Midterm 6 Cave, Egyptian Art & 7 Greek, Roman Art

Lesson 6
Section 2
Arts in the Early and
Modern Civilizations
Lesson 6: Ancient Arts

 The Cave Arts
 Egyptian Arts
Lesson 6
Cave Art
Lesson 6
Cave Art
Ancient Art History Refers to the many

types of art produced by the advanced cultures
of ancient societies of some of the oldest
civilizations with some form of writing, such as
those of ancient China, India, Mesopotamia, Persia,
Palestine, Egypt, Greece, and Rome.
Lesson 6
Cave Art
Ancient Art History, Some art were found

during 700,000 to 2000 BCE. The Stone Age Art
where humans used natural materials like stone,
ivory and bone for small Venus figurines. And they
made paints from natural pigments like iron oxide
to create scenes of animals on walls deep in caves.
Lesson 6
Cave Art
Known also as stone age, ‘parietal art’, Cave Art
is a general term used to describe any kind of man-
made image on the walls, ceiling or floor of a cave
or rock shelter. Most cave art is found in shallow
rock shelters, such as those formed by overhanging
rocks, but some was created in total darkness within
deep, uninhabited caves, and was rarely seen by
humans.
Lesson 6
Cave Art
Types:
1. Hand prints and finger marks
2. Abstract signs and symbols
3. Figurative painting
4. Rock engraving
5. Relief sculpture
Lesson 6
Cave Art
Ten of the notable Oldest evidences of cave art to
be scientifically dated are the following:
1. Bhimbetka Petroglyphs
(290,000-700,000 BCE) Cupules
at Auditorium Cave & Daraki-
Chattan Rock Shelter, India. The
oldest known rock art in the world
Lesson 6
Cave Art
Five of the notable Oldest evidences of cave art to
2. Venus of Berekhat Ram (230-700,000

BCE), Israel. At first, historians believed
that the artifact was a product of natural
erosion rather than a deliberate human act
of creativity until the discovery of a second
one, the Venus of Tan-Tan, in Morocco.
Lesson 6
Cave Art
3. An abstract
drawing from the
73,000 BCE at
Blombos Cave,
South Africa
Lesson 6
Cave Art
4. Diepkloof Ostrich
Eggshell Abstract
Engravings 60,000 BCE
South Africa
Lesson 6
Cave Art
5. Hall of Bulls Cave

Painting, 28,000 and 10,000
BCE, France. The paintings on
cave walls represent the earliest
surviving examples of the artistic
expression of early people.
Lesson 6
Cave Art
6. Amur River Basin Pottery,

14,300 BCE, Chinese ceramics
from Late Paleolithic Culture
Lesson 6
Cave Art
7. Tuc d’Audoubert Bison

Sculpture in France 13,500 BCE,
sculpted in soft clay. The relief
carries marks left by artist’s
fingers and nails.
Lesson 6
Cave Art
8. Tassili-n-Ajjer Rock Art ,

8,000 BCE. The major African
art contains the Mesolithic art
in animal & human engravings
or paintings. It indicates
Archaic Tradition.
Lesson 6
Cave Art
9. The Swimming Reindeer,

11,000 BCE. Carving from
the tip of a mammoth tusk
of two swimming reindeer
found in the cave of
Montastruc, France
Lesson 6
Cave Art
10. The Venus of

Willendorf, Austria is an
11.1cm tall Venus figurine
estimated to have been
made 30,000 BCE.
Lesson 6
Ancient Egyptian Art

Lesson 6
Ancient Egyptian Art includes the painting,

sculpture, architecture, and other arts produced by
the civilization in the lower Nile Valley from 5000 BCE
to 300 CE. Ancient Egyptian art reached considerable
sophistication in painting and sculpture, and was both
highly stylized and symbolic.
Lesson 6
Much of the Ancient Egyptians artwork

created by the had to do with their religion. They
would fill the tombs of the Pharaohs with paintings
and sculptures. Much of this artwork was there to
help the Pharaohs in the afterlife. The temples often
held large statues of their gods as well as many
paintings on the walls.
Lesson 6
All Egyptian art is based on perfect balance

because it reflects the ideal world of the gods. The
same way these gods provided all good gifts for
humanity, so the artwork was imagined and created
to provide a use. Egyptian art was always first and
foremost functional.
Lesson 6

Characteristics and Functions:
1. Daily life activities.
2. Journey of the deceased into the afterworld.
3. Images of the gods and deities.
4. Honoring pharaohs, noble people and the dead.
5. Social and political rank.
6. Writings on the wall to tell stories about the images.
7. Worship and rituals.
Lesson 6

Art Forms:
1. Wall Painting
2. Sculpture
3. Carving, Relief and Jewelry
4. Architecture
5. Writings
6. Funerary Art
Lesson 6

Art Forms:
1 Egyptian wall paintings were

two dimensional, without the
perspective of the three dimensional
physical world. Subjects were painted
with a combination of the profile view
and frontal view.
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Notable Wall Paintings
Ramesses the Great and Battle of Dapur,

depicting his achievement in his raid against
Muwatalli’s Hittite resurgent forces.
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Battle of Nubia: This painting shows Ramses II

battling Nubians and was considered the strongest
and most celebrated pharaoh of the 19th dynasty.
Lesson 6

Tutankhamun Cartouche,
Royal Encryption of a Pharaohs name.
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Egyptian Dance Painting: Aside for ritualistic

function, talent in dance is also an indicator that a
person is an efficient worker.
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Depiction of Nubians Worshipping

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Art Forms:
2 Egyptian sculpture were not
only images of the pharaoh and his
family, but also of people, animals and
slaves that surrounded him during his
life. The ones we see today look like
they are carved from stone or made
from clay and are colorless.
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Notable Sculptures
Nefertiti Bust, coated limestone

produced by Thutmose in 1345 BC.
Depiction of the Great Royal Wife of
the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten. This
is regarded as one of the most copied
works on ancient Egypt.
Lesson 6

