DYNAMICS

(MOMENTUM)
Momentum
Understanding It the amount motion
is
of
• :

Understanding :
It is the
strength of motion . mass

F
Definition : It is the
product of mass and
velocity p=
m.ir

of the body .

I ↳
velocity
SI Unit Ns :
or kgms
"
Vector Quantity momentum

✓ = 2m51
214 > ,

v -0.5ms
0.5kg
- -1

mu Mv
p= p :

p =
(2) (0-5) p= 1.0.5112 )
p = 1- Ns p
-
- INS

Two bodies have the momentum

can same even
if They have

different masses & velocities .

 momentum
Change of
Due to
change Due to
change
in in
mass
velocity
in
speed slow
'

change
i.! down
up direction
I.
.
:
r 'm :
L

Dp Pf Pi
=
-

-
=

m =

Dp =

mfv
-

Mi v i
Dp =
(Mf -
mi )v
Dp :
Pf - Pi

Dp = Dmov :
MV -
mu

Dp = Mtv -
u )
Application flowing fluids
:
,

fuel consumption in moving Dp -

- m
.
Av

bodies .

Application : solid bodies in

motion
 -

< > +

+ Ap
2kg 214 2kg IPP 2.1g 21g 2kg
> , > s a
,
u=
10mi ✓ =/
5m15 U=l0m/s 11=6
mfs
-

V=3mfs U=5anfs

)
dp.mn/v-u1Dp-.
mlv Dp=mlv ul
Dp u
-
- -
-

21-3-1-5 )
(2) ( B- -101 = 216-101 =
)

Dp= IONS
Dp= -8ns 4ns
Dp=
-

Dp
2kg B-
2kg

F- Gmfs
'

u=3mp

Dp=mlv -
ul T'

rebounding v change of momentum

Dp
-
-

21-6-1-31 ) t velocity Smp

-

" "
-6ns
+ 1¥ Dp=mlv n )
Dp
i

:
m=2kg
-

21--8-10 )
.is#nyu
" =
'
' ' '

strike
"
Dp= -36ns
10ms
velocity :
Force
That F
of change of momentum is called
force 4¥
=
-

• For a
greater change in momentum in the

same time
span ,
the
force required is
greater .

For the but in

change of momentum
•
same a

shorter span of time ,

we need
greater force .

Dt
Bp = F ✗

I ↳ ↳ time
of application
IMPULSE Force
of force .
 GRADIENT Force
OF t
graph
=

p
.
- .

^ ^ ^

PINS PINS PINS

!

7 7 7

Hs Hs Hs
increases
gradient :
constant gradient :
.

gradient :
decreases
Force : constant Force : increases Force :
decreases
Acceleration : constant Acceleration :
increases Acceleration decreases
:

^
Area
Lzbxh
-
-

FIN
=
✗ F)

Area in
:
change
momentum
>

ts
 An
^ object of mass
2kg travelling
at 2ms
experiences force
"
a

the
FIN
'° i
as shown in
graph .

Determine
final20svelocity
the
0 ! the
6
: of object after .

4 '

A
Dp mlv )
:{ lptqlh
1
u
-
-
-

2 '
,

I
120 =
21 V -

2)
00
s

20TH A =

1212+101×20 ✓= 62ms "

A =
Dp =
120 Ns
 conservation
Law
of of
Momentum
"
"

M, Ma M, M, Ma
M,

For isolated !
system
✓ an > ' ' '
, u >
u V2
✓ the total momentum ,
v1
before
collision is to the IP , ( Pi %)
equal +
Palin ;µ.a ,
= +

final
total momentum
after collision .

mill , +
Mzllz =
MIV, + Mzvz

✓ For an isolated system ,

Miu ,
-

MM =
Mzvz -

Maltz
the momentum lost
by
✓
one

body equals the momentum Mitu , - V, ) = Mz ( Vz -

Uz )

the other duty (Y ) Malva Ur )

gained by -
M -
U ,
= -

collision .
-

Dp ,
=
Dp ,

isolated Dp,
For
system Dp
✓
an + = 0
,
,

the in
change momentum
✓

the
system
entire ☐ =D
ofzero .
is Pms
Types of collisions

ELASTIC INELASTIC
1 IDEAL ) ( RE A L )

heat loss heat

No loss
of energy
as
of energy as
• •

Collision
of
small collisions
of large masses
• masses ,
•

subatomic particles e.
g. explosions , objects stick
neutrons
,
atoms, molecules
,
after collision .

dust particles .

Momentum : conserved Momentum : conserved

not conserved
kinetic
Energy : conserved kinetic
Energy :

Total Total conserved

Energy conserved
Energy
: :
 Checking whether the collision is elastic or inelastic

then
1.
9f The collision is elastic
,

Total collision
K E
-

before
= Total KE
after collision

( K E, + K E 2)
-
= ( K -

El + K -
Ed
final
-

initial

tzmiui lzmzui +
1-zmivi-1-zma.VE
=

collision
2 .

If the is elastic ,
then

Relative Relative separation

speed of approach speed of
=

the bodies have and the collision is elastic

If equal mass
,

the bodies their velocities

exchange
 Relative speed
10-6 4ms -1
9f bodies
moving
=
are
of Approach
=

> >

10m11 6m/s in the same direction .

