Midterm Lesson

Lesson 6: MIDTERM one, the Venus of Tan-Tan, in Morocco.
Cave Art
Ancient Egyptian Art
Cave Art
-Ancient Art History Refers to the many
types of art produced by the advanced cultures
of ancient societies of some of the oldest
civilizations with some form of writing, such as
those of ancient China, India, Mesopotamia, Persia,
Palestine, Egypt, Greece, and Rome.
3. An abstract drawing from the 73,000 BCE at
-Ancient Art History, Some art were found Blombos Cave, South Africa
during 700,000 to 2000 BCE. The Stone Age Art
where humans used natural materials like stone,
ivory and bone for small Venus figurines. And they
made paints from natural pigments like iron oxide
to create scenes of animals on walls deep in caves.
-Known also as stone age, ‘parietal art’, Cave Art

4. Diepkloof Ostrich Eggshell Abstract Engravings
is a general term used to describe any kind of man-
60,000 BCE South Africa
made image on the walls, ceiling or floor of a cave
or rock shelter. Most cave art is found in shallow 5. Hall of Bulls Cave Painting, 28,000 and 10,000
rock shelters, such as those formed by overhanging BCE, France. The paintings on cave walls represent the
rocks, but some was created in total darkness within earliest surviving examples of the artistic
deep, uninhabited caves, and was rarely seen by expression of early people.
humans.
6. Amur River Basin Pottery, 14,300 BCE, Chinese
Types: ceramics from Late Paleolithic Culture
1. Hand prints and finger marks
7. Tuc d’Audoubert Bison Sculpture in France 13,500
2. Abstract signs and symbols
BCE, sculpted in soft clay. The relief carries marks left by
3. Figurative painting
artist’s fingers and nails.
4. Rock engraving
5. Relief sculpture 8. Tassili-n-Ajjer Rock Art , 8,000 BCE. The major African
art contains the Mesolithic art in animal & human
Cave Art
engravings or paintings. It indicates Archaic Tradition.
Ten of the notable Oldest evidences of cave art to
be scientifically dated are the following: 9. The Swimming Reindeer, 11,000 BCE. Carving from
1. Bhimbetka Petroglyphs the tip of a mammoth tusk of two swimming reindeer
(290,000-700,000 BCE) Cupules at Auditorium Cave & found in the cave of Montastruc, France
Daraki-Chattan Rock Shelter, India. The oldest known
rock art in the world 10. The Venus of Willendorf, Austria is an
11.1cm tall Venus figurine estimated to have been

made 30,000 BCE.
Ancient Egyptian Art

Ancient Egyptian Art includes the painting,
sculpture, architecture, and other arts produced by
the civilization in the lower Nile Valley from 5000 BCE
to 300 CE. Ancient Egyptian art reached considerable
sophistication in painting and sculpture, and was both
Five of the notable Oldest evidences of cave art to highly stylized and symbolic.
be scientifically dated are the following:
Much of the Ancient Egyptians artwork
2. Venus of Berekhat Ram (230-700,000 BCE), Israel.
created by the had to do with their religion. They
At first, historians believed that the artifact was a
would fill the tombs of the Pharaohs with paintings
product of natural erosion rather than a deliberate
and sculptures. Much of this artwork was there to
human act of creativity until the discovery of a second
help the Pharaohs in the afterlife. The temples often
held large statues of their gods as well as many
paintings on the walls.
All Egyptian art is based on perfect balance

because it reflects the ideal world of the gods. The
same way these gods provided all good gifts for
humanity, so the artwork was imagined and created Art Forms: Notable Wall Paintings
to provide a use. Egyptian art was always first and
foremost functional.
Characteristics and Functions:
1. Daily life activities 2. Journey of the deceased into the
afterworld.
2. Journey of the deceased into the afterworld.
3. Images of the gods and deities.
4. Honoring pharaohs, noble people and the dead.5.
Social and political rank.
5. Social and political rank.
6. Writings on the wall to tell stories about the images. Tutankhamun Cartouche,
7. Worship and rituals. Royal Encryption of a Pharaohs name.
Art Forms: Art Forms: Notable Wall Paintings
1. Wall Painting
2. Sculpture
3. Carving, Relief and Jewelry
4. Architecture
5. Writings
6. Funerary Art
Art Forms:
1 Egyptian wall paintings were
two dimensional, without the
perspective of the three dimensional
physical world. Subjects were painted
with a combination of the profile view
and frontal view. Egyptian Dance Painting: Aside for ritualistic
function, talent in dance is also an indicator that a
Art Forms: Notable Wall Paintings
person is an efficient worker.
Ramesses the Great and Battle of Dapur, depicting his

achievement in his raid against Muwatalli’s Hittite
resurgent forces.
Depiction of Nubians Worshipping
Art Forms:
2 Egyptian sculpture were not only images of the

pharaoh and his family, but also of people, animals and
slaves that surrounded him during his life. The ones we
Battle of Nubia: This painting shows Ramses II see today look like they are carved from stone or made
battling Nubians and was considered the strongest from clay and are colorless.
and most celebrated pharaoh of the 19th dynasty.
Art Forms: Notable Sculptures
Block statue: A memorial statue discovered in the

Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt. The statue was
Nefertiti Bust, coated limestone produced by Thutmose
designed that way to serve as a guardian of temples
in 1345 BC. Depiction of the Great Royal Wife of
gateway.
the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten. This is regarded as
one of the most copied works on ancient Egypt.
Art Forms: Notable Sculptures Lesson 6 Colossi of Memnon: Two massive huge stone statues
representing greatness of Pharaoh Amenhotep III and
it meant to protect the temple from evil.
Great Sphinx of Giza, 2575-2465BCE: A limestone

statue of reclining sphinx. It depicts a mythical
creature with the human body and a lion’s head.
73m long and 20m high. Pharaoh Ramesses II: Weighed 20
tons statue was designed to show
Art Forms: Notable Sculptures him as a beneficent ruler, a
mighty warrior and a living god. It
was erected in the Ramesseum,
his mortuary temple, where the
believers of Ramesses would
continue for centuries.
Khufu Statuette: Founded by Sir Willian Matthew

Flinders Petrie in 1903 at the Temple of Khentyamentiu,
Abydos in Upper Egypt. The statue is a three-
dimensional depiction of Khufu.
Art Forms: Notable Carvings & Relief
The Narmer Palette: Also
known as Great Hierakonpolis
Palette which was created to
symbolize the unity of the
“Kingdoms of Two Lands,” the
Upper and Lower Egypt under
King Narmer. The palette
measured 64x42 cm
Art Forms: Notable Carvings

Seated statues of Rahotep and Tutankhamun’s ‘golden death mask’
Nofret: From the 4th dynasty the is an ancient death mask produced
statues were skillfully sculpted in the 18th century in ancient Egypt.
confirming their high rank stature. It was discovered by Howard Carter
With glass inlaid eyes makes the in 1925. This is regarded as one of
statue more realistic. the most famous Egyptian artworks
and almost admired and well-known
works of art around the world.

Ceremonial gilded wooden shield:
found in the tomb of Tutankhamun.
Egyptian artists also used a variety
of woods in their work, including the
native acacia, tamarisk, and
sycamore fig as well as fir, cedar, and
Art Forms: Notable Sculptures other conifers imported from Syria.
Lesson 6

Tutankhamun’s lunar pectoral: metal
casted, carved jewelry work was
quite sophisticated even in the Old
Kingdom, as demonstrated by some
highly creative pieces depicted
specially in tomb scenes.
Lesson 6
Wrapped Osiris Statue: statues like this were buried in Ancient Egyptian Art
tombs, wrapped in cloth. It was thought the statues Art Forms: Notable Carvings
helped the dead be reborn in the next life, like the real A part of the wall in the Temple
deity Osiris. of Seti I is an artistic carving
painted relief. Archeologists
discovered red grid marking
Ancient Egyptian Art that the artisans used to ensure
Art Forms: the proportion of the human
figures being carved.
Lesson 6

Sesostris III Pectoral:Gold pectoral with
semiprecious stones, Middle Kingdom, 12th dynasty
(1991–1786 BCE).
Lesson 6