Great Sphinx of Giza, 2575-
2465BCE: A limestone statue of
reclining sphinx. It depicts a
mythical creature with the
human body and a lion’s head.
73m long and 20m high.
Lesson 6

Khufu Statuette: Founded by Sir

Willian Matthew Flinders Petrie in
1903 at the Temple of
Khentyamentiu, Abydos in Upper
Egypt. The statue is a three-
dimensional depiction of Khufu.
Lesson 6

Block statue: A memorial statue

discovered in the Middle Kingdom of
Ancient Egypt. The statue was
designed that way to serve as a
guardian of temples gateway.
Lesson 6

Colossi of Memnon: Two

massive huge stone statues
representing greatness of
Pharaoh Amenhotep III and
it meant to protect the
temple from evil.
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Pharaoh Ramesses II: Weighed 20
tons statue was designed to show
him as a beneficent ruler, a
mighty warrior and a living god. It
was erected in the Ramesseum,
his mortuary temple, where the
believers of Ramesses would
continue for centuries.
Lesson 6

Seated statues of Rahotep and

Nofret: From the 4th dynasty the
statues were skillfully sculpted
confirming their high rank stature.
With glass inlaid eyes makes the
statue more realistic.
Lesson 6

Wrapped Osiris Statue: statues like

this were buried in tombs, wrapped
in cloth. It was thought the statues
helped the dead be reborn in the
next life, like the real deity Osiris.
Lesson 6

Art Forms:
3 Egyptian artists, whose skills are best
exemplified not only in statuary but
carving, relief and jewelry as well.
Their distinctive talent as craftsmen were
from their discipline and highly developed
aesthetic sense deserving to rank as an
outstanding art by any standards.
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Notable Carvings & Relief
The Narmer Palette: Also
known as Great Hierakonpolis
Palette which was created to
symbolize the unity of the
“Kingdoms of Two Lands,” the
Upper and Lower Egypt under
King Narmer. The palette
measured 64x42 cm.
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Notable Carvings
Tutankhamun’s ‘golden death mask’
is an ancient death mask produced
in the 18th century in ancient Egypt.
It was discovered by Howard Carter
in 1925. This is regarded as one of
the most famous Egyptian artworks
and almost admired and well-known
works of art around the world.
Lesson 6

Ceremonial gilded wooden shield:

found in the tomb of Tutankhamun.
Egyptian artists also used a variety of
woods in their work, including the
native acacia, tamarisk, and
sycamore fig as well as fir, cedar, and
other conifers imported from Syria.
Lesson 6

Tutankhamun’s lunar pectoral: metal

casted, carved jewelry work was
quite sophisticated even in the Old
Kingdom, as demonstrated by some
highly creative pieces depicted
specially in tomb scenes.
Lesson 6

A part of the wall in the Temple

of Seti I is an artistic carving
painted relief. Archeologists
discovered red grid marking
that the artisans used to ensure
the proportion of the human
figures being carved.
Lesson 6

Sesostris III
Pectoral:Gold pectoral
with semiprecious
stones, Middle
Kingdom, 12th dynasty
(1991–1786 BCE).
Lesson 6

Art Forms:
4 Egyptian Architecture developed
since 3000 BC and characterized by post
and lintel construction, massive walls
covered with hieroglyphic and pictorial
carving, flat roofs, and structures except
for the Pyramids. Most houses were built
of clay or baked bricks.
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Architecture
Typical Egyptian Column

and Capitals at the
Temple of Horus at Edfu,
Constructed Between 237
and 57 B.C.
David Strydom/Getty Images
Lesson 6

The Egyptian Column can refer to a column
from ancient Egypt inspired by distinct Egyptian
ideas. The earliest builders carved columns from
enormous blocks of limestone, sandstone, and red
granite. Later, columns and capitals were constructed
from stacks of stone disks. Some Egyptian columns
have polygon-shaped shafts with as many as 16
sides while common columns are circular.
Lesson 6

One of the great ancient Egyptian architect

Imhotep, who lived over 4,000 years ago in 27th
century B.C., is credited with carving stone columns
and capitals to resemble bundled reeds and other
plant forms. The columns were placed close together
so they could carry the weight of the heavy stone
roof beams.
Lesson 6

Common features of Egyptian columns include:
1) stone shafts carved to resemble tree trunks or bundled

reeds or plant stems, sometimes called papyrus columns;
2) lily, lotus, palm or papyrus plant motifs on the capitals
(tops); 3) bud-shaped or campaniform ‘bell-shaped’
capitals; and 4) brightly painted carved relief decorations.
Lesson 6

Egyptian
Column
Types
Lesson 6

Egyptian
Column
Details
Example
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Notable Architecture
Like the Temple at Edfu, the Temple
at Kom Ombo has similar
architectural influences and Egyptian
gods. Kom Ombo is a temple not only to
Horus, the falcon, but also to Sobek, the
crocodile. The columns records history in
Hieroglyphs was about Greek
Conquerors, great Pharaohs old and new.
Lesson 6

Most significant to Western civilization is
the Temple of the
Ramesseum, 1250 B.C. The mighty
columns and colonnade are a remarkable
feat of engineering for being created
circa 1250 B.C., well-before the Greek
conquest of Alexander the Great.
Lesson 6

Columns of the Temple of Isis at

Philae show a distinct influence of
Greek and Roman occupation of Egypt.
The temple was built for the Egyptian
goddess Isis during the reign of the
Ptolemaic Kings in the centuries before
the birth of Christianity.
Lesson 6

The Luxor Temple – is a temple
complex located in the city of Thebes, the
ancient capital of Egypt during the time of
the New Kingdom. Thebes is located in
Upper Egypt, on the east bank of the Nile
River. Construction of the temple was
begun by the pharaoh Amenhotep III and
was completed by Tutankhamen.
Lesson 6

The first royal tombs before the pyramids
were called mastabas. Inside were
rooms containing jars, small objects, and
offerings of food and drink. The tombs
were surrounded by a large number of
graves of women and men believed to be
servants of the kings who were sacrificed
to serve pharaohs in their afterlife.
Lesson 6

