewater, and sewage—typically
wastewater mixed with human waste—directly into waste treatment facilities or disposal
sites. All drains lead to sewers, and all sewers, in one way or another, go to a treatment
facility; they never lead straight into a natural reservoir or another body of water. Sewers are
always artificial, too, since nature doesn't frequently develop such an intricate system of
pipes or any mechanism to properly dispose of such garbage.

3.2.2 Purpose of Sewerage and Drainage system

 Water purity and public health protection are the primary goals of a sanitary sewer
system. Sewage from residences, workplaces, and industries is transported to wastewater
treatment facilities where it is treated and released back into the environment through a
network of underground pipelines, manholes, pumping stations, and other auxiliary
equipment. Ditches, swales, pipes, manholes, and other conveyance techniques are used
to move the water. The majority of stormwater is redirected directly into nearby streams and
waterways without being treated.

Furthermore, lack of a good drainage system will cause low-lying areas to flood,
resulting in property damage and health problems. An efficient drainage system is one that
eliminates all extra water without posing design challenges. For instance, open drains
cannot run through an area containing numerous buildings, such as homes and stores. Plus,
stormwater and sewage can have separate drainage systems, however they can both drain
into the same subterranean drainage system. The benefit of having separate drainage
systems is that stormwater runoff doesn't need to be treated because it isn't harmful enough.
This can be emptied right into bodies of water. On the other hand, water contaminated with
sewage and industrial pollutants can be quite harmful. They must therefore go through at
least a primary treatment before being released into aquatic bodies.
3.2.3 Appliances of Sewerage and Drainage system

Appliances used in bathrooms and toilets for sanitation and personal hygiene are
referred to as sanitary appliances. There are various different kinds of sanitary appliances
that are frequently utilised in buildings, and each kind has a certain function.

 Appliances used to collect and release trash or soil are referred to as sanitary
appliances.
 These devices could be categorised as wastewater and soil appliances.
Excreta matter is collected and discharged by soil appliances, such as toilets
and urinals.

Soil appliances

Essentially, there should be a closet with a basin for collecting excrement, a trap and a
flushing device. It is advised to have an ablution tap nearby, preferably on the right side wall
of the water closet. The different types/styles of restrooms include:

 Squatting Indian type water closet,

 Washdown type water closet,
 Siphonic washdown type water
 closet, and
 Universal or Anglo-Indian water closet
  A bidet is an ablution device that uses water to clean excretory organs for personal
hygiene.
 It may have a small bowl and be of the pedestal form or wall-hung.
 A spray that is mounted over the appliance's rim discharges hot and cold water that
is provided by a mixer.
 Generally speaking, a system's bidet outflow should attach to soil pipe.

It is a dirt urinal that is attached to a soil pipe after the proper trap. urinal ought to sufficient
flushing equipment provided. The many urinal styles and sorts.

1) Bowl type urinal: flat back or angle back.

2) Slab (single) type urinal.
3) Stall (single) type urinal.
4) Squatting plate type urinal.
 5) Syphon jet urinal with integral trap.
6) Water less (non-water) urinal.

4.2 Location

The building location we chose was Kolej Pasir Salak which is located in Seri
Iskandar, Perak. We chose this building because of its proximity and also the ease
with which we did our coursework to investigate about this building. In addition, the
building is also equipped with the necessary criteria in the given assignment.
5.2.0 Sewerage and Drainage system in Pasir Salak College

A two-pipe system with two different types of drainage is employed for the sewerage
and drainage in the Kolej Pasir Salak building. Wastewater and sewage are transported
through different pipelines in a two-pipe system. The sewage pipe transports blackwater
from toilets, whereas the wastewater pipe transports graywater from sinks, showers, and
other sources. In comparison to the one-pipe method, the two-pipe system is more effective
and appropriate for modern high-rise structures.

5.2.1 Defects and Problems Occurred in Sewerage and Drainage System

Defects and problems found in this building system is a blockage of solid waste in
some parts of this building drain. what can be observed why clogged drains can occur is due
to the cavity area that does not have a guard to prevent solid waste from entering the
channel. Furthermore, another problem found in this building is because hair loss that does
not accumulate after bathing is also the cause of blockages in the drain. this is also due to
the fact that maintenance is not regularly carried out in this building . finally, the problems
found in this building are caused by the lack of common sense of the surrounding residents.

5.2.2 Solutions to Sewerage and Drainage System

The first solution that can be used is To lessen the quantity of garbage that goes
down your wash basin, install drain guards on all of your plug holes. Drain guards are tiny,
grate-like discs made of plastic or metal that fit on top of the plug to catch debris, which you
can then remove and discard in the trash. To prevent hair and other debris from going down
the pipes, you may also purchase a drain guard for your shower.

Another solution that can be used is to use drain cleaners or environmentally friendly
chemicals to clean drains that are clogged with solid materials such as hair, and other solid
materials. this is because in addition to preventing the occurrence of clogged drain cases we
can also avoid the occurrence of environmental pollution because the types of chemicals
used to clean the drain area are also safe for the environment.

Last but not least, a strong disposer brush should be used once each month to clean
your waste disposal. You may also blend some table salt and a couple cups of ice. This is a
fantastic method to remove the grime and grease from the disposer's sides. In order to bring
some fresh scents to your home after what can be a smelly task, flush it out with cold water
and then half a lemon or lime.
The Difference Between A Drain & Sewer.
https://www.batesenvironmental.co.uk/blog/whats-difference-between-drain-
sewer
(Retrieved on : 9 July 2023)

Your Sewer System

https://www3.erie.gov/dsm/your-sewer-system#:~:text=The%20main
%20function%20of%20a,and%20returned%20to%20the%20environment
(Retrieved on : 9 July 2023)

Drainage System

https://byjus.com/chemistry/drainage-systems/
(Retrieved on : 9 July 2023)

Type Of Sanitary Appliances

https://archi-monarch.com/types-of-sanitary-appliances/
(Retrieved on : 9 July 2023)

Drainage System For Waste Water And Sewage

https://www.lceted.com/2021/08/Drainage-System-For-Waste-Water-And-
Sewage.html?m=1
(Retrieved on : 9 July 2023)

How To Avoid Drainage Problem

https://www.roadex.org/e-learning/lessons/drainage-of-low-volume-roads/
drainage-problems-and-how-to-avoid-them/
(Retrieved on : 9 July 2023)

7 Way To Maintain A Healthy Drainage System

https://www.coastaldrains.co.uk/blog/7-ways-maintain-healthy-drainage-
system/
(Retrieved on : 9 July 2023)