Art Forms:
3 Egyptian artists, whose skills are best 4 Egyptian Architecture developed
exemplified not only in statuary but since 3000 BC and characterized by post
carving, relief and jewelry as well. and lintel construction, massive walls
Their distinctive talent as craftsmen were covered with hieroglyphic and pictorial
from their discipline and highly developed carving, flat roofs, and structures except
aesthetic sense deserving to rank as an for the Pyramids. Most houses were built
outstanding art by any standard of clay or baked bricks.
Art Forms: Architecture conquest of Alexander the Great.
Typical Egyptian Column
and Capitals at the
Temple of Horus at Edfu,
Art Forms: Notable Architecture
Constructed Between 237
Columns of the Temple of Isis at Philae show a distinct
and 57 B.C.
influence of Greek and Roman occupation of Egypt. The
David Strydom/Getty Images
temple was built for the Egyptian goddess Isis during
the reign of the Ptolemaic Kings in the centuries
Ancient Egyptian Art before the birth of Christianity.
Art Forms: Architecture
The Egyptian Column can refer to a column
from ancient Egypt inspired by distinct Egyptian
ideas. The earliest builders carved columns from
The Luxor Temple – is a temple complex located in the
enormous blocks of limestone, sandstone, and red
city of Thebes, the ancient capital of Egypt during the
granite. Later, columns and capitals were constructed
time of the New Kingdom. Thebes is located in Upper
from stacks of stone disks. Some Egyptian columns
Egypt, on the east bank of the Nile River. Construction
have polygon-shaped shafts with as many as 16
of the temple was begun by the pharaoh Amenhotep III
sides while common columns are circular.
and was completed by Tutankhamen.

One of the great ancient Egyptian architect
The first royal tombs before the pyramids were called
Imhotep, who lived over 4,000 years ago in 27th
mastabas. Inside were rooms containing jars,
century B.C., is credited with carving stone columns
small objects, and offerings of food and drink. The
and capitals to resemble bundled reeds and other
tombs were surrounded by a large number of graves of
plant forms. The columns were placed close together
women and men believed to be servants of the kings
so they could carry the weight of the heavy stone
who were sacrificed to serve pharaohs in their afterlife.
roof beams.

The Temple of Edfu is dedicated to the worship of the
Common features of Egyptian columns include:
Egyptian god Horus, who was frequently merged with
1) stone shafts carved to resemble tree trunks or
the Greek god Apollo. In fact, the city of Edfu was
bundled reeds or plant stems, sometimes called
renamed Apollonopolis Magna during Greco-Roman
papyrus columns; 2) lily, lotus, palm or papyrus plant
rule in Egypt.
motifs on the capitals (tops); 3) bud-shaped or
campaniform ‘bell-shaped’ capitals; and 4) brightly Art Forms: Notable Architecture
painted carved relief decorations. The Great Pyramids of Giza: located on the Giza plateau
near the modern city of Cairo, the pyramids was built
during the reign of the king Khufu of the 4th Dynasty in
the span of over a 20-years. Khufu's vizier, Hemiunu the
pharaos physician was also the architect of his Pyramid.
Egyptian Column Types

• The last pyramid to be built was that of Menkaure,
Egyptian Column Details Example
‘Mykerinus’ in Greek was the fifth king of the same
Ancient Egyptian Art dynasty.
Art Forms: Notable Architecture • The oldest pyramid in the middle is for King Khufu,
Like the Temple at Edfu, the Temple at Kom Ombo has ‘Cheops’ in Greek, the second king of the 4th
similar architectural influences and Egyptian gods. Kom dynasty.
Ombo is a temple not only to Horus, the falcon, but also • The second tallest was built for King Khafre,
to Sobek, the crocodile. The columns records history in ‘Chephren’ in Greek was the fourth king in the
Hieroglyphs was about Greek Conquerors, great same dynasty.
Pharaohs old and new.
Art Forms: Notable Architecture Ancient Egyptian Art

Most significant to Western civilization is the Temple of Art Forms:
the Ramesseum, 1250 B.C. The mighty columns and 5 An original form of Egyptian writing,
colonnade are a remarkable feat of engineering for Hieroglyphs are written in rows or columns and can be
being created circa 1250 B.C., well-before the Greek read from left to right or from right to left. You can
distinguish the direction in which the text is to be read
because the human or animal figures always face Art Forms: Notable Funerary Art
towards the beginning of the line. Also the upper Lesson 6
symbols are read before the lower.
Unlike anthropoid, sarcophagus
Ancient Egyptian Art were rectangular boxes with flat lids.
Art Forms: They were painted and inscribed in
6 Egyptian funerary art was not simply hieroglyphs with four important
memorial, but played an active role in the afterlife of features: the deceased's name and
the departed. Most of the tomb art studied from titles; a list of food offerings; a false
ancient Egypt comes from the commissions of kings and door through which the ‘ka’ could
high- ranking court officials. Egyptian philosophy of art pass; and eyes through which the
refers to balanced realism and stylization to present deceased could see outside the coffin.
images of harmony, balance and order, victory over
chaos.
Art Forms: Notable Funerary Art
The Egyptian concept of the soul:

Ka, Ba and Akh.
Ka is the life force or spiritual double
Funeral Wall Painting: Aside from honoring the dead,
of the person. The royal Ka symbolized
the painting should contain the ritual of the dead’s
a pharaoh's right to rule, a universal
human heart in the weighing scale.
force that passed from one pharaoh to
the next.
Egyptian concept of afterlife, wall painting: A belief Ka, Ba and Akh.
that death is just an interruption of life. Ba is represented as a human-
headed bird that leaves the body
when a person dies. The face of Ba
Book of the Dead Wall Painting: Containing spells
was the exact likeness of that of the
to help the dead back to life after the journey to
deceased person.
the underworld. Art Forms: Notable Funerary Art

