PHYSICS (ol ee da 15. Communication System Handwritten Notes UMESH RAJORIAexpe Elements of Communicedion System Basic Temino usest in Communication Spatem ni dog. i Modulation anc sks necessity Amphituele Moculatim cam) ProducHon Ob Amplitude Modulated Wave, Block Liagram ob Transmitter and vecoiver Cempasison ok AM, FM and PM Electromognatic Waves Behaviour off Atmosphere dowards EM Waves Ground or Surface wave Propagation Sky Wave Propagation Space wave Propogodsion Rakion betwean coversge distance emel height of transmitting antenna Satellite Communication Very Important Quistions| 15.| Communication System Te act of transmission & YecepHon of in otion 2 oe ie Elements of Communication System - The Setup used in the transmission ancl yeeeption of informetion trem ene place +e onsther 4s Known as Communiceton System. E Communic och syst hag the following th cane Lemmon sytem hak the fling the C1.) Tranumitter (@) Communication channel Ca) Recsiver = si source Signal Message | Information + Signal . The informadion source provicles the message signal to be transmitted» Usually the messoge signal Js’ a Non electical signal dike” a Voice signal.’ A transdutrk Converts +e. mprsoge Signed ind electrical wm wohich us suitable for Yaramission Horongty the Channel. These messege Aignals are -superimpasesl on hgh equency Wowe, which acts as the Cawuer Wowe. process Us Known aS modulation. The Ausuttant wave 4s callicl modulated wove , which vu racliated with the help of transmitting antenna,The communication Channel .cawdies Hye modulated wave the toarumitter 40 the receiver In cose ef telephony and telegraphy , Communication channel 4s the drandmission Linth 4 which Connect the transmitter and, the receivers Tr radio Communication ov wireless Communication the free space thro ushich the meduletesl signal travels seaves as £ Communicotion Channel. As the trarumitted si ates through He Soaeramiee ton Channel, ct isd Pieced duck do noise. The receiver +hrerefore receives a Curepbed Veaion of the transmitted signal. At the receiver end, a clemodwedoy separates the Low frequency curcio signal trom the modulates! signal. The. Low frequency Aignal do separates! 4 Hen omplifier ana el to oh ree hued Th transducer Converts the Low prequen Aignad Cin the term of electricad pulsed) into au visual waved. Where area stwo boasit modes ok Communication — Ci) Point sto Pomt Gid Broadcast. i) Pelt do Point - , ———— In thw mock message ws transmittec! oven a Link between a single tranmitter and a receiver. Example - Telephony , Teleg raphy ete. Gi) Broadcout - Tm thes mocle Hue ne Jonge number ef receivers Corresponding Ae single trnimitier Exarple- Raclio 4 Tv. etc.Basic Termi nology Used in Communication System (1.) Signed - —— Tt wa single valuusl function of time thet cones the informedion. Te is usu in electrical form and “us suitable for trammission. The electrical signals ax of two Aypes 3 (a) Analog Sign = An analog signal is thet in which CWwwunt or Voltage value vari cérdinupusly With time, Tr is vepresentect by the equation ~ E = & SinQut +4) Whire Eo id the maximum value of voltage . calles amplitude, T ws time petlod ond w: 2. 4a angular frequency of the signed and represents the phase angle. EorT (e) Digite) Signal - function of dime. Such a signal Jd usualy in the. form of pulses. Each pulse has tern Sewels | went ‘ted by Pow 1 Bere (3) ah a “hay Sal efos ts oF civeud L igi to of Hei we tat ah Both © ond L are calle’ hits. A digital signed is a discontinuous Signal” refers to@) Transelucer- Ary device / arromgement thet Converts one form of energy into emote Lty collet a transducac The cevice, Like microphone » piezoelectric Sensors omel Photvetetectors , whith Convert a p Ingsical quantity into electrical Signals one tremnsclucnrs. On the contrary, a Louel speaker Which Convert eleetdeal Signal Into” sound waves 2s alse a trantouar. @) Noise - a The clisttxbance or distortion in the tyamsmission and processing of messoge Signods in A Communication system “is cabled noise. C4) Transmitter - Tt a an arrangement thot converts the message signal to a form surtable for transmission and then transmits i+ through ‘some suitable Commu— nication channel. (SD Receiver - . . —_—— A recevern Jd picks Up the -tromsmitted| si an arrangement