The Temple of Edfu is
dedicated to the worship of the
Egyptian god Horus, who was
frequently merged with the Greek
god Apollo. In fact, the city of Edfu
was renamed Apollonopolis Magna
during Greco-Roman rule in Egypt.
Lesson 6

The Great Pyramids of Giza:
located on the Giza plateau near the
modern city of Cairo, the pyramids was
built during the reign of the king Khufu
of the 4th Dynasty in the span of over a
20-years. Khufu's vizier, Hemiunu the
pharaos physician was also the
architect of his Pyramid.
Lesson 6

• The oldest pyramid in the middle is for King Khufu, ‘Cheops’
in Greek, the second king of the 4th dynasty.
• The second tallest was built for King Khafre, ‘Chephren’ in
Greek was the fourth king in the same dynasty.
• The last pyramid to be built was that of Menkaure,
‘Mykerinus’ in Greek was the fifth king of the same dynasty.
Lesson 6
Art Forms:
5 An original form of Egyptian writing,
Hieroglyphs are written in rows or columns and can be
read from left to right or from right to left. You can
distinguish the direction in which the text is to be read
because the human or animal figures always face
towards the beginning of the line. Also the upper
symbols are read before the lower.
Lesson 6

Art Forms:
6 Egyptian funerary art was not simply
memorial, but played an active role in the afterlife of
the departed. Most of the tomb art studied from ancient
Egypt comes from the commissions of kings and high-
ranking court officials. Egyptian philosophy of art refers
to balanced realism and stylization to present images of
harmony, balance and order, victory over chaos.
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Notable Funerary Art
Funeral Wall Painting: Aside

from honoring the dead, the
painting should contain the
ritual of the dead’s human
heart in the weighing scale.
Lesson 6

Egyptian concept of afterlife,

wall painting: A belief that
death is just an interruption
of life.
Lesson 6

Book of the Dead Wall
Painting: Containing
spells to help the dead
back to life after the
journey to the
underworld.
Lesson 6

Tomb Wall Painting:

Primarily should
contain images of the
king’s chosen deity and
success stories of his
life as a pharaoh.
Lesson 6

Egyptian Deities, Wall
Painting: Images of
their gods in one
ensemble is one
important feature in
king’s tomb’s.
Lesson 6

Egyptian Mummification
Wall Painting:
Mummifying the dead is
also a sacred ritual in
preparation to the
afterlife.
Lesson 6

The anthropoid coffin itself is typical of the
ancient Egyptian burial practices. The coffin
echoes the shape of the mummified body.
Decorated with an idealized representation of
the owner's face and with images of gods,
goddesses, animals and objects, as well as
hieroglyphic writings, that would identify him
and help him attain a successful afterlife.
Lesson 6

Unlike anthropoid, sarcophagus
were rectangular boxes with flat lids. They
were painted and inscribed in hieroglyphs
with four important features: the
deceased's name and titles; a list of food
offerings; a false door through which the
‘ka’ could pass; and eyes through which
the deceased could see outside the coffin.
Lesson 6

The Egyptian concept of the soul:
Ka, Ba and Akh.
Ka is the life force or spiritual double of

the person. The royal Ka symbolized a
pharaoh's right to rule, a universal force
that passed from one pharaoh to the next.
Lesson 6

Ka, Ba and Akh.
Ba is represented as a human-
headed bird that leaves the body
when a person dies. The face of Ba
was the exact likeness of that of the
deceased person.
Lesson 6

Ka, Ba and Akh.
Akh is the spirit of Ra, which encapsulates the

concept of light - the transfigured spirit of a person
that becomes one with light after death. The opposite
of Akh is Mut (dead), the state of a person who has
died but has not been transfigured into light.
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Gods and Deities
Amun-Ra: The Hidden One As Zeus was
to the Greeks, the Egyptian god Amun-Ra,
Re or Amon was considered the king of the
gods and goddesses. He became Amun-Ra
after being amalgamated with the sun god
Ra. He was thought to be the father of the
pharaohs, and his female counterpart,
Amunet, was called the Female Hidden One.
Lesson 6

Mut: The Mother Goddess of Egyptian. Mut is a
primal deity who wears two crowns on her head,
each representing Upper and Lower Egypt. Also
titled “She who gives birth, but was herself not
born of any,” Mut is represented as a vulture in
hieroglyphs. She is variously integrated with
other deities and is often portrayed as a cat,
cobra, cow and even a lioness.
Lesson 6

Osiris: The King of the Living. Considered the oldest child of

the earth god Zeb and the sky goddess Nut, Osiris was
worshiped as the god of the afterlife as the ancient Egyptians
believed there was life after death. Often portrayed with green
skin, Osiris was the god of vegetation which indicated renewal
and growth and was thought to be responsible for the fertile
flooding and vegetation around the banks of the Nile.
Lesson 6

Anubis: The Divine Embalmer. He was known for

mummifying the dead and guiding their souls towards the
afterlife. His skin was black, symbolizing the dark Nile deposits
which made the land so fertile. With the head of a jackal and
the body of a man, Anubis also stood for renaissance and the
staining of dead bodies after the embalming process.
Lesson 6

Ra: God of the Sun and Radiance

The midday sun, Ra or Re, is of great importance in Egyptian
history. The god of the sun, Ra, has a sun disk around his head
and is believed to have created this world. Every sunrise and
sunset were seen as a process of renewal. Portrayed as a
falcon-headed god, he and Horus shared an association which
led him to be known as the Horus of the Horizon.
Lesson 6

Horus: : God of Vengeance. Horus had a special position in
ancient Egypt. The child of Osiris and Isis, he avenged his
father’s death and ruled Egypt. His falcon-headed god with a
crown of red and white was worshiped as the god of sky, war,
protection, and light. The Eye of Horus or the Wedjat Eye was
personified as the goddess Wadjet and was popularly known as
the Eye of the Ra. It symbolized that everything was being
watched from above.
Lesson 6

