An

industrial training report

on
OLED
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
 Submitted to: Submitted by:
Mr. Lalit Kumar Mohit
Assistant Professor Ramnani
Department of ECE
SKIT M& G, Jaipur 3rd Semester
ECE-A
Mr. Rahul Pandey
Assistant Professor
Department of ECE SKIT
M& G, Jaipur
Abstract
 Can we just imagine of having a TV which can be rolled up? Would'nt you like to be able to read off the screen of your
laptop in direct sunlight? Your mobile phone battery to last much, much longer? Or your next flat screen TV to be less
expensive, much flatter, and even flexible? Well, now it is possible by an emerging technology based on the revolutionary
discovery that, light emitting, fast switching diode could be made from polymers as well as semiconductors.

We know, ordinary LED emits light when electric current is passed through. Organic displays use a material with self
luminous property that eliminates the need of a back light. These result in a thin and compact display. While
backlighting is a crucial component to improving brightness in LCDs, it also adds significant cost as well as requires
extra power. With an organic display, your laptop might be less heavy to carry around, or your battery lasts much
longer compared to a laptop equipped with a traditional LCD screen.
 OLED
A screen based on PolyLEDs has obvious advantages: the screen is lightweight and flexible, so that it can
be rolled up. With plastic chips you can ensure that the electronics driving the screen are integrated in
the screen itself. One big advantage of plastic electronics is that there is virtually no restriction on size.

Research and development in the field of OLED is proceeding rapidly and may lead to future applications
in heads-up displays, automotive dashboards, billboard-type displays, mobile phones, television screen,
home and office lighting and flexible displays.
 History
The first observations of electroluminescence in organic materials were in the early 1950s by A. Bernanose and co-
workers at the Nancy-Université, France. They applied high-voltage alternating current (AC) fields in air to materials such
as acridine orange, either deposited on or dissolved in cellulose or cellophane thin films. The proposed mechanism was
either direct excitation of the dye molecules or excitation of electrons. In 1960, Martin Pope and co-workers at New York
University developed ohmic dark-injecting electrode contacts to organic crystals. They further described the necessary
energetic requirements (work functions) for hole and electron injecting electrode contacts. These contacts are the basis
of charge injection in all modern OLED devices. Pope's group also first observed direct current (DC) electroluminescence
under vacuum on a pure single crystal of anthracene and on anthracene crystals doped with tetracene in 1963 using a
small area silver electrode at 400V. The proposed mechanism was field-accelerated electron excitation of molecular
fluorescence. Pope's group reported in 1965 that in the absence of an external electric field, the electroluminescence in
anthracene crystals is caused by the recombination of a thermalized electron and hole, and that the conducting level of
anthracene is higher in energy than the exciton energy level. Also in 1965, W. Helfrich and W. G. Schneider of the
National Research Council in Canada produced double injection recombination electroluminescence for the first time in
an anthracene single crystal using hole and electron injecting electrodes, the forerunner of modern double injection
devices. In the same year, Dow Chemical researchers patented a method of preparing electroluminescent cells using high
voltage (500–1500 V) AC-driven (100–3000 Hz) electrically-insulated one millimetre thin layers of a melted phosphor
consisting of ground anthracene powder, tetracene, and graphite powder. Their proposed mechanism involved electronic
excitation at the contacts between the graphite particles and the anthracene molecules.
 Features of OLED
Organic LED has several inherent properties that afford unique possibilities
• High brightness is achieved at low drive voltages/current densities

• Operating lifetime exceeding 10,000 hours

• Materials do not need to be crystalline, so easy to fabricate.

• Possible to fabricate on glass and flexible substrates

• Self luminescent so no requirement of backlighting

• Higher brightness

• Low operating and turn-on voltage Low cost of materials and substrates
of OLEDs can provide desirable advantages over today's liquid crystal
displays(LCDs)

• High contrast

• Low power consumption

• Wide operating temperature range

 What is OLED
 An OLED is a solid state device or electronic device that typically consists of
organic thin films sandwiched between two thin film conductive
electrodes. When electrical current is applied, a bright light is emitted.
OLED use a carbon-based designer molecule that emits light when an
electric current passes through it. This is called electroluminiscenes. Even
with the layered system, these systems are thin . usually less than 500 nm
or about 200 times smaller than a human hair.

 When used to produce displays. OLED technology produces self-luminous

displays that do not require backlighting and hence more energy efficient.
These properties result in thin, very compact displays. The displays
require very little power, ie, only 2-10 volts.