thet and procerses st to al at the cRannel output psoduce the message signet in the suiteble form, a - (¢.) Atlenuation- a ae } . : e SS & ength of & SK during dts propagahon theo gh the. oe Chann Ja adlenueHon .7.) Amplificetion - Tt 33 the preents ob increagin the. Stren: of the transmitted signed sing Some Suitable electronic Cireuit. Ampi fication can be clone an, cpr between the dtronemitter ond receiver whiny sign’ Hy becomes weaker than the required streny a. ioe Jy requived fer additional Signal strength is ebtointsl fama Ac power Source + C8.) Bandlsidlth - The range of frequencies ove which the communication System works 48 Collect banduictth . (31) Medulodion - Modulation is the ip akg of Superimpesing the. tow frequmcy mess: Signal CCalted Peng mpeg signi re as a high why wave. The Assultng wave 22 Cobliol Har modulateol weve, which Js “toansmitted. Cie) Demoduleation- rt — the venerase process of modulation. Dereodutot as the, phenomena of retrieval of information frm the the: mecated wave ot the veciver. Qi) Repeater - . A vepeater is a combination o recuyer, am i fier and trommitter. Its function aa to extend Fhé range of Communication - haw vepeater veceives the tromsmitted signal, a eA Sd pw Keepi 4 oJ Tint Sewanith Pao “Fre next roe em =Modulation and its Necessity - Suppose. we want do tansmit an electrical signal in the audio frequency range (20 He to 26KHe> over a dong cist ance. We Canmet eo it, because of the given reasons: (1) Slee ob antenna —- For transmission and reception each antenna Should have a size Componable 40 the wavelength ° iy si Lotta aN* in size), so Hot time varia si i nsecl by the Paaiahion Toh he Signed!” ia propenk” Senses by Foy an Quelio frequency signal of preaeercy LS Kite. the wavelength Ac & = 3x18 ISx }o* TRe Jingth of the antenna = > = zoe = S000m To setup an antenna of vertical hel: Stoo Mm a practically im possible to Construct and operate. Th transmission frequen were woised to LMHz then A = & = 3x08 2 ago. 1x08 and the dngth of the Ontenna would be- > a Ism. = 20000 m, which Js reasonable. @) Effective Power Raclintest by Anterma— Theovetica) studies shows that power P Mot i iH papain! to Grp ore of deg =As WMgh powers cee neecleol jor good tens mission, therefore for gven antenna Length wayel A shold be small Sor preaency fF should (3.) Mixing up of signals tom Aifferert strenvmiter: When . itt +: tht baseband “infamy smiths wnttennsoste tt ga mixed up and 4s no way +o distingudsh ‘between trem. Thea. possible soluHen 44, Communication at he wencies and allotting a band o uencies a Sprowueniithen Se thot there nee dice eicseiniiei It jd the phon imposh TT da e EMEeENnor, o er in the Low audio frequency earner, aPaalt on at gh frequency “wave “Ccamrier Wave) The wdve is Cablicl the moduletecd wave, which ds tranami ttech. Thine one three types of modlilation — G) Amplitude modulation (am) Gi) Frequmcy modulation (FM) Gh) Phase Modulation (Pm) in the significant characteristics of a Puls One | pata atthe eeReat duraton me pace obit. Any one of these characteristics can be varies! in accordance with the moolulodting baseband signal, givin roise. 4o the vespechve “Raee Amplitude Modulation Cpam) amd Pulse oluration Modulation ( PDM) oY Pulse width modulation (PWM).(1) Amplitude Meodulation- Cam) . Tp the amplitude of the Carrier wave id varied in pecorelanice. with “the amplitude of jhe. auto eee cig poctutacding Signod Han Lb i “Called amplitude : The. luency anol phase amplitude moelulatest eae femains the ee that of the Coverier wave. mi) ° t ‘© MODULATING SIGNAL oft) ° CARRIER WAVE (Ag + Am Sin @mt), top envelope ae i. GO AmPLituDE MODULATED Arie J WAVE Me" (A, + Am Sint opt), Bottom envelope Te explain amplitude modulation, At us dake a sinusoiel moctuleting Signo), vepresentect by ~ MLE) = Am Sinwmt Let the sinusoidal contier wave be representec! os- Clt) = AcSinarst Thy amplitucle mealutation the amplitucle of the moclulat Yeeewing and Processin of information th space 44 Known a> Spac# Communication: We have the following modes ef Space. Communicocion — (1) Ground or Surface wave PropageHen (2-) Space wave or phevic. wave Propagation (3.) SKy or “onespheric wave. Propagation (4) Satellite. Communication Ct) Ground or swxface Wave Propagation - Tt ds a mode