Hathor: Goddess of Motherhood. Sometimes called the
Mistress of the West, Hathor welcomed the dead into the next
life. Born of Ra, she exemplified motherhood and feminine
love. She is the goddess of music and dance. She is believed to
provide a blessing as the helper of women during pregnancy
and childbirth. Affectionate, humble and kind to both the dead
and living, she was also known as the Lady of Heaven, Earth
and the Underworld.
Lesson 6

Sekhmet: Goddess of War and Healing. Leading and
protecting the pharaohs during war, the daughter of Ra, is
depicted as a lioness and is known for her fierce character. She
is also known as the Powerful One and is capable of destroying
the enemies of her allies. She is depicted with a solar disk and
uraeus, an Egyptian cobra, which was associated with royalty
and the divine. She assisted the goddess Ma’at in the
Judgement Hall of Osiris which also gained her the reputation
of arbitrator.
Lesson 6

Geb: God of Earth. Also described as the Father of Snakes,

Geb represented crops and healing. With a goose on his head,
this bearded god was believed to have caused earthquakes
whenever he laughed. He was the son of Shu ‘the god of air’
and Tefnut ‘the goddess of moisture’, and had an important
role in the Book of the Dead as the one who weighs the heart
of the dead in the Judgment Hall of Osiris. The ancient
Egyptians believed that he retained the souls of the wicked.
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Writing
Hieroglyphics writing:
Hieroglyphic writing signs and symbols represented by
pictures of living beings or inanimate objects.
Hieroglyphic texts are found primarily on the walls of
temples and tombs, but they also appear on
memorials and gravestones, on statues, on coffins,
and on all sorts of vessels and implements.
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Writing
Hieroglyphic writing was used as much for secular
texts, historical inscriptions, songs, legal documents,
scientific documents, as for religious subject matter,
the likes of cult rituals, myths, hymns, grave
inscriptions of all kinds, and prayers.
Lesson 6

Art Forms:
Hieroglyphics writing evolved into two:
• Hieratic – a simplified form of hieroglyphics used for
administrative and business purposes, as well as for
literary, scientific and religious texts.
• Demotic – a Greek word meaning ‘popular script’, was in
general use for the daily requirements of the society.
Coptic Writing – Coptic on the other hand is a Greek writing
adopted by Egyptians 450 CE.
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Writings
Rosetta Stone: A granodiorite stele discovered in 1799. The

Rosetta Stone is inscribed with the three versions of texts. The
top is in the hieroglyphic script, middle in the
demotic script while the bottom in the ancient coptic
Greek. The discovery of the stone holds the key to
understanding Egyptian hieroglyphs
Lesson 6

Art Forms:
The ‘Prayer to Thoth for Skill in Writing’ is a literary piece
dated to c. 1150 BCE from the latter period of the New
Kingdom of Egypt (1570-1069 BCE) in which a young scribe
prays for inspiration to Thoth, god of wisdom and writing. The
prayer was found among the works of ‘Papyrus Anastasi V’, a
papyrus scroll discovered at Thebes. The prayer is an
interesting glimpse into how the profession of the scribe was
viewed by the ancient Egyptians a noble occupation.
Lesson 6

Art Forms:
Hieroglyphs are written in rows or columns and can be
read from left to right or from right to left. You can
distinguish the direction in which the text is to be read
because the human or animal figures always face
towards the beginning of the line. Also the upper
symbols are read before the lower.
Lesson 6

Art Forms:
Decoding:
Lesson 6
Ancient Egyptian art has survived for over 5000 years

and continues to fascinate people from all over the
world. An ancient premise has become a modern
reality: Its art became a path to world eternal
emulation and remembrance.
Lesson 6
Lesson 7:
 Greek Art
 Roman Art
Lesson 7
Greek Art Forms

Lesson 7
Greek Art
Ancient Greek art emphasized the
importance and accomplishments of human
beings.
Even though much of Greek art was meant to honor

the gods, those very gods were created in the
image of humans. Ancient Greek art stands out
among that of other ancient cultures for its
development of naturalistic but idealized depictions
of the beauty of the human body.
Lesson 7
History of
Greek Art
Significance:
The ideals of Greek art are considered by historians to
be the foundation of Western civilization and to have
touched literally all aspects of modern western
culture.
Lesson 7
History of Greek Art
The art of ancient Greece is divided stylistically into

four periods:
1. Geometric – abstract and outline art

2. Archaic – stiff and primitive
3. Classical – sophisticated and realistic
4. Hellenistic – flowery and highly decorative
Lesson 7
1 Geometric Period, 900-650 BC:

Artistic development in Greece.
Outline, this is the main characteristics of the
Geometric period in art. The Geometric period was
the first specifically Greek style of vase painting. It
was characterized by linear motifs such as spirals,
diamonds, and cross-hatching. Abstract forms were
used to represent human figures, flora and fauna.
Lesson 7

1 Geometric Period,
900-650 BC:
Came from Minoan art influence
Athenian potters introduced the
full Geometric style by abandoning
circular for rectilinear ornament.
Prime industry in this period was
utilitarian pottery art.
Lesson 7

1 Geometric Period,
900-650 BC:
Greek used ceramic vessels in every aspect of their
daily lives: for storage, carrying, mixing, serving, and
drinking, and as cosmetic and perfume containers.
Elaborately formed and decorated, vases were
considered worthy gifts for dedication to the gods
and funerary vessel. Common material was clay.
1 Geometric Period,
900-650 BC:
Minoans and Mycenaeans influence:

The Minoans occupied the Greek islands mainly living
on Crete. The Mycenaeans lived on mainland Greece
and the Peloponnesia. The Minoans were mainly
farmers and traders while the Mycenaeans were a
warlike society.
Lesson 7
Geometric Period,
900-650 BC:
The Golden Mask of Agamemnon, 1550-1500 BCE: The

King of Mycenae is an artifact discovered in Mycenae in
1876 by the German archaeologist Heinrich
Schliemann. This mask is made of gold and is a funeral
mask found over the face of a dead body in a burial
place at Mycenae.
Lesson 7