.

subtract
you speeds .

Relative
speed =
12-8 4ms -1
of
=

> > separation

8m15 12m15

Relative
speed =
10-16 16ms " of bodies are
moving
direction
of ltsppnoach opposite
=

in ,
> (
add
10m15 6m
/s you speeds .

Relative
speed = 8+9 -_
17ms - i

'

8m51
>

9ms -1
of separation
 3 of 81
5

2 A ball B of mass 1.2 kg travelling at constant velocity collides head-on with a stationary ball S For
of mass 3.6 kg, as shown in Fig. 2.1. Examiner’s
Use
u :O
v

ball B ball S

mass 1.2 kg mass 3.6 kg

7

Fig. 2.1

Frictional forces are negligible.

The variation with time t of the velocity v of ball B before, during and after colliding with ball S
is shown in Fig. 2.2.

Ui +4
-14
.

+3 i.
v / m s–1
+2
1 "
"
Balls
I •

+1
I 0.26s
0
,
*
¥
0 0.1 0.2 ↳ I 0.3 0.4 0.5 t/s
4=-0.8 ji
–1
-

0.08s
048s
–2

Fig. 2.2

(a) State the significance of positive and negative values for v in Fig. 2.2.
It tells about the direction
of motion
..........................................................................................................................................
.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2009 9702/21/M/J/09 [Turn over

 4 of 81
6

(b) Use Fig. 2.2 to determine, for ball B during the collision with ball S, For
Examiner’s
(i) the change in momentum of ball B, Use

A- p=mlv u ) -

1.21-0.8
=
-

4)
Dp =
-5.76

5.8
change in momentum = ..........................................
-

N s [3]

(ii) the magnitude of the force acting on ball B.

F- -

If
Dt
=
-5¥
0.08

f- =
-72N

72
force = ............................................. N [3]

(c) Calculate the speed of ball S after the collision.

Mill , +
Mil , = M, V +
Mzvz
,

II. 2) (4) +101 =

(1.211-0.81+13.6) V
'

;6m5
" I
V = 1.6ms s
< B

0.8ms "

106
speed = ....................................... m s–1 [2]

© UCLES 2009 9702/21/M/J/09

 5 of 81
7

(d) Using your answer in (c) and information from Fig. 2.2, deduce quantitatively whether • 00
For
the collision is elastic or inelastic. Examiner’s
Use
vet speed
.

: 4ms -
l

of approach lo 6ms -1
B s >

speed
<
rel .
" 6+0.8
: 0.8ms .
,

of separation 2. 4m51

As rel
speed of approach and
separation are
..........................................................................................................................................
.

not the collision is INELASTIC !

equal
....................................................................................................................................
, [2]

© UCLES 2009 9702/21/M/J/09 [Turn over

 collision
Type#2_ Bodies
sticking after
1- Mzllz NIV
Milli =

+ d
E- →
-
M = Mit Mz
Mi m'
combined mass

Mill , -1 Maltz = MV

(2) (11+1311-4)=(2+3) v

✓ = -
2ms -1
 MJ / 2015/1713

'
v=Om5
Mill , + MzUz= NIV

(5) (2001+195110)=15+95)v
M2 A-

gttu-qloms.in
"
f- 10ms

EBB
2-42=2 as
-

02-102=21-9.815
s mi

←
Type #3 Explosion Mu
V,
Miu , mis
V2
l →
MU = M, V1 + Mzvz M y

Mi Mz
•

before explosion •

after explosion
THEORY QUESTION
ON / 2009/1721/0--3

t-k-x-Yzm.VE =
MxU×2 =m
EKY 1*2 Zyno Vy
2

:
E±=y;÷ -122¥ III
-

E*y

Ekn_
Eky
=

4-
NIU =
Mxvx + Myvy
0 =
1m11 4) +12m / Ivy )
-

nxvx =

Znfivy
V✗ =
Zvy
 '

K.EY.mu
-1,1211312
9J
initial KE =

Ek
Izmit
Mini +
Maltz =
Mr :

(2) (3) + (1) ( O ) =

(21-1) v
2

(3) (2)
§=V {
✓ =
2ms -1 =

Ek= 6J

final
 MV
F-
u
I →

÷ ÷

= : ✗ ✗
=
-

← ←
V
v

VCU

f- = inv

=
Dm V
✗

Dt
90 F= 30N
1×60×20
= so
 '

vsin 30
m=
2kg
M -3kg
-
I vcos 30°
←
U

v=
= 15ms -1

??
I Vcos 40°

Vsin40
-

µ|= ? ?
Design equations using law
of conservation
of
momentum

www.go.g-imlvcosyoy/m(o,-mco,=m(vsinzoy+m(-vsinyo
x-axis y-axis
-

Mill, at Maltz
=
Milt -1 Muth 4
,
+
Mauzy =
Milly -1
Mzvzy
✗ , , ,

mu + µ, ,o , =
,

mu = mvcos 30 + NIKOS 40° 0 = mvsin 30° - Musin 40°

121115 )=2V cos 30° + 3Vcosyo° D= (2) vsin 30° -

3. Vsin 40°
1. 73v + 2.298N = 30 - l v -
1.9311--0 -
2

v= 10.3ms" V =
5.32ms "