of wave Propagation an which eo the und har a & wifluence on estion °. Firal waves or et oing cmtbrr eo cho ceiving. antenna. VNN3LNY ONIAIBOSY TRANSMITTING ANTENNA EARTH While progressing along the surface of the eosth , the ground wave Sinduws current In the ground and bends Yound the Comer ef the objects on earth. Bue to ct the eran y of uno wave Jk dually absorbed C d power o nel wave decreases wit He increase in distance from the transmitting. station,The attenuction ob grout / Surface wave increases yapicly with the Increase in ibs brequeneg: ; For grand wave. propagation > He maximum coverage ange clpends on- Gi) The transmitting power Gi) Fresquencay of signal wove, Th ; . sy Sah saa Ra, we des + ds not suited pr high prequency signal wove— and pv veg bong range “Communication. The. ground wave propagedion 4A geen! used or cal broodcasting as a meclum wave bradcast Service. amd Gs not” usecl be high prequeny band. Q@) Sky Wave Propagation - It is @ mode b wave Propagation tn Which the racllowaves emitted tam Feonasitter antenna reach the. receiving emtenna ater rejection by the = ionosphert - In sky wave pro ation, the racdowaves o frequency range. fen 1780 KHz +0 40 Mr one Thin mode sf propagation is used by short waves broadcast service.. The clensiby of atmosphere olecreases with height, At grec a age > the Solan vocations intena as i bL the clensity af earth's molecules 40 be ionised. On the other hand, close sto the earth, the clinsidy of earth's odmosphure ia neigh but the vadiadion intensity 34 ew. Bue to Sb the ionisadion da ow. However at Some ‘intermediate. heights, Hore Occurs Maximum Lonisaton 0} Covrth's admospharic molecules, vebulting in jonised Joyers ok maximum elechons and teks which are fprinec) Tot olifterent hos » Each ionisead iondspheric Jayer achas a rebdrctor wr a vange. of raciowaves between 1700KHe ao” 40 MHZ. The eleetromagneht avec of frequencies greater than 40 MHz penetrote the ionosphere omd eAcape- The Sky wave po jon Ws also Known as iono- sphsuc propagation, since the sky waves reach the receiver after veflechon form jhe! ionosphere, Im a single reflection from the jonasphae, the radio waved Cover. cbatence abort 4000 Km. That uu w a very dong Uastance xund the Ghobe cCommunicahon is possible, with the help of Sky wave Propagation - Fading - ene T+ js the variation in the strength of & Signal ed a veceiver, luc inkerference. Sh waves. Facing’ 3s more ob hugh freguincies. Facling Causes an exer in oleda trernsmission and rehival. The Syne! Teceives) due. to sky wave Propagasin ane Subjecktsl do fading ,in cabich ~sthe strength the. Sigal varles “with Aime. It Wo so became, of ah, Recenven, 5 ov je number. Dh woves Yeah , rllowingspace Wave Propogation - TH is that mode of wave pro fon tn which the raciowaves emitted the sransmitter antenna yeach the receiving anterina through space. These vactio Waves. ant Calld “space waves. The Space waves Gre the racliowaves of frequency renge pom Su MHz 4to 4-2 GHz. 4 ---- range of communication (d,,) -------| wi EARTH SURFACE The. Space. waves shovel in stroight Mine tramimitting antenna FO receiving antenna. There. the Space waves ane usect for Fhe Line of si Communicedion as well as for the sodellite communication. The dine ob si Aster ib that clatance between tromamitting arttenna and- receiving antenna at Which Hey. Can see each otter. The. (range Space wave Cemmunicedin | com be increased b Tneveoaing. the halatts ok transmitting antenna, and vecaiving omdeanna,$Relation between Coverage clistance + Hei: ob Tremamitting ewctenna- “ et , Suppose PQ 48 Q& Ty tremmiting antenne of —o Wh Located at P on the sweface: Bue finite curvature of eonth the Ty Simal ttrammitted GQ Comnot be received beyond the stomgent” point T and S on eorth: Let sp = TR col Colistarce 40 te horizon). e the Tv Signals will be received on eonth in av circle of ¥aclus A. Here — vacliud of earth = R= OS = OT = OF PQ =h and c@ = OF + PQ = Rh Tn v4 angle. bia aps eae me ee os In wight angle rangle 08g og? = ost + se or (Rh) = R24 (dt) oy Ry oRhth = Rtdth or ahr = a ow a = ann Tre maximym Line of sight distance (Colm) between two chansmitting antenna® of height hr and | veceivin antenna of height ha above the conth id given by £Satellite Communicedion - Tt Wa mole