Minoan influence: Aside from Mycenaean

ancient Egypt and Near East, Minoan art greatly
affect Greek’s culture to a more functional and
decorative but also political purpose, especially the
wall paintings of palaces where rulers were depicted
in their religious function, which reinforced their role
as the head of the community.
Lesson 7

Artistic development in Greece, Minoan influence.
Octopus Pattern Jug, Floral Pattern Bee Pendant Pattern

Lesson 7

Artistic development in Greece,
Notable Pottery Art.
The Vasiliki Ware Teapot:

The First Luxury Pottery In
Ancient Greece
Lesson 7

The Minoan Octopus Vase,

1200-1100BCE: Pinnacle Of
Bronze Age Pottery Design
Lesson 7

The Geometric Vase, 10th

Century BCE: A Symbol Of
Athenian Artistic Supremacy
Lesson 7

1 Geometric Period,
The Lion Aryballos,

700BCE: A
Celebration Of The
Rise Of Corinth
Lesson 7

1 Geometric Period,
The Dinos Of Sophilos,

6th Century BCE: First
Known Creator Of
Greek Vase Paintings
Lesson 7

1 Geometric Period,
The Panathenaic Prize

Amphora, 4th Century BCE:
A Celebration Of Athletic Prowess
Lesson 7

The Erotic Vase 500-323BCE:

A Snapshot Of Sexuality In
Ancient Greece
2 Archaic Period, 650-480 BC:
In this period, the artisans took a turn away from
the geometric designs of the past and began to
focus more fully on figures and elements of the
natural world. Artists were into more mystical and
fantastical subjects such as combined beasts like
the Sphinx or Satyr-like creatures. These new
artistic ideas were assimilated into producing
images from their own religion and culture.
Lesson 7

The Archaic phase is best known for the beginnings
of realistic depictions of humans and monumental
stone sculptures. It was during the Archaic period
that the limestone kouros (male) and kore (female)
statues were created depicting young, nude, smiling
persons.
Lesson 7

The ‘Kouros’ and ‘Kore’, Archaic Greek statues depicting

youths or referred to as young man and young woman
and Koral is a plural form. The statue is usually made
of marble or limestone, and tend to be life size. The
Koral was used as a grave monument and offering for
deities.
Lesson 7

The Calf Bearer: Moschophoros is a
Greek word which means the ‘calf-
bearer’. An ancient Greek statue from
560 BC. Depicting strength and power,
he stands with his left foot a little
forward and has a thick beard, a
symbol of adulthood.
Lesson 7

Amphora is decorated on both sides but in different
painting techniques. One side has a scene depicted in
the red figure style was painted by ‘andokides’. The
other side shows the same scene in the black figure
style painted by ‘lysippides’. This type of decoration
puts the vase into the so-called Bilingual group. The
two figures depicted usually in the scene was Achilles
and Ajax playing board game.
Lesson 7

Bilingual Amphora Red

on one side and black on
the other side.
Lesson 7

Geometric-style krater with

funeral scenes from Attica,
Greece, with funeral scenes,
8th century BCE.
Lesson 7

KRATER
a jar or vase of classical
antiquity having a large
round body and a wide
mouth and used for mixing
wine and water.
Lesson 7

Achilles slaying Penthesilea,
the queen of the Amazons,
Attic black-figure amphora (a
tall ancient Greek or Roman
jar with two handles and a
narrow neck) signed by
Exekias, c. 530–525 BCE
Lesson 7

3 Classical Period, 480-323 BC:
In this period, Greek artists achieved a more realistic
likeness in depicting human figure. The statues for
example show the influence of Egyptian art in its
stiffness, gracefulness, idealization, and achieving
naturalism by portraying them in a lifelike forms. Most
statues were commissioned for public display by the
rich, noble and influential people.
Lesson 7

The essential characteristic of classical Greek art is a
heroic realism. Painters and sculptors attempt to
reveal the human body, in movement or repose,
exactly as it appears to the eye. The emphasis will be
on people of unusual beauty, or moments of high and
noble drama.
Lesson 7

This 460 BCE Artemision Bronze

represents either Zeus, the ancient Greek
king of the gods of Mount Olympus, or
possibly Poseidon, the god of the Sea. It is
assumed to represent the mightiest of the
Olympian gods, Zeus.
Lesson 7

Created 360 BCE in honor of the Greek god

Hermes of Praxiteles. Hermes
was also carrying another popular
character in Greek mythology, the infant
Dionysus.
Lesson 7

Aphrodite of Knidos carved by

the sculptor Praxiteles in the 4th century
B.C. from fine marble, it enjoyed great
renown as the first devotional statue of a
female goddess in the nude.
Lesson 7

The Riace bronzes (460-

420BC) These tremendous statues
found in the sea off southern Italy in
1972 one of the few original Greek
bronze statues survive.
Lesson 7

The Motya charioteer, (350BC). One of the

most startling Greek statues to survive, and highly
revealing about the erotic charge of the Greek nude.
This youth is not technically nude, but wears a tight-
fitting garment that instead of hiding his body,
heightens every contour.
Lesson 7

4 Hellenistic Period, 323 BCE - 31 CE:
The word Hellenistic comes from the word

‘Hellazein’, which means ‘to speak Greek’ or ‘identify
with the Greeks’.
The overlapping of Classical and Hellenistic period
paved the way for realism in as much as sculpture is
concerned.
Lesson 7

Spot the
différence!
Boxer at Rest,
The Farnese Bronze with
Hercules, inlaid copper
Classical, Hellenistic,
216 CE 330-50 BCE
Lesson 7

The difference between Hellenistic and Classical Art is

in the style and transition of sculpting. The Hellenistic
period saw emotions, movement of figures whereas in
the Classical period there is more focus on the perfect
realistic figures, the sculptures are static.
Lesson 7

In Hellenistic period, sculptors pursued and

perfected naturalism, an interest that Greek artists
had been developing over hundreds of years. In
addition to natural poses, Hellenistic artists sought
to gradually depart from depicting gods and
mythological subjects and started replicating the
bodies of real humans.
Lesson 7