Tomb Wall Painting: Primarily should contain
Ka, Ba and Akh.
images of the king’s chosen deity and success
Akh is the spirit of Ra, which encapsulates the
stories of his life as a pharaoh.
concept of light - the transfigured spirit of a person
that becomes one with light after death. The opposite
of Akh is Mut (dead), the state of a person who has
Ancient Egyptian Art died but has not been transfigured into light.
Egyptian Deities, Wall Painting: Images of their gods in
one ensemble is one important feature in king’s tomb’s.
Art Forms: Gods and Deities
Amun-Ra: The Hidden One As
Zeus was to the Greeks, the Egyptian
Ancient Egyptian Art god Amun-Ra, Re or Amon was
Egyptian Mummification Wall Painting: considered the king of the gods and
Mummifying the dead is also a sacred ritual in goddesses. He became Amun-Ra after
preparation to the afterlife. being amalgamated with the sun god
Art Forms: Notable Funerary Art Ra. He was thought to be the father of
Lesson 6 the pharaohs, and his female
counterpart, Amunet, was called the
Ancient Egyptian Art Female Hidden One.
The anthropoid coffin itself is Lesson 6
typical of the ancient Egyptian burial
practices. The coffin echoes the shape Ancient Egyptian Art
of the mummified body. Decorated with Art Forms: Gods and Deities
an idealized representation of the Mut: The Mother Goddess of Egyptian.
owner's face and with images of gods, Mut is a primal deity who wears two
goddesses, animals and objects, as well crowns on her head, each representing
as hieroglyphic writings, that would Upper and Lower Egypt. Also titled “She
identify him and help him attain a who gives birth, but was herself not born
successful afterlife. of any,” Mut is represented as a vulture in
hieroglyphs. She is variously integrated
with other deities and is often portrayed as and protecting the pharaohs during war, the daughter
a cat, cobra, cow and even a lioness. of Ra, is depicted as a lioness and is known for her
Lesson 6 fierce character. She is also known as the Powerful One
and is capable of destroying the enemies of her allies.
She is depicted with a solar disk and uraeus, an
Egyptian cobra, which was associated with royalty and
Osiris: The King of the Living. Considered the
the divine. She assisted the goddess Ma’at in the
oldest child of the earth god Zeb and the sky goddess
Judgement Hall of Osiris which also gained her the
Nut, Osiris was worshiped as the god of the afterlife as
reputation of arbitrator.
the ancient Egyptians believed there was life after
Lesson 6
death. Often portrayed with green skin, Osiris was the
god of vegetation which indicated renewal and growth Ancient Egyptian Art
and was thought to be responsible for the fertile Art Forms: Gods and Deities
flooding and vegetation around the banks of the Nile. Geb: God of Earth. Also described as the Father of
Lesson 6 Snakes, Geb represented crops and healing. With a
goose on his head, this bearded god was believed to
have caused earthquakes whenever he laughed. He
was the son of Shu ‘the god of air’ and Tefnut ‘the
Anubis: The Divine Embalmer. He was known for
goddess of moisture’, and had an important role in the
mummifying the dead and guiding their souls towards
Book of the Dead as the one who weighs the heart of
the afterlife. His skin was black, symbolizing the dark
the dead in the Judgment Hall of Osiris. The ancient
Nile deposits which made the land so fertile. With the
Egyptians believed that he retained the souls of the
head of a jackal and the body of a man, Anubis also
wicked.
stood for renaissance and the staining of dead bodies
Lesson 6
after the embalming process.
Art Forms: Writing
Hieroglyphics writing:
Ra: God of the Sun and Radiance
Hieroglyphic writing signs and symbols represented by
The midday sun, Ra or Re, is of great importance in
pictures of living beings or inanimate objects.
Egyptian history. The god of the sun, Ra, has a sun
Hieroglyphic texts are found primarily on the walls of
disk around his head and is believed to have created
temples and tombs, but they also appear on
this world. Every sunrise and sunset were seen as a
memorials and gravestones, on statues, on coffins,
process of renewal. Portrayed as a falcon-headed god,
and on all sorts of vessels and implements.
he and Horus shared an association which led him to
Lesson 6
be known as the Horus of the Horizon.
Art Forms: Writing
Hieroglyphics writing:
Hieroglyphic writing was used as much for secular
Horus: : God of Vengeance. Horus had a special
texts, historical inscriptions, songs, legal documents,
position in ancient Egypt. The child of Osiris and Isis,
scientific documents, as for religious subject matter,
he avenged his father’s death and ruled Egypt. His
the likes of cult rituals, myths, hymns, grave
falcon-headed god with a crown of red and white was
inscriptions of all kinds, and prayers.
worshiped as the god of sky, war, protection, and light.
The Eye of Horus or the Wedjat Eye was personified as Ancient Egyptian Art
the goddess Wadjet and was popularly known as the Art Forms:
Eye of the Ra. It symbolized that everything was being Hieroglyphics writing evolved into two:
watched from above. • Hieratic – a simplified form of hieroglyphics used
Lesson 6 for administrative and business purposes, as well
as for literary, scientific and religious texts.
Coptic Writing – Coptic on the other hand is a Greek
writing adopted by Egyptians 450 CE.
Hathor: Goddess of Motherhood. Sometimes called
• Demotic – a Greek word meaning ‘popular script’,
the Mistress of the West, Hathor welcomed the dead
was in general use for the daily requirements of
into the next life. Born of Ra, she exemplified
the society.
motherhood and feminine love. She is the goddess of
Lesson 6
music and dance. She is believed to provide a blessing
as the helper of women during pregnancy and Ancient Egyptian Art
childbirth. Affectionate, humble and kind to both the Art Forms: Writings
dead and living, she was also known as the Lady of Rosetta Stone: A granodiorite stele discovered in 1799.
Heaven, Earth and the Underworld. The Rosetta Stone is inscribed with the three versions
Lesson 6 of texts. The top is in the hieroglyphic script,
middle in the demotic script while the bottom in
the ancient coptic Greek. The discovery of the stone
Sekhmet: Goddess of War and Healing. Leading
holds the key to understanding Egyptian hieroglyphs culture.
Lesson 6 Lesson 7
Ancient Egyptian Art History of Greek Art

Art Forms: The art of ancient Greece is divided stylistically into
Hieroglyphics writing: four periods:
The ‘Prayer to Thoth for Skill in Writing’ is a literary 2. Archaic – stiff and primitive
piece dated to c. 1150 BCE from the latter period of 3. Classical – sophisticated and realistic
the New Kingdom of Egypt (1570-1069 BCE) in which 4. Hellenistic – flowery and highly decorative
a young scribe prays for inspiration to Thoth, god of 1. Geometric – abstract and outline art
wisdom and writing. The prayer was found among the
works of ‘Papyrus Anastasi V’, a papyrus scroll
History of Greek Art
discovered at Thebes. The prayer is an interesting
1 Geometric Period, 900-650 BC:
glimpse into how the profession of the scribe was
Artistic development in Greece.
viewed by the ancient Egyptians a noble occupation.
Outline, the main characteristics of the Geometric
Lesson 6
period in art. The Geometric period was the first
Ancient Egyptian Art specifically Greek style of vase painting. It was
Art Forms: characterized by linear motifs such as spirals,
Hieroglyphics writing: diamonds, and cross-hatching. Abstract forms were
Hieroglyphs are written in rows or columns and can be used to represent human figures, flora and fauna.
read from left to right or from right to left. You can
distinguish the direction in which the text is to be read
because the human or animal figures always face
towards the beginning of the line. Also the upper
symbols are read before the lower.
Came from Minoan art influence Athenian potters
Ancient Egyptian Art introduced thebfull Geometric style by abandoning
Art Forms: circular for rectilinear ornament. Prime industry in this
Hieroglyphics writing: period was butilitarian pottery art.
Decoding:
Greek used ceramic vessels in every aspect of their
daily lives: for storage, carrying, mixing, serving, and
drinking, and as cosmetic and perfume containers.
Elaborately formed and decorated, vases were
considered worthy gifts for dedication to the gods
and funerary vessel. Common material was clay.
Lesson 7

“Life imitates Art far more than Art imitates life.”
- Oscar Wilde -
Minoans and Mycenaeans influence:
Lesson 7: The Minoans occupied the Greek islands mainly living
 Greek Art on Crete. The Mycenaeans lived on mainland Greece
 Roman Art and the Peloponnesia. The Minoans were mainly
farmers and traders while the Mycenaeans were a
Greek Art Forms warlike society.
Greek Art Lesson 7
Ancient Greek art emphasized the History of Greek Art
importance and accomplishments of human beings. Geometric Period, 900-650 BC:
Even though much of Greek art was meant to honor Artistic development in Greece.
the gods, those very gods were created in the The Golden Mask of Agamemnon,
image of humans. Ancient Greek art stands out 1550-1500 BCE: The King of Mycenae
among that of other ancient cultures for its is an artifact discovered in Mycenae in
development of naturalistic but idealized depictions 1876 by the German archaeologist
of the beauty of the human body. Heinrich Schliemann. This mask is
Lesson 7 made of gold and is a funeral mask
History of Greek Art found over the face of a dead body in
Significance: a burial place at Mycenae.
The ideals of Greek art are considered by historians to
be the foundation of Western civilization and to have
touched literally all aspects of modern western
Minoan influence: Aside from Mycenaean
ancient Egypt and Near East, Minoan art greatly
Artistic development in Greece,
affect Greek’s culture to a more functional and
Notable Pottery Art.
decorative but also political purpose, especially the
wall paintings of palaces where rulers were depicted History of Greek Art
in their religious function, which reinforced their role The Panathenaic Prize
as the head of the community. Amphora, 4th Century BCE:
Lesson 7 A Celebration Of Athletic Prowess
1 Geometric Period, 900-650 BC: History of Greek Art
Artistic development in Greece, Minoan influence. The Erotic Vase 500-323BCE:
A Snapshot Of Sexuality In
Ancient Greece

Octopus Pattern 2 Archaic Period, 650-480 BC:
Jug, Floral Pattern In this period, the artisans took a turn away from
Bee Pendant Pattern the geometric designs of the past and began to
focus more fully on figures and elements of the
History of Greek Art natural world. Artists were into more mystical and
1 Geometric Period, 900-650 BC: fantastical subjects such as combined beasts like
Artistic development in Greece, the Sphinx or Satyr-like creatures. These new
Notable Pottery Art. artistic ideas were assimilated into producing
The Vasiliki Ware Teapot: The First Luxury Pottery In images from their own religion and culture.
Ancient Greece Lesson 7