 OLED technology uses substances that emit red, green, blue or white light.
Without any other source of illumination, OLED materials present bright,
clear video and images that are easy to see at almost any angle. Enhancing
organic material helps to control the brightness. and colour of light, ie, the
brightness of an OLED is determined by how much power you supply to the
system.
 Components of OLED
Like an LED, an OLED is a solid-state semiconductor device that is 100 to 500 nanometers thick or about 200 times
smaller than a human hair. OLEDs can have either two layers or three layers of organic material; in the latter
design, the third layer helps transport electrons from the cathode to the emissive layer. In this article, we will be
focusing on the two layer design
An OLED consists of the following parts:

• Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil)-The substrate supports the OLED.

• Anode(transparent)-The anode removes electrons(adds electron holes) when a
current flows through the device.
• Organic layers- These layers are made up of organic plastic molecules that transport
"holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline. Vathsalya
institute of science & technology electronics & communication engg 8 OLED
• Emissive layer- This layer is made of organic plastic molecules(different ones from the
conducting layer) that transport electons from the cathode; this is where light is made.
One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyflourene. • Cathode (may or may not be
transparent depending on the type of OLED)-The cathode injects electrons when a current
Hows through the device.
 How do OLEDs emit light?
How do OLEDs emit light? OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs. through a
process called electroluminiscenes. The process is as follows:
The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage
across the OLED.
1. An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the
organic layers(an electrical current is a flow of electrons)
2. The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.
3. The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic
molecules.(This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the
conductive layer) 3. At the boundary between the emissive and the
conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
4. When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into
an energy level of the atom that is missing an electron).
5. When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of
light.
6. The OLED emits light.The color of the light depends on the type of organic
molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films
on the same OLED to make color displays.
7. The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical
current applied. The more the current, the brighter the light.
 The biggest part of manufacturing OLEDs is applying the organic layers to
the substrate. This can be done in three ways:
1. Vacuum deposition or vacuum thermal evaporation(VTE): In a vacuum
chamber, the organic molecules are gently heated(evaporated) and allowed to
condense as thin films onto cooled substrates. This process is very expensive and
inefficient.

2. Organic vapour phase deposition In a low pressure, hot-walled reactor chamber,

a carrier gas transports evaporated organic molecules onto cooled substrates,
where they condense into thin films. Using a carrier gas increases the efficiency and
reduces the cost of making OLEDs

The OVPD process employs an inert carrier gas to a precisely transfer films of organic
material onto a cooled substrate in a hot-walled, low pressure chamber. The organic
materials are stored in external, separate, thermally-controlled cells .Once evaporated
from these heated cells, the materials are entrained and transported by an inert
carrier gas such as nitrogen, using gas flow rate, pressure and temperature as
process control variables. The materials deposit down onto the cooled
substrate from a manifold located only several centimeters above the
substrate. Usually we go for this method.
  Higher deposition rates :- Deposition rates with OVPD can be several times higher than the rate for conventional VTE
processes because the OVPD deposition rate is primarily controlled by the How of the carrier gas.

 Higher materials utilization :- Because the organic materials do not deposit on the heated surfaces of the
chamber, materials' utilization is much better than with VTE where the materials deposit everywhere. This feature
should translate into lower raw material cost, less downtime and higher production throughput.

 Better device performance :- The OVPD process can provide better film thickness control and uniformly over larger
areas than VTE. With three variable process control, OVPD offers more precise deposition rates and doping
control at very low levels. As a result, sharper or graded layer interfaces can be more easily achieved. In addition,
multiple materials can be co-deposited in one chamber without the cross-contamination problems commonly
experienced in VTE systems

 Shadow mask patterning :- OVPD offers better shadow mask-to-substrate distance control than is possible
with VTE up-deposition. Because the mask is above, instead of below the substrate, its thickness can be
dictated by the desired pattern shape rather than the need for rigidity. Thus precise, reproducible pixel
profiles can be obtained.
 Larger substrate sizes :- Because the Aixtron AG-proprietary showerhead can be designed to
maintain a constant source-to-substrate distance, OVPD may be more readily scaled to larger
substrate sizes. This also may render OVPD more adaptable to in-line and roll-to-roll processing
for flexible displays.
TYPES OF OLED There are six different types of
OLEDs:

• Passive-matrix OLED

• Active-matrix OLED

• Transparent OLED

• Foldable OLED

• Top-emitting OLED

• White OLED
 Passive Matrix OLED’S

Passive-matrix OLEDs are particularly well suited for small-area display applications, such as
cell phones and automotive audio applications.

PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are
arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode
make up the pixels where light is emitted. Sandwiched between the orthogona column and
row lines, thin films of organic material are activated to emit light by applying electrical
signals to designated row and column lines.