Communicestion of signol behveen sransmittey ancl a ey through bhi Ac uraicodh satellite, Lh a ss craft communication Pee, placed in an orbit around the | eotth provi usrth. microwave transmitting anA veceiving equipment called a yYeclio transponder: Sodell® Tranaporeler, S %, ot % 4Gue - Earth Stehion Receiver, . In Satellite Communication a beam of wiodulatecl microwave. from earth stahon transmitter £4 bent clirectly Apwards the sabllite. The satellite receives the Coming Stine ‘ Seppe ied is ab a eee Atadors veCeiverd a ifferc egue aveicl inher ference betwen the trandmitted us reclivest sipred. . The fr mandy usecl in Satellite Communication for uplink BB” 6GHe Fond +r dombink is 44H. The si rece ved receiver. 1d genmrally week, Tt ds amplified the veceiver. and ten id 1 Gelevised. Thus & communication Satellite acts as a big microwave. vepeater. in the sky: The Line oF sight microwave Communicachon Hoetugh, Satellite. ih possible “ifs the communicodion satelite is always ab a fixed codiom wry, yespeck to the earth. THA a of Sedeltite, 2a Known as gee - stahonang Sotebte. .Remote Sensing . Tr 2 a technique of obtaining in maton about an dbject/ oxta a distance wrthoud” being in physi Contact wits HP" Any.phodogrmplay a Kindo emote Senting. Remtbe seruin Jand use. map sig cw oar explosion , in Pa ecko. sare 2 ap enpeunel ives, Tov O. i pollution conho] , in ten elie Araught conditions. & Siewe 2m and in moni ng. @ Why is it not possible 40 use Sky Wave Propagation es teen ok Tv Sigre. cat Sel the prequen waves ube TV sianals cnet rb trenamiesion of yrange iono sp. 4oo MHz —- 220 MHz. Buk moy be abe. to veplect waves back on earth ob ney Upto 4oMHz + ve, ionosphene is unable fo tehlect Tv caves ( Space waves) back on earth. QD A towing antema at the dopo a tower hos case A hei eh Bem amd the height of the. receiving antenna Js 49m) What Gs the. maximum distance > fer Sakisbactory Commimicadion fn ne of Sight Mode ( Raclius of earth = C4o0 km.5 hr = 36m. 4 has 4am + Maximum Line of Sight clutance oem =[ERhr + JiRhp om = [ 2x@Y x10 x36 ; + J RxeuxX0f Kug Am = B:SBXGXID> + 3:58 X7x 10% am = 46:54 km.Very Important Questions 1 Mark Questions - Qi. Q2. QB. Qa. as: ae. Q.1- Qe. Qa @.Lo- QAL. what is the function of a repeater in a Commu~ micawion (Delhi 2005, 09) Whet “vib - Repeater Ce) Amplification C CBSE aor ) Geib. Draw a schematic ctlogram shoring the - (a) Ground wave & 20 (®) Sky Wave Cces ? (c) Space Wave 4 ds tov elkchromegnedic. woven me fe3B Merks Questions. Q-L. Name the three liffersnt moc o: ot ov 2 electrmagnetic waves. Explein , taha ap reper rar) | thet Mole nae wsed Sin Pines vane range qo MHz 40 40 MHz. (Pdi 2012) Gd Wheat is space wave propagation ? Give ture examples of Communicedion system cahich use Space wave Mo A TV tower is 80m tall. Calculote. the maximun cistanee Upto whith the Signed transmitted prem the dower can be received. 7 Answer- de 32Km- ( Deli 2e10 5 Qa. Distinguish between sky wave and space wave pro ion Exploun with the Walp of suitable cUegram , hows space. wave. ake usec! fey bine dine of Sight Communicotion 7? : (CBSE 2005,09) Qiu. Draw a block Aiagmm of a receiver. for an ampditude moduloceal sipral Explain bated ley the fonction of each of WUE . C Delhi 2006, to) Qs. Draw the block ollagram o} a Spe recat vy obtaining an am pinkucte ob 3 eo! LAM) a explaining briefly tne function of each of Component (pen aaaB-1. Why audio signals Converted into electro ie Waves are not tromsmitted ar such olivectly ? Qi2. The amplitude of meclulating Aignal 4s Kept fs than that of the Carrer wave. why 2 Q.4. Give two crawbacks from which the. given arrange — ment Suppers. Detcribe briefly with the of a block Uagram the alternative arrangement for the ‘trans- mission and reception of message signal . Qu. A Comer wave of peak Voltage 12V ds use transmit a message signal. What should be the peak Voltage of the moolulatin Sime , in Order to have & modulation index of 75 %- Ars. Am: 9V GS. By what peruntoge will the transmission range of a TV tower be arfecteel when tre height of the tower is mereasecl by 21% 7 A 40 9, QG What ik sky wave communication ? thy As this ( trictecl to th i Only of fod nan Pe a cali B.% Why dd an AM Signal ik more noisy than an FM signal upon transmission trough a channel ?