History of Greek Art 2 Archaic Period, 650-480 BC:
1 Geometric Period, 900-650 BC: Artistic development in Greece.
Artistic development in Greece, The Archaic phase is best known for the beginnings
Notable Pottery Art. of realistic depictions of humans and monumental
The Minoan Octopus Vase, 1200-1100BCE: Pinnacle Of stone sculptures. It was during the Archaic period
Bronze Age Pottery Design that the limestone kouros (male) and kore (female)
statues were created depicting young, nude, smiling
persons.
Lesson 7
Notable Pottery Art. The Geometric Vase, 10th History of Greek Art
Century BCE: A Symbol Of Athenian Artistic Supremacy 2 Archaic Period, 650-480 BC:
The ‘Kouros’ and ‘Kore’, Archaic Greek statues depicting
youths or referred to as young man and young woman
and Koral is a plural form. The statue is usually made
of marble or limestone, and tend to be life size. The
The Lion Aryballos, 700BCE: A Celebration Of The Koral was used as a grave monument and offering for
Rise Of Corinth deities.
History of Greek Art History of Greek Art

1 Geometric Period, 900-650 BC: 2 Archaic Period, 650-480 BC:
Artistic development in Greece, Artistic development in Greece. The Calf Bearer:
Notable Pottery Art. Moschophoros is a Greek word which means the ‘calf-
bearer’. An ancient Greek statue from 560 BC. Depicting
The Dinos Of Sophilos, 6th Century BCE: First
strength and power, he stands with his left foot a little
Known Creator Of Greek Vase Paintings
forward and has a thick beard, a symbol of adulthood.
History of Greek Art History of Greek Art
2 Archaic Period, 650-480 BC: 3 Classical Period, 480-323 BC:
Artistic development in Greece. Artistic development in Greece.
Amphora is decorated on both sides but in different Created 360 BCE in honor of the Greek god Hermes of
painting techniques. One side has a scene depicted in Praxiteles. Hermes was also carrying another popular
the red figure style was painted by ‘andokides’. The character in Greek mythology, the infant
other side shows the same scene in the black figure Dionysus.
style painted by ‘lysippides’. This type of decoration
puts the vase into the so-called Bilingual group. The
two figures depicted usually in the scene was Achilles
3 Classical Period, 480-323 BC:
and Ajax playing board game.
History of Greek Art Aphrodite of Knidos carved by the sculptor Praxiteles in
2 Archaic Period, 650-480 BC: the 4th century B.C. from fine marble, it enjoyed great
Artistic development in Greece. renown as the first devotional statue of a female
goddess in the nude.
Bilingual Amphora Red on one side and black on the
other side.
2 Archaic Period, 650-480 BC:
The Riace bronzes (460- 420BC) These tremendous
Geometric-style krater with funeral scenes from Attica, statues found in the sea off southern Italy in 1972 one
Greece, with funeral scenes, 8th century BCE. of the few original Greek bronze statues survive.

2 Archaic Period, 650-480 BC: History of Greek Art
Artistic development in Greece. 3 Classical Period, 480-323 BC:
Achilles slaying Penthesilea, the queen of the Amazons, Artistic development in Greece.
Attic black-figure amphora signed by Exekias, The Motya charioteer, (350BC). One of the most
c. 530–525 BCE startling Greek statues to survive, and highly revealing
about the erotic charge of the Greek nude. This youth is
not technically nude, but wears a tight-fitting garment
History of Greek Art that instead of hiding his body, heightens every
3 Classical Period, 480-323 BC: contour.
In this period, Greek artists achieved a more realistic
likeness in depicting human figure. The statues for History of Greek Art
example show the influence of Egyptian art in its 4 Hellenistic Period, 323 BCE - 31 CE:
stiffness, gracefulness, idealization, and achieving Artistic development in Greece.
naturalism by portraying them in a lifelike forms. Most The word Hellenistic comes from the word
statues were commissioned for public display by the ‘Hellazein’, which means ‘to speak Greek’ or ‘identify
rich, noble and influential people. with the Greeks’.
The overlapping of Classical and Hellenistic period
paved the way for realism in as much as sculpture is
History of Greek Art concerned..
The essential characteristic of classical Greek art is a History of Greek Art
heroic realism. Painters and sculptors attempt to 4 Hellenistic Period, 323 BCE - 31 CE:
reveal the human body, in movement or repose, Artistic development in Greece.
exactly as it appears to the eye. The emphasis will be Spot the différence!
on people of unusual beauty, or moments of high and
noble drama.

This 460 BCE Artemision Bronze represents either Zeus,
the ancient Greek king of the gods of Mount Olympus,
or possibly Poseidon, the god of the Sea. It is
assumed to represent the mightiest of the
The Farnese Hercules, Classical, 216 CE Boxer at Rest,
Olympian gods, Zeus.
Bronze with inlaid copper Hellenistic, 330-50 BCE
4 Hellenistic Period, 323 BCE - 31 CE: History of Greek Art
Artistic development in Greece. 4 Hellenistic Period, 323 BCE - 31 CE:
Artistic development in Greece. Pergamon Altar
The difference between Hellenistic and Classical Art is
Gaul and his wife, group of Gaul frieze 220 BCE
in the style and transition of sculpting. The Hellenistic
period saw emotions, movement of figures whereas in
the Classical period there is more focus on the perfect History of Greek Art
realistic figures, the sculptures are static. 4 Hellenistic Period, 323 BCE - 31 CE:
Artistic development in Greece. Pergamon Altar
Dying Gaul (Trumpeter), Gaul frieze group, 220 BCE
4 Hellenistic Period, 323 BCE - 31 CE:
Artistic development in Greece In Hellenistic period, History of Greek Art
sculptors pursued and 4 Hellenistic Period, 323 BCE - 31 CE:
perfected naturalism, an interest that Greek artists Artistic development in Greece. Pergamon Altar
had been developing over hundreds of years. In Altar of Zeus, Marble, reconstructed and restored
addition to natural poses, Hellenistic artists sought (Staatliche Museun, Berlin)
to gradually depart from depicting gods and
mythological subjects and started replicating the
bodies of real humans.
4 Ancient Greek Architecture:
Notable Ruins and Surviving Greek Structure.
History of Greek Art Greek architecture is known for tall columns, intricate
4 Hellenistic Period, 323 BCE - 31 CE: detail, symmetry, harmony, and balance.
Artistic development in Greece The Greeks built all sorts of buildings. The main
examples of Greek architecture that survive today are
The Winged Victory of Samothrace 200 BCE is a marble
the large temples that they built to their gods.
sculpture depicting the Greek goddess Nike. Considered
today as the greatest masterpiece in classical and a
prelude to Hellenistic from classical sculpture. History of Greek Art
Using a combination of creativity and intellect, the
Greeks produced many public buildings of great
architectural treasure. The Hellenistic period provided
The statue Lacoon and his Sons 200 BCE
some of the best and most distinctive structures in
also known as ‘Lacoon Group’ was originally created
the form of temples, theaters, and stadia which once
by three great Greek sculptors from Rhodes,
were the main features of ancient towns and cities.
Agesander, Polydorus and Athenodoros. This life-size
statue is made of marble and depicts a Trojan priest
named Lacoon, together with his sons Thymbraeus History of Greek Art
and Antiphantes, being throttled by sea serpents. 4 Ancient Greek Architecture:
The simplicity, harmony, and perspective in Greek
architecture was the foundation of Roman
architecture as well. Ancient Greek architects strove
for excellence and precision which indeed are the
Three Goddesses from the east pediment of hallmarks of Greek art.
the Parthenon 432 BCE. Sitting and reclining in
graceful unison, these goddesses carved in marble for
the Parthenon in Athens are among the most beautiful
and mysterious images of the human form ever
created. Incredibly, the artist makes the draperies
Three Orders of Greek Architecture:
that cover their bodies as real and richly textured
Ancient Greek architecture developed three distinct
orders, the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
History of Greek Art The latter were modified and adopted by the Romans
4 Hellenistic Period, 323 BCE - 31 CE: in the 1st century BCE and have been used ever since
Artistic development in Greece. in Western architecture.
The three goddesses carved in marble for the History of Greek Art
Parthenon in Athens. From left, Hestia, goddess of the 4 Ancient Greek Architecture:
hearth and home, Dione, and her daughter Aphrodite. Notable Ruins and Surviving Greek Structure.
Three Orders of Greek Architecture:
History of Greek Art built in 590 BCE following the aesthetics of Doric
4 Ancient Greek Architecture: architecture having its 16 columns. The symbolic altar
Notable Ruins and Surviving Greek Structure. of the Temple was lit by a torch during the first
Can you identify what order is this? Olympic games.
Corinthian