The more current that is applied, the more brighter the pixel becomes. PMOLEDs are easy to
make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED. mainly due to the power
needed for the external circuitry.
 Active Matrix OLED’S
AMOLED have full layers of cathode, organic molecule and anode, but the anode layer overlays
a thin film transistor(TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that
determines which pixels get turned on to form an image.

In contrast to a PMOLED display, where electricity is distributed row by row. the active-matrix
TFT backplane acts as an array of switches that controls the amount of current flowing through
each OLED pixel. The TFT array continuously controls the current that Hows to the pixels,
signaling to each pixel how brightly to shine

Active-matrix OLED displays provide the same beautiful video-rate performance as their passive
matrix OLED counter part, but they consume significantly less power. The advantage makes active
matrix OLEDs especially well suited for portable electronics.

• where battery power consumption is critical and for large displays. The best uses for
AMOLED are computer monitors, large screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.
 Transparent OLED’S

Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components

(substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to
85 percent as transparent as their substrate.
When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it
allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display
can be either active or passive matrix.
This technology can be used for heads up displays.
 Foldable OLED

Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic

foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable.

Their use in devices such as cellphones and PDAs can be sewn

into fabrics for "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival
clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS
receiver and oled display display sewn into it.
 Top emitting OLED

Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective.

They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-
emitting OLED displays in smart cards.
 White OLED

White OLEDs emit white light that is brighter, more uniform and more energy
efficient than that emitted by fourescent lights.

White OLEDs also have the true-color qualities of incandescent lighting. Because
OLEDs can be made in large sheets, they can replace fluorescent lights that are
currently used in homes and buildings.

Their use could potentially reduce energy costs for lighting.

 Advantages of OLED

The LCD is currently the display of choice in small devices and is also popular in
large screen TVs. Regular LEDs often form the digits on digital clocks and other
electronic devices. OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs

• The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible
than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.

• Because the light emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of
an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED substrates can be plastic
rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.

• OLEDs are brighter than LEDs. Because the organic layers of an OLED are
much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED.
the conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered. Also,
LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light,
OLEDs do not require glass
 • OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs. LCDs work by selectively blocking areas of the
backlight to make the images that you see, while OLEDs generate light themselves because
OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less power than LCDs(most of the LCD
power goes to the backlighting). This is especially important for battery operated devices such
as cell phones.

• OLEDs are easy to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially
plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult to grow and lay down
so many liquid crystals.

• OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by blocking light,
they have an inherent viewing obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs produce their own light, so
they have a much wider viewing range.
 Problems with OLED

• Lifetime :- While red and green OLED films have long lifetimes ( 10000 to 40000
hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes(only about 10000
hours).

• Manufacturing :- Manufacturing processes are expensive right now.

• Water :- Water can easily damage OLEDs

 Future of OLED

Currently, OLEDs are used in small-screen devices such as cell phones, PDAs and digital cameras. In
September 2004, Sony Corporation announced that it was beginning mass production of OLED screens
for its CLIE PEG-VZ90 model of personal entertainment handhelds.

Kodak already uses OLED displays in several of its digital camera models. Several companies have
already built prototype computer monitors and large screen TVs. In May 2005, Samsung Electronics
announced that it had developed the first 40 inch, OLED based, ultra-slim TV.

Research and development in the field of OLEDs is proceeding rapidly and may lead to
future applications in heads up displays, automotive dashboards, billboard-type displays, home and
office lighting and flexible displays. Because OLEDs refresh faster than LCDs, almost 1000 times faster , a
device with an OLED display can change the information almost in real time.
PROJECT
COMPONENTS USED:

 Bread Board

 Jumper Wires

 OLED display(128*64)

 Arduino Uno Board

Steps to follow:
1. Fix the OLED screen display on bread

board. 2.Connect the Arduino board with

laptop.

3. In IDE software install library <Adafruit-SSD1306.h>.

4. Then write the code in arduino programming language

which is called Sketch.

6. After coding, click on tools and select arduino uno and

select the port.

5. At last upload the code.

 CONCLUSION

OLEDs offer many advantages over both LEDs and LCDs. They
are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline
layers in an LED or LCD. They have large fields of view as they
produce their own light.

Research and development in the field of OLEDs is proceeding

rapidly and may lead to future applications in heads up
displays, automotive dash boards, billboard type displays etc.
Because OLEDs refresh faster than LCDs, a device with OLED
display could change information almost in real time. Video
images could be much more realistic and constantly updated.
THANK YOU