Winged Victory of
The
Samothrace 200 BCE is a marble
sculpture depicting the Greek goddess
Nike. Considered today as the greatest
masterpiece in classical and a prelude to
Hellenistic from classical sculpture.
Lesson 7

The statue Lacoon and his Sons 200 BCE

also known as ‘Lacoon Group’ was originally created
by three great Greek sculptors from Rhodes,
Agesander, Polydorus and Athenodoros. This life-size
statue is made of marble and depicts a Trojan priest
named Lacoon, together with his sons Thymbraeus
and Antiphantes, being throttled by sea serpents.
Lesson 7

Three Goddesses from the east pediment of

the Parthenon 432 BCE. Sitting and reclining in
graceful unison, these goddesses carved in marble for
the Parthenon in Athens are among the most beautiful
and mysterious images of the human form ever
created. Incredibly, the artist makes the draperies
that cover their bodies as real and richly textured
Lesson 7

The three goddesses carved in marble for the

Parthenon in Athens. From left, Hestia, goddess of the
hearth and home, Dione, and her daughter Aphrodite.
Lesson 7

Pergamon Altar
Athena Battling with Alcyoneus, 175-150 BCE
from the East Frieze, Altar of Zeus, Pergamon
Lesson 7

Pergamon Altar
Gaul and his wife, group of
Gaul frieze 220 BCE
Lesson 7

Pergamon Altar
Dying Gaul (Trumpeter),
Gaul frieze group, 220 BCE
Lesson 7

Pergamon Altar
Altar of Zeus, Marble,
reconstructed and restored
(Staatliche Museun, Berlin)
Lesson 7

4 Ancient Greek Architecture:
Notable Ruins and Surviving Greek Structure.
Greek architecture is known for tall columns, intricate

detail, symmetry, harmony, and balance.
The Greeks built all sorts of buildings. The main
examples of Greek architecture that survive today are
the large temples that they built to their gods.
Lesson 7

Using a combination of creativity and intellect, the

Greeks produced many public buildings of great
architectural treasure. The Hellenistic period provided
some of the best and most distinctive structures in
the form of temples, theaters, and stadia which once
were the main features of ancient towns and cities.
Lesson 7

The simplicity, harmony, and perspective in Greek

architecture was the foundation of Roman
architecture as well. Ancient Greek architects strove
for excellence and precision which indeed are the
hallmarks of Greek art.
Lesson 7

Three Orders of Greek Architecture:

Ancient Greek architecture developed three distinct
orders, the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
The latter were modified and adopted by the Romans
in the 1st century BCE and have been used ever since
in Western architecture.
Lesson 7

Three Orders of Greek Architecture:

Lesson 7

Can you identify what order is this?
Corinthian
Lesson 7

Also known as the Olympieion or Columns of the
Olympian Zeus, the Temple of Olympian
Zeus was dedicated to Zeus. It’s. A former colossal
temple at the center of the Greek capital Athens. The
building of the Temple began in the 6th Century by
Peisistratos and completed under the reign of the
Roman Emperor Hadrian in 131 AD.
Lesson 7

Temple of
Olympian Zeus,
Athens
Lesson 7

One of the most influential buildings in Greek history

ever built was the Parthenon, stands on top of
the citadel of the Acropolis. It was dedicated to the
goddess of wisdom Athena. The construction began
in 447 BC when the Athenian Empire was at its
height. The Parthenon is said to be the pinnacle of
the Doric order.
Lesson 7

Parthenon,
Acropolis
Lesson 7

Since ancient times, the theater Odeon of

Herodes Atticus has been a significant part of
Greek culture. The stone theater structure is located
at the southwest slope of the Acropolis in Athens. The
Athenian magnate Herodes Atticus built the structure
in memory of his wife, Aspasia Annia Regilla.
Lesson 7

Odeon of Herodes Atticus,

Acropolis. Today, the
theater played host to
huge music concerts and
had a capacity of 5,000.
Lesson 7

One of the oldest temples in Greece, this ancient

Archaic temple was dedicated to Hera the queen of
the Greek goddesses. The Temple of Hera, was
built in 590 BCE following the aesthetics of Doric
architecture having its 16 columns. The symbolic altar
of the Temple was lit by a torch during the first
Olympic games.
Lesson 7

Temple of Hera, Olympia.

Doric style.
Lesson 7

Built in 580 BC, the Temple of Artemis

measured 49m by 23.46m and was the biggest
temple of its time dedicated to goddess Artemis. From
the ruins itself, the metope of the temple was
decorated with carvings of Achilles and Memnon. Its
magnificence and authenticity have made it a
landmark in ancient Greek architecture.
Lesson 7

Temple of Artemis. The

temple is considered one of
the Seven Wonders of the
Ancient World.
Lesson 7

In terms of acoustics and aesthetics, The Great

Theater of Epidaurus believed to be the
perfect theater of all time, containing an auditorium, a
stage building, and an orchestral area. The theater
was large enough to provide seating for 13,000 to
14,000 people. The theater was dedicated to the
worship of the god of medicine, Asclepius.
Lesson 7

Theater of Epidaurus.
Constructed at the end of the
4th century BCE by the
architect Polykleitos. It was
the first ancient medical
center ever built in the world.
Lesson 7

This Erechtheion Temple in Acropolis was

built between 421 and 406 BC by the great architect
Mnesikles. The temple got its name from a shrine
dedicated to the Greek hero Erichthonius, who was
mentioned in Homer’s Iliad as a great king and ruler
of Athens.
Lesson 7

Erechtheion Temple. The

marble made temple has
ornamented with carved
doorways and beautifully
decorated columns.
Lesson 7
Roman Art Forms