History of Greek Art 4 Ancient Greek Architecture:
4 Ancient Greek Architecture: Notable Ruins and Surviving Greek Structure.
Notable Ruins and Surviving Greek Structure. Temple of Hera, Olympia. Doric style.
Also known as the Olympieion or Columns of the
Olympian Zeus, the Temple of Olympian
Zeus was dedicated to Zeus. It’s. A former colossal
temple at the center of the Greek capital Athens. The
building of the Temple began in the 6th Century by
Built in 580 BC, the Temple of Artemis
Peisistratos and completed under the reign of the
measured 49m by 23.46m and was the biggest
Roman Emperor Hadrian in 131 AD.
temple of its time dedicated to goddess Artemis. From
the ruins itself, the metope of the temple was
History of Greek Art decorated with carvings of Achilles and Memnon. Its
4 Ancient Greek Architecture: magnificence and authenticity have made it a
Notable Ruins and Surviving Greek Structure. landmark in ancient Greek architecture.
Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens
History of Greek Art Notable Ruins and Surviving Greek Structure.
4 Ancient Greek Architecture: Temple of Artemis. The temple is considered one of the
Notable Ruins and Surviving Greek Structure. Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
One of the most influential buildings in Greek history
ever built was the Parthenon, stands on top of
the citadel of the Acropolis. It was dedicated to the
goddess of wisdom Athena. The construction began
in 447 BC when the Athenian Empire was at its
In terms of acoustics and aesthetics, The Great
height. The Parthenon is said to be the pinnacle of
Theater of Epidaurus believed to be the
the Doric order.
perfect theater of all time, containing an auditorium, a
stage building, and an orchestral area. The theater
History of Greek Art was large enough to provide seating for 13,000 to
4 Ancient Greek Architecture: 14,000 people. The theater was dedicated to the
Notable Ruins and Surviving Greek Structure. worship of the god of medicine, Asclepius.
Parthenon, Acropolis Lesson 7

Notable Ruins and Surviving Greek Structure. Theater of Epidaurus. Constructed at the end of the
Since ancient times, the theater Odeon of 4th century BCE by the architect Polykleitos. It was
Herodes Atticus has been a significant part of the first ancient medical center ever built in the world.
Greek culture. The stone theater structure is located
at the southwest slope of the Acropolis in Athens. The
Athenian magnate Herodes Atticus built the structure
in memory of his wife, Aspasia Annia Regilla.
History of Greek Art This Erechtheion Temple in Acropolis was
4 Ancient Greek Architecture: built between 421 and 406 BC by the great architect
Notable Ruins and Surviving Greek Structure. Odeon of Mnesikles. The temple got its name from a shrine
Herodes Atticus, Acropolis. Today, the theater played dedicated to the Greek hero Erichthonius, who was
host to huge music concerts and had a capacity of mentioned in Homer’s Iliad as a great king and ruler
5,000. of Athens.

Notable Ruins and Surviving Greek Structure. Erechtheion Temple. The marble made temple has
One of the oldest temples in Greece, this ancient ornamented with carved doorways and beautifully
Archaic temple was dedicated to Hera the queen of decorated columns.
the Greek goddesses. The Temple of Hera, was
Roman Art Forms Roman Art: Mosaic Art
Mosaic floor fragment, stone tesserae from Syria,
History of Roman Art
6th century CE
The Romans originated in central Italy, influenced by
other local Italian cultures, notably those of Etruria, Roman Art: Mosaic Art
but from the 5th century they came into contact with A 3rd century CE Roman floor mosaic depicting Bacchus,
the Greeks and from then onwards, the Roman god of wine. Flaminia, Rome.
republic absorbed many aspects of first Classical and Mosaic Art
then Hellenistic art. Roman Art:
History of Roman Art Roman Art: Mosaic Art

Many types of Imperial art practiced by the Romans ‘Battle of Alexander and Darius at Issus,’ detail of
had already been fully mastered by Ancient Greek the Roman mosaic done in the opus vermiculatum
artists. It’s normal to assume that Roman art were technique (laying dark or light outline), Pompeii, late
inspired by the Greek culture more so on architecture. 2nd century BC
• Sculpture – bronze/marble statuary and sarcophagi.
Roman Glass Art
• Fine art painting –murals, portraiture, vase-painting.
Introduced by Egypt and Mesopotamia, the Romans
• Decorative art – carving metalwork, mosaics, jewelry,
maximized Glass Art decorative qualities not
ivory carving)
only as vessels but also its application on mosaics as
decorative panels in both walls and furniture DURING
History of Roman Art 509 – 27 BCE. The material was also used for
Later Imperial art moved away from earlier Classical windows, to create jewelry, mirrors, game pieces,
influences, and Severan art signals the shift to art of magnifying glasses, sculpture and, in the form of
Late Antiquity. The characteristics of Late Antique art powder, even as a medicine and toothpaste.
include frontality, stiffness of pose and drapery,
deeply drilled lines, less naturalism and squat
Roman Glass Art
proportions.
Techniques:
• Primarily, Roman glass wares were just imitation
History of Roman Art
of their usual metal wares.
Mosaic Art
• Colors could also be achieved by adding small
Roman mosaics were a common feature of private
amounts of metals to the mix; adding copper
homes and public buildings across the empire from
produced blue, green, and red, manganese
Africa to Antioch. Mosaics, known as opus tessellatum,
produced pink and red, cobalt a deep blue, calcium
were made with small black, white, and colored
white, and lead brought a yellow tint.
squares of marble, tile, glass, pottery, stone, or shells.
Typically, individual piece measured between 0.5 and
1.5 cm but fine details. Rendering fine images are Roman Glass Art
using even smaller pieces as little as 1mm in size. Techniques:
• Glass was naturally opaque due to the presence of
tiny air bubbles within the glass as a result of the
Roman Art: Mosaic Art
firing process and usually resulting to pale green
Origin and Influence:
or yellow hue due to the presence of impurities.
Flooring set with small pebbles was used in the
• The color or tint of the glass could naturally be
Bronze Age in both the Minoan civilization
manipulated by increasing or decreasing the level
based on Crete and the Mycenaean civilization
of oxygen in the furnace.
on mainland Greece. The same idea but reproducing
patterns was used in the Near East in the 8th
century BCE. Roman Glass Art
• Vitriairii – Roman glass maker and designer.

Origin and Influence: • Diatretarii – Roman glass cutter.
In Greece the first pebble flooring which attempted With the invention of glassblowing in the 1st
designs dates to the 5th century BCE with examples at century BCE, a better quality of glass was produced,
Corinth and Olynthus. These were usually in two and the production process became faster and
shades with light geometric designs and simple figures cheaper with the consequence that vessels more
on a dark background. common to every households everyday objects.
Roman Art: Mosaic Art Also, the glass-blowing revolutionized the art of glass-
‘Gypsy Girl,’ fragment of an ancient mosaic, Roman, making which allowed the production of small
20BC medicine, incense, and perfume containers in new
forms. Glass unguentarium, or perfume
small bottles production were prevalent throughout
the ancient Roman Empire, and from Egypt to
Cologne, Germany. Roman Art: Sculpture
Roman Glass Art Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, 176 CE.
Lesson 7 Equestrian statues were common in ancient Rome to
honor military and civic achievements. The statue was
Roman Glass:
a bronze likeness of Marcus Aurelius astride his horse.
It was in the late 1st century CE that colorless glass first
appeared in the glassmaker's repertoire and
it became highly sought after by Roman households. Roman Art: Architecture
Roman Glass Art Roman architecture took over right where

The most famous example of Roman glass ware is the the builders from ancient Greece left off after the
‘Thetis Portland Vase' which was made sometime decline of Greek civilization. But unlike their
during the reign of Augustus, 27 BCE -14 CE and which predecessors, the Romans placed far more emphasis
depicts the on the practicality of their architectural designs. This
marriage of Peleus and Thetis was a major departure from contemporary practices
from Greek mythology. which had always placed the focus on a structure’s
exterior design, function and aesthetic appeal.
Roman Glass Art Roman Art: Architecture

Highly carved ‘diatreta’ or cage- While they may have borrowed some of their earliest
cups and perhaps the most ideas from the Ancient Greeks, Etruscans, Egyptians
famous Roman glass vessel of and Persians, ancient Roman Architecture
all was the Lycurgus Cup, changed the landscape and giving mankind buildings
4th century CE that it had never seen before, alongside public
structures, roads and infrastructure that could be
used.
Roman Art: Architecture

Roman architecture is famous for its domes,
arches, amphitheaters, temples, thermaes or bath
houses, atriums, aqueducts, apartments, houses, and
for many other factors that made it unique. Art was
often carved into the walls of stone buildings depicting
battles, and famous Romans.
Roman Art: Sculpture
Most of the surviving examples of
The Aqua Augusta, or Serino Aqueduct, 19-14 BCE,
Roman sculpture are in marble. The
Pompeii was one of the largest, most complex and
Sleeping Hermaphrodite,
costliest aqueduct systems in the Roman world. It
an ancient marble sculpture
supplied water to at least eight ancient cities in the Bay
depicting life size Hermaphroditus.
of Naples including Pompeii and Herculaneum
In 1620, Italian artist Gian Lorenzo
Bernini sculpted the mattress upon Roman Art: Architecture
which the statue now lies. The famous amphitheater, the Colosseum, was built an
area of 189 by 159 meters, making it the largest of its
Lesson 7
time. The said monument, began during the reign of
Roman Art: Sculpture Emperor Vespasian in 72 AD. By the time it was finished
by his son Titus in 80 AD
Head of a Roman Patrician. 1st century
BCE. The wrinkled and aged face of this unknown
upper-class Roman citizen changed the ideals of the Roman Art: Architecture
Romans to present himself as a prized and The Pantheon is the most well-preserved architectural
experienced public servant instead of merely copying marvel from the ancient Roman era. Roman Temples
Greek marble statues of their great and mighty were usually dedicated to particular Roman deities and
leaders and gods. the Pantheon was a temple for all the Roman
gods. The construction was completed in 125 AD during
the rule of Hadrian.
Roman Art: Sculpture
Augustus from Prima Porta, 1st century CE. It
highlights Augustus’s military might and refers to the Roman Art: Architecture
Republic’s past golden age.
Named after the famous former governor of the city of
Fonseca Bust, 2nd century CE. The Fonseca Bust, was a Ephesus, the Library of Celsus, 10 BCE was
portrait of elite Roman woman from the Flavian actually a monumental tomb dedicated to Gaius Julius
dynasty, 69-96 CE. Portraits of women from this Celsus Polemaeanus. This amazing piece of Roman
era heavily favored more realistic portrayals. architecture was constructed on the orders of Celsus’
son Galius Julius Aquila. According to record, the library “The principles of true Art is not to portray, but to
housed over 12,000 different scrolls. evoke.”
- Jerzy Kosinsk
Maison Carrée is the only temple constructed in LESSON 8 Lesson 10:

the time of ancient Rome that is completely preserved ⮚ Western Art
to this day. This marvel of Roman engineering was built ⮚ Asian Art
around 16 BC in the city of Nimes. Maison Carrée is an
architectural gem that stands 15 meters tall and a The Western Art
length of 26 meters. It was built by Roman General History of Western Art
Marcus Vipanius Agrippa in memory of his two sons Unlike the ancient Egyptian art which based on
who died young. paganism beliefs and rituals, the earliest known
forms of art in Western countries circulated within
Roman Art: Wall Painting religious artifacts, social and historical events in the
The history of Roman painting is essentially a history of 12th century up to 18th century. Arts depended on
wall paintings on plaster. Some other Roman not only architecture, but also visual arts. The main
paintings were applied directly on wood, ivory, and aim of the artists was to use images to convey
other wall materials. Fresco on the other hand was spiritual messages.
used to adorn the interiors of private homes in Roman
cities and in the countryside. History of Western Art
Importance:
Roman Art: Wall Painting Western art, tells a story about a people, time, and
Ancient Roman wall painters or perhaps their clients culture. As humans, we tend to use metaphors and
preferred natural earth colors such as darker shades of symbols to represent important messages, items,
reds, yellows and browns. Blue and black pigments and events. Western art is no different, as there are
were also popular for plainer designs though evidence many unique and rich stories hidden beneath the
from a Pompeii paint shop illustrates that a wide range art form's history.
of color shades was available. History of Western Art
Influence:
Roman Art: Wall Painting Art influences society by changing opinions,
This gorgeous Fresco of Theseus, 18th century was instilling values and translating experiences across
discovered from within a Basilica located in space and time. Art in this sense is communication,
Herculaneum, Pompei. The painting looks spectacular it allows people from different cultures and different
and shows a few children holding Theseus’s hand times to communicate with each other via images,
and congratulating him for killing the mythological sounds and stories. Art is often a vehicle for social
beast-Minotaur. change.
Lesson 10
History of Western Art
Roman Art: Wall Painting Focal Theme:
Western painting is in general distinguished by its
This painting Fresco of Wader Bird roaming freely concentration on the representation of the human
in one of the gardens along Sarno river and looks figure, whether in the heroic context of antiquity or the
astonishing with lush green surroundings, painted in religious context of the early Christian and medieval
serene colors of green, white and shades of yellow. world. The Renaissance for example extended this
tradition through a close examination of the natural
Roman Art: Wall Painting world and an investigation of balance, harmony, and
Most houses in ancient Romans featured red painted perspective in the visible world, linking painting to the
walls depicting women, animals or erotic art. This developing sciences of anatomy and optics.
original painting of two faces, 1st Century CE shows
defined features of lips painted with reddish orange History of Western Art
color making the eyes look expressive. Movements Approximately 4 AD to Present:
2. Renaissance 9. Expressionism
Roman Art: Wall Painting 3. Baroque 10. Cubism
This wall painting shows Eros and Psyche, 1st century 4. Rococo 11. Futurism
CE. Ancient Roman artists loved to portray eternal 5. Neoclassicism 12. Art Deco
love between people and mythological characters, and 13. Abstract Expressionism
one of the most popular subjects was Eros and 1. Medieval 8. Postimpressionism
Psyche’s love story. 6. Romanticism
7. Impressionism 14. Contemporary Art
History of Western Art above all to the senses and the emotions. Baroque
1 Medieval: 300 CE - 1400 CE started as a response of the Catholic Church to the
many criticisms that arose during the Protestant
From around 4 CE to 1300, this era is a broad category
Reform in the 16th-century.
that includes many artistic styles and periods, from
early Christian and Byzantine, Anglo-Saxon and Viking, History of Western Art
Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque, and Gothic. 3 Baroque: 1600 CE - 1730 CE
During the medieval period, the various secular arts
Characteristics:
were unified by the Christian church and the sacred
• Baroque painting is the painting associated with the
arts associated with it.
Baroque cultural movement, which began in Italy in
the 17th century.
History of Western Art • Baroque painting is characterized by grandeur,
1 Medieval: 300 CE - 1400 CE sensuous richness, great drama, rich, deep color, and
intense light and dark shadows.
Characteristics
• Iconography, Christian / religious subject matter
• Elaborate patterns and decoration, bright colors, the History of Western Art
use of precious metals, gems, and other luxurious 3 Baroque: 1600 CE - 1730 CE
materials,
‘The Rape of Proserpina’ is a large Baroque marble
• Stylized figures,
group sculpture by Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini,
• Social status.
executed between 1621 and 1622. Bernini was only 23
years old at its completion.
1 Medieval: 300 CE - 1400 CE History of Western Art
4 Rococo: 1720 CE - 1780 CE
‘The Annunciation with St. Margaret and St. Ansanus’,
The Rococo movement was an artistic period that
Gothic, Simone Martini and Lippo Memmi, 1333
emerged in France and spread throughout the world.
The word is a derivative of the French term ‘rocaille’
History of Western Art which means ‘rock and shell garden ornamentation’.
2 Renaissance: 1300 CE - 1600 CE Rococo was primarily influenced by the Venetian
Painting, sculpture, architecture, music, and literature School's use of color, erotic subjects, and Arcadian
produced during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries in landscapes. The father of Rococo painting was Jean
Europe under the combined influences of an increased Antoine Watteau invented a new genre called ‘fêtes
awareness of nature, a revival of classical learning, galantes’, which were scenes of courtship parties.
and a more individualistic view of man. Scholars no
longer believe that the Renaissance marked an abrupt
4 Rococo: 1720 CE - 1780 CE
break with medieval values, as is suggested by the
French word renaissance, literally means “rebirth.” Characteristics:
Rococo painting, is characterized by soft colors and
Lesson 10
curvy lines, and depicts scenes of love, nature,
amorous encounters, light-hearted entertainment,
2 Renaissance: 1300 CE - 1600 CE
and youth.
Characteristics
• A reverent revival of Classical Greek/Roman art forms
and styles.
4 Rococo: 1720 CE - 1780 CE
• A faith in the nobility of Man (Humanism).
• The mastery of illusionistic painting techniques. ‘Apollo and Daphne’ a painting by Giovanni Battista
• Maximizing 'depth' in a picture, including: linear Tiepolo. 1744
perspective, foreshortening and, later, quadrature and
• The naturalistic realism of its faces
5 Neoclassicism: 1750 CE - 1830 CE
History of Western Art Neoclassicism was a Western cultural movement in the
2 Renaissance: 1300 CE - 1600 CE decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music,
and architecture that drew inspiration from the art
‘Venus and Adonis’ is a painting by the Italian Mannerist
and culture of classical antiquity. Neoclassicism is a
artist Paolo Veronese, 1582,
revival of the many styles inspired directly from the
History of Western Art classical period, which coincided and reflected the
3 Baroque: 1600 CE - 1730 CE developments in philosophy and other areas of the
Baroque art is a style with exaggerated motion and Age of Enlightenment, and was initially a reaction
clear detail used to produce drama, exuberance, and against the excesses of the preceding Rococo style.
grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture,
literature, dance, and music. Baroque iconography
5 Neoclassicism: 1750 CE - 1830 CE
was direct, obvious, and dramatic, intending to appeal
Characteristics: Characteristics:
Neoclassical art include a concentration on Greek and Impressionists strongly emphasized the effects of
Roman mythology and history for subjects, like light in their paintings. They used short, thick strokes
heroic male nude, somewhat dramatic lighting, and a of paint to capture the essence of the object rather
rather clean style, with hard edges and bright than the subject's details. Quickly applied brush
primary colors in painting and smooth, highly strokes give the painterly illusion of movement and
polished marble in sculpture. spontaneity.