Lesson 7
History of Roman Art
The Romans originated in central Italy, influenced by

other local Italian cultures, notably those of Etruria,
but from the 5th century they came into contact with
the Greeks and from then onwards, the Roman
republic absorbed many aspects of first Classical and
then Hellenistic art.
Lesson 7
Many types of Imperial art practiced by the Romans

had already been fully mastered by Ancient Greek
artists. It’s normal to assume that Roman art were
inspired by the Greek culture more so on architecture.
• Sculpture – bronze/marble statuary and sarcophagi.
• Fine art painting –murals, portraiture, vase-painting.
• Decorative art – carving metalwork, mosaics, jewelry,
ivory carving)
Lesson 7
Later Imperial art moved away from earlier Classical

influences, and Severan art signals the shift to art of
Late Antiquity. The characteristics of Late Antique art
include frontality, stiffness of pose and drapery,
deeply drilled lines, less naturalism and squat
proportions.
Lesson 7

Mosaic Art
Roman mosaics were a common feature of private

homes and public buildings across the empire from
Africa to Antioch. Mosaics, known as opus tessellatum,
were made with small black, white, and colored
squares of marble, tile, glass, pottery, stone, or shells.
Typically, individual piece measured between 0.5 and
1.5 cm but fine details. Rendering fine images are
using even smaller pieces as little as 1mm in size.
Lesson 7
Roman Art: Mosaic Art
Origin and Influence:

Flooring set with small pebbles was used in the
Bronze Age in both the Minoan civilization
based on Crete and the Mycenaean civilization
on mainland Greece. The same idea but reproducing
patterns was used in the Near East in the 8th
century BCE.
Lesson 7
Roman Art: Mosaic Art
Origin and Influence:

In Greece the first pebble flooring which attempted
designs dates to the 5th century BCE with examples at
Corinth and Olynthus. These were usually in two
shades with light geometric designs and simple figures
on a dark background.
Lesson 7
Roman Art:
Mosaic Art
‘Gypsy Girl,’ fragment
of an ancient mosaic,
Roman, 20BC
Lesson 7
Roman Art:
Mosaic Art
Roman monochrome floor
mosaic, 3rd century CE;
in the Portico delle
Corporazioni, Ostia, Italy.
Lesson 7
Roman Art:
Mosaic Art
Mosaic floor fragment,
stone tesserae from Syria,
6th century CE
Lesson 7
Roman Art:
Mosaic Art
A 3rd century CE Roman
floor mosaic depicting
Bacchus, god of wine.
Flaminia, Rome.
Lesson 7
Roman Art:
‘Battle of Alexander and
Darius at Issus,’ detail of
the Roman mosaic done
in the opus vermiculatum
technique (laying dark or
light outline, mosaic work
employing small stones
arranged in patterns of Mosaic Art
curving lines or in pictorial
designs), Pompeii, late
2nd century BC.
Lesson 7
Roman Glass Art
Introduced by Egypt and Mesopotamia, the Romans

maximized Glass Art decorative qualities not
only as vessels but also its application on mosaics as
decorative panels in both walls and furniture DURING
509 – 27 BCE. The material was also used for
windows, to create jewelry, mirrors, game pieces,
magnifying glasses, sculpture and, in the form of
powder, even as a medicine and toothpaste.
Lesson 7
Roman Glass Art
Techniques:
• Primarily, Roman glass wares were just imitation
of their usual metal wares.
• Colors could also be achieved by adding small
amounts of metals to the mix; adding copper
produced blue, green, and red, manganese
produced pink and red, cobalt a deep blue, calcium
white, and lead brought a yellow tint.
Lesson 7
Roman Glass Art
Techniques:
• Glass was naturally opaque due to the presence of
tiny air bubbles within the glass as a result of the
firing process and usually resulting to pale green
or yellow hue due to the presence of impurities.
• The color or tint of the glass could naturally be
manipulated by increasing or decreasing the level
of oxygen in the furnace.
Lesson 7
Roman Glass Art
With the invention of glassblowing in the 1st

century BCE, a better quality of glass was produced,
and the production process became faster and
cheaper with the consequence that vessels more
common to every households everyday objects.
• Vitriairii – Roman glass maker and designer.
• Diatretarii – Roman glass cutter.
Lesson 7
Roman Glass Art
Also, the glass-blowing revolutionized the art of glass-

making which allowed the production of small
medicine, incense, and perfume containers in new
forms. Glass unguentarium, or perfume
small bottles production were prevalent throughout
the ancient Roman Empire, and from Egypt to
Cologne, Germany.
Lesson 7
Roman Glass Art
Roman Glass:
It was in the late 1st
century CE that colorless
glass first appeared in the
glassmaker's repertoire and
it became highly sought after
by Roman households.
Lesson 7
Roman Glass Art
The most famous example of

Roman glass ware is the
‘Thetis Portland Vase'
which was made sometime during
the reign of Augustus, 27 BCE -
14 CE and which depicts the
marriage of Peleus and Thetis
from Greek mythology.
Lesson 7
Roman Glass Art
Highly carved ‘diatreta’ or cage-

cups and perhaps the most
famous Roman glass vessel of
all was the Lycurgus Cup,
4th century CE.
Lesson 7
Roman Glass Art
Roman Glass rings Roman Glass perfume

and bracelets containers
Lesson 7
Roman Art: Sculpture
Most of the surviving examples of

Roman sculpture are in marble. The
Sleeping Hermaphrodite,
an ancient marble sculpture
depicting life size Hermaphroditus.
In 1620, Italian artist Gian Lorenzo
Bernini sculpted the mattress upon
which the statue now lies.
Lesson 7
Head of a Roman Patrician. 1st century

BCE. The wrinkled and aged face of this unknown
upper-class Roman citizen changed the ideals of the
Romans to present himself as a prized and
experienced public servant instead of merely copying
Greek marble statues of their great and mighty
leaders and gods.
Lesson 7
Augustus from Prima

Porta, 1st century CE. It
highlights Augustus’s military
might and refers to the
Republic’s past golden age.
Lesson 7
Fonseca Bust, 2nd century

CE. The Fonseca Bust, was a
portrait of elite Roman woman
from the Flavian dynasty, 69-96
CE. Portraits of women from this
era heavily favored more
realistic portrayals.
Lesson 7
Equestrian Statue of
Marcus Aurelius, 176 CE.
Equestrian statues were common in
ancient Rome to honor military and
civic achievements. The statue was
a bronze likeness of Marcus
Aurelius astride his horse.
Lesson 7
Roman Art: Architecture
Roman architecture took over right where

the builders from ancient Greece left off after the
decline of Greek civilization. But unlike their
predecessors, the Romans placed far more emphasis
on the practicality of their architectural designs. This
was a major departure from contemporary practices
which had always placed the focus on a structure’s
exterior design, function and aesthetic appeal.
Lesson 7
While they may have borrowed some of their earliest

ideas from the Ancient Greeks, Etruscans, Egyptians
and Persians, ancient Roman Architecture
changed the landscape and giving mankind buildings
that it had never seen before, alongside public
structures, roads and infrastructure that could be
used.
Lesson 7
Roman architecture is famous for its domes,

arches, amphitheaters, temples, thermaes or bath
houses, atriums, aqueducts, apartments, houses, and
for many other factors that made it unique. Art was
often carved into the walls of stone buildings depicting
battles, and famous Romans.
Lesson 7
The Aqua Augusta, or Serino

Aqueduct, 19-14 BCE, Pompeii
was one of the largest, most
complex and costliest aqueduct
systems in the Roman world. It
supplied water to at least eight
ancient cities in the Bay of Naples
including Pompeii and Herculaneum.
Lesson 7
The famous amphitheater, the

Colosseum, was built an area
of 189 by 159 meters, making it
the largest of its time. The said
monument, began during the
reign of Emperor Vespasian in 72
AD. By the time it was finished by
his son Titus in 80 AD
Lesson 7
The Pantheon is the most well-preserved architectural

marvel from the ancient Roman era. Roman Temples
were usually dedicated to particular Roman deities and
the Pantheon was a temple for all the Roman
gods. The construction was completed in 125 AD during
the rule of Hadrian.
Lesson 7
Named after the famous former governor of the city of

Ephesus, the Library of Celsus, 10 BCE was
actually a monumental tomb dedicated to Gaius Julius
Celsus Polemaeanus. This amazing piece of Roman
architecture was constructed on the orders of Celsus’
son Galius Julius Aquila. According to record, the library
housed over 12,000 different scrolls.
Lesson 7
Maison Carrée is the only temple constructed in

the time of ancient Rome that is completely preserved
to this day. This marvel of Roman engineering was built
around 16 BC in the city of Nimes. Maison Carrée is an
architectural gem that stands 15 meters tall and a
length of 26 meters. It was built by Roman General
Marcus Vipanius Agrippa in memory of his two sons
who died young.
Lesson 7
Roman Art: Wall Painting
The history of Roman painting is essentially a history of

wall paintings on plaster. Some other Roman
paintings were applied directly on wood, ivory, and
other wall materials. Fresco on the other hand was
used to adorn the interiors of private homes in Roman
cities and in the countryside.
Lesson 7
Ancient Roman wall painters or perhaps their clients

preferred natural earth colors such as darker shades of
reds, yellows and browns. Blue and black pigments
were also popular for plainer designs though evidence
from a Pompeii paint shop illustrates that a wide range
of color shades was available.
Lesson 7
This gorgeous Fresco of

Theseus, 18 century was
th
discovered from within a Basilica

located in Herculaneum, Pompei. The
painting looks spectacular and shows a
few children holding Theseus’s hand
and congratulating him for killing the
mythological beast-Minotaur.
Lesson 7
This painting Fresco of

Wader Bird roaming freely
in one of the gardens along
Sarno river and looks astonishing
with lush green surroundings,
painted in serene colors of green,
white and shades of yellow.
Lesson 7
Most houses in ancient Romans

featured red painted walls depicting
women, animals or erotic art. This
original painting of two faces,
1st Century CE shows defined features
of lips painted with reddish orange color
making the eyes look expressive.
Lesson 7
This wall painting shows Eros and

Psyche, 1 st
century CE. Ancient
Roman artists loved to portray eternal
love between people and mythological
characters, and one of the most
popular subjects was Eros and
Psyche’s love story.
“The principles of true Art is
not to portray, but to evoke.”
- Jerzy Kosinski -

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Lesson 6

Lesson 6: Ancient Arts

Ancient Art History Refers to the many

Ancient Art History, Some art were found

2. Venus of Berekhat Ram (230-700,000

5. Hall of Bulls Cave

6. Amur River Basin Pottery,

7. Tuc d’Audoubert Bison

8. Tassili-n-Ajjer Rock Art ,

9. The Swimming Reindeer,

10. The Venus of

Ancient Egyptian Art

Ancient Egyptian Art

Ancient Egyptian Art includes the painting,

Ancient Egyptian Art

Much of the Ancient Egyptians artwork

Ancient Egyptian Art

All Egyptian art is based on perfect balance

Ancient Egyptian Art

Ancient Egyptian Art

Ancient Egyptian Art

1 Egyptian wall paintings were

Ancient Egyptian Art

Ramesses the Great and Battle of Dapur,

Ancient Egyptian Art

Battle of Nubia: This painting shows Ramses II

Ancient Egyptian Art

Ancient Egyptian Art

Egyptian Dance Painting: Aside for ritualistic

Ancient Egyptian Art

Depiction of Nubians Worshipping

Ancient Egyptian Art

Ancient Egyptian Art

Nefertiti Bust, coated limestone

Ancient Egyptian Art

Ancient Egyptian Art

Khufu Statuette: Founded by Sir

Ancient Egyptian Art

Block statue: A memorial statue

Ancient Egyptian Art

Colossi of Memnon: Two

Ancient Egyptian Art

Ancient Egyptian Art

Seated statues of Rahotep and

Ancient Egyptian Art

Wrapped Osiris Statue: statues like

Ancient Egyptian Art

Ancient Egyptian Art

Ancient Egyptian Art

Ancient Egyptian Art

Ceremonial gilded wooden shield:

Ancient Egyptian Art

Tutankhamun’s lunar pectoral: metal

Ancient Egyptian Art

A part of the wall in the Temple

Ancient Egyptian Art

Ancient Egyptian Art

Ancient Egyptian Art

Typical Egyptian Column

Ancient Egyptian Art