7 Impressionism: 1860 CE - 1890 CE
5 Neoclassicism: 1750 CE - 1830 CE ‘A Bar at the Folies-Bergère’ is a painting by Édouard
Manet, considered to be his last major work, painted in
‘Pauline Bonaparte as Venus Victrix’ is a semi-nude life-
1882. It depicts a scene in the Folies Bergère nightclub
size reclining neo-Classical portrait sculpture
in Paris.
by the Italian sculptor Antonio Canova. 1808

Whose painting is this and what
6 Romanticism: 1780 CE - 1880 CE
is the title?
Romanticism was an artistic, literary, musical, visual
and intellectual movement that originated in Europe Vincent van Gogh ‘Starry Night’ 1889 View from the
towards the end of the 18th century, and in most window before sunrise.
areas was at its peak in the approximate period from Impressionism
1800 to 1850. Romanticism as an "umbrella term"
under which many stylistic themes and values meet
8 Post-impressionism: 1886 CE - 1905 CE
and interact for example the gothic, the sublime, the
sentimental, love of nature, the romance narrative. Post-Impressionism is characterized by a subjective
approach to painting, as artists opted to evoke
emotion rather than realism in their work. The Post-
6 Romanticism: 1780 CE - 1880 CE
impressionists rejected Impressionism's concern with
Characteristics: the spontaneous and naturalistic rendering of light
Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on and color. Instead they favored an emphasis on more
emotion and individualism as well as glorification of symbolic content, formal order and structure and
all the past and nature, preferring the medieval artificiality in strokes.
rather than the classical. It also promoted the
individual imagination as a critical authority allowed
of freedom from classical notions of form in art.
Characteristics:
Post-Impressionists both extended Impressionism
History of Western Art while rejecting its limitations: the artists continued
6 Romanticism: 1780 CE - 1880 CE using vivid colors, a thick application of paint and
real-life subject matter, but were more inclined to
‘The Barque of Dante’, also Dante and Virgil in Hell by
emphasize geometric forms, distort forms for an
Eugène Delacroix, 1822. This work embarked the
expressive effect and use unnatural and seemingly
shift in the character of narrative painting, from
random colors.
Neo-Classicism towards Romanticism.

7 Impressionism: 1860 CE - 1890 CE ‘Vision after the Sermon’ is an oil painting by French
The Impressionist painters used layers of colors, artist Paul Gauguin, 1888. It depicts a scene from the
leaving gaps in the top layers to reveal the colors Bible in which Jacob wrestles an angel.
underneath. The technique is achieved through
hatching, cross-hatching, stippling, dry brushing, and
‘sgraffito’ which means scratching into the paint.
9 Expressionism: 1905 CE - 1930 CE
Impressionism was a radical art movement the artists
rebelled against classical subject matter and Expressionism emerged as a reaction to the
embraced modernity, desiring to create works that European spiritual and social crises of the early 20th
reflected the world in which they lived. century. Instead of the real world, Expressionists
conveyed their personal emotions in their works.
They created masterpieces composed of distorted
7 Impressionism: 1860 CE - 1890 CE
figures, shocking colors, and powerful lines.
History of Western Art History of Western Art
Characteristics: 11 Futurism: 1910 CE - 1930 CE
Expressionist art tried to convey emotion and
‘Primavera Umbria' was created in 1923 by Gerardo
meaning rather than reality. Each artist had their own
Dottori in Futurism style.
unique way of expressing’ emotions in their art. In
order to do that, the subjects are often distorted or
exaggerated. History of Western Art
12 Art Deco: 1909 CE - 1939 CE
9 Expressionism: 1905 CE - 1930 CE Art Deco focused on the motion and thrill of the
modern, mechanized world not only applied to
‘Dance Around the Golden Calf’ by Emil Nolde, 1910
visual arts but also to mass-produced fashion
and individually crafted luxury items. Art Deco
History of Western Art was also influential across fashion, advertising
Cubism is an artistic movement, created by Pablo and architecture.
Picasso and Georges Braque, which employs
geometric shapes in depictions of human and other
forms. Over time, the geometric touches grew so
Characteristics:
intense that they sometimes overtook the
12 Art Deco: 1909 CE - 1939 CE
represented forms, creating a more pure level of
seemingly visual abstraction. Playful, luxurious and exotic, Art Deco overturned
traditional elegance in preference for a highly stylized
and geometric style that symbolized wealth and
sophistication.
10 Cubism: 1907 CE - 1914 CE
Characteristics:
In Cubism, artists began to look at subjects in new
12 Art Deco: 1909 CE - 1939 CE
ways in an effort to depict three-dimensions on a flat
canvas. They would break up the subject into many Self-portrait, ‘Tamara in a Green Bugatti’ (1929).
different shapes and then repaint it from different Painted by Tamara de Lempicka, Art Deco
angles. Cubism paved the way for many different
modern movements of art in the 20th century.
Originating in 1940s America, Abstract Expressionism
took its inspiration from European painters working in
History of Western Art abstraction. It tended to reject all recognizably
10 Cubism: 1907 CE - 1914 CE realistic forms and used color and texture as the
primary tool for expression.
‘Violin and Candlestick’, 1910 by Georges Braque.
This work embodies the dynamic and energetic
qualities of Analytic Cubism, a revolutionary artistic
13 Abstract Expressionism: 1940s
style
Characteristics:
Artists used free-flowing, gestural painted brush marks,
producing paintings that were heavily reliant on
11 Futurism: 1910 CE - 1930 CE
spontaneity and intuition.
Artistic movement centered in Italy that emphasized
the dynamism, speed, energy, and power of the
13 Abstract Expressionism: 1940s
machine and the vitality, change, and restlessness of
modern life. Futurism was launched by the Italian ‘Multiform’, 1948 by Mark Rothko
poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti in 1909. On 20
February he published his Manifesto of Futurism on
the front page of the Paris newspaper Le Figaro. History of Western Art
14 Contemporary Art: 1946 to present
History of Western Art Contemporary art is really a catch-all term for all art
11 Futurism: 1910 CE - 1930 CE that has come after the Second World War. As such, it
encompasses many themes and styles, and takes us
Characteristics: up to the present day. Diversity and challenging
Futurist painting used elements and inspirations from nature, contemporary Art offers works with a dynamic
neo-impressionism and cubism to create compositions combination of materials, methods, concepts and
that expressed the idea of the dynamism, the energy subjects that challenge the traditional and defy easy
and movement, of modern life. Futurism is the definition.
defiance of the art of the past and celebrating change,
originality, and innovation in culture and society.
Lesson 10 of the world religion of Buddhism. A couple of
History of Western Art centuries after his death he came to be known by the
14 Contemporary Art: 1946 to present title Buddha, which means ‘Awakened One’ or
Characteristics: ‘Enlightened One’.
Contemporary Art is a style of decorating defined by
Asian Visual Art
simplicity, subtle sophistication, deliberate use of
Buddhist Art:
texture, and clean lines. It tend to focus on color,
This is one of the images of the pensive
space, and shape, contemporary interiors as well as
bodhisattva prevalent in East Asia
frames are sleek and fresh.
between the 5th and 8th centuries. In
History of Western Art Korea, the type emerged as an important
14 Contemporary Art: 1946 to present Buddhist icon during the 6th and 7th
centuries, particularly in the kingdoms of
‘Untitled #153’ is a color photograph made by American
Baekje and Silla. This seated figure is
visual artist Cindy Sherman in 1985. In 2010, a print was
among the best-preserved examples.
auctioned for $2.7 million, making it one of the most
expensive photographs ever sold at that time. Asian Visual Art
Buddhist Art:
The Great Stupa at Sanchi, India has been
the focal point of the Buddhist faith in the region since
Asian Visual Art it was built by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC.
Asian Visual Art Asian Visual Art

The history of Asian art or Eastern art, includes a Bhutanese Art:
vast range of influences from various cultures and Bhutanese arts and crafts are known for their bold
religions. Developments in Asian art historically use of colors, exquisite attention to detail and
parallel those in Western art, in general a few symmetry. Portraying deities, plants and animals and
centuries earlier. Chinese art, Indian art, Korean art, more, art is used to decorate the homes, temples and
Japanese art, each had significant influence on everyday objects of the Bhutanese people. From the
Western art, and, vice versa. Near Eastern art also had Buddhists monks making intricate sand mandalas to
a significant influence on Western art. Excluding the woodworker carving a garish mask, art is seen as
prehistoric art, the art of Mesopotamia represents the a religious experience, leading to enlightenment.
oldest forms of Asian art.

Functions: Asian art primarily serves religious Bhutanese Art: Thangka Painting
function. Building and decorating temples with the best The making of a thangka is a long and painstaking
vessels made of bronze and gold including their process. It starts with the preparation of the canvas,
statues of gods and goddesses. Without arbitrary which must be well stretched and smoothened. The
divisions separating the arts, East Asia has developed outline of the deity and composition are made,
exceptionally complex artistic forms possessing according to set guidelines, first in pencil and then
extraordinary richness and subtlety in practical and with a fine brush; colors are later painted in.
aesthetic applications.
Asian Visual Art
Asian Visual Art Bhutanese Art: Thangka Painting
Influence: The history of Eastern painting is as
‘Thangka of Milarepa’ 1052-1135, Thimphu.
old as the civilization of China. It is historically
comparable to Western painting. Eastern countries
continued to influence each other's production of arts Asian Visual Art
over the centuries. The ideologies of Confucianism, Cambodian Art:
Daoism, and Buddhism played important roles in East The traditional visual arts of Cambodia revealed the
Asian art. conservatism of the ‘Khmer Empire’. Ancient themes
were preferred, and rarely was there an effort to
improve or adapt. The principal crafts were weaving,
Asian Visual Art
silver, goldsmith and jewelry making. Visual arts
Buddhist Art:
includes wood and stone sculpture, painting and
Originated in the Indian subcontinent in the centuries
architecture.
following the life of the historical Gautama Buddha in
the 6th to 5th century BCE, before evolving through Asian Visual Art
its contact with other cultures and its diffusion Cambodian Art: Angkor Wat
through the rest of Asia and the world. It was originally built in the first half of the 12th
century as a Hindu temple. Spread across more than
Asian Visual Art
400 acres, Angkor Wat is said to be the largest
Buddhist Art: Gautama Buddha
religious monument in the world. Originally dedicated
Popularly known as the Buddha, was a ŚramanQa who
to the Hindu god Vishnu, Angkor Wat became a
lived in ancient India. He is regarded as the founder
Buddhist temple by the end of the 12th century.
Ellora, also known as ‘Elura’ and, in ancient times, as
Asian Visual Art ‘Elapura’ is a sacred site in Maharastra, central India.
Cambodian Art: Stone Carving The Ellora Caves are listed by UNESCO as a World
Khmer people were considered as the finest stone Heritage Site and is celebrated for its Hindu, Buddhist,
carvers in the world. Cambodia's best-known stone and Jain temples and monuments which were carved
carving adorns the temples of Angkor, which are from the local cliff rock.
renowned for the scale, richness and detail of their
sculpture and relief.
Asian Visual Art
Asian Visual Art Indonesian Art:
Chinese Art: Indonesian art are characterized by their delicacy
Varied throughout its ancient history, Chinese art and serenity of expression. Indonesian art enjoyed
was divided into periods by the ruling dynasties of another golden age under the Majapahit Empire
China and changing technology. Different forms of 1293–1500, during which a large number of Hindu–
art have been influenced by great philosophers, Buddhist brick temples were built, characterized by
teachers, religious figures and even political leaders. tall, slender-roofed red brick gates and a strong
Chinese art encompasses fine arts, folk arts and geometrical quality.
performance arts.
Asian Visual Art
Indonesian Art: Demak Great Mosque
‘Demak Great Mosque’, 1479 is one of the
Asian Visual Art
oldest mosques in Indonesia, located in the center
Chinese Art: Painting
town of Demak, Central Java, Indonesia. The mosque
The Vinegar Tasters is a traditional subject in Chinese
is believed to be built by the Wali Songo with the
religious and philosophical painting. The concept of the
most prominent figure Sunan Kalijaga, during the first
painting depicts the three founders of China’s three
Demak Sultanate ruler, Raden Patah.
major religious and philosophical traditions such as
Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism.
Asian Visual Art
Japanese Art:
Asian Visual Art
Japanese art and architecture is works of art produced
Chinese Art: 3 Notable Painters
in Japan from the beginnings of human habitation
• Wu Daozi, 680-759 CE – a famous painter in the Tang
there, sometime in the 10th millennium BC, to the
Dynasty (618 - 907AD), was honored as a painting saint.
present. Japanese art covers a wide range of art styles
Wu lost his father at an early age and lived in poverty.
and media, including ancient pottery, sculpture in
• Zhu Da, 1626-1705 CE – was a painter in the late Ming
wood and bronze, ink painting on silk and paper, and a
Dynasty and Qing Dynasty. He was the descendant of
myriad of other types of works of art; from ancient
Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty.
times until the contemporary 21st century.
• Zhao Menfu 1254-1322 CE – was the descendant of
Zhao Kuangyin, the founder of Song Dynasty (960 - Asian Visual Art
1279AD). He was a versatile scholar specializing in Japanese Art: Pottery
calligraphy and painting. Prehistoric art of Japan begins with the Jōmon period
10,000 BCE – 350 BCE. The Jōmon people were the
Asian Visual Art
first settlers of Japan. Nomadic hunter-gatherers who
Indian Art:
later practiced organized farming and built cities.
Indian art can be classified into specific periods,
Historians named the pots Jōmon which means
each reflecting certain religious, political and cultural
“cord-markings”, where in impressions made by
developments. The earliest examples are the
pressing rope into the clay before it was heated to
petroglyphs such as those found in Bhimbetka, some
approximately 600-900 degrees Celsius.
of them dating to before 5500 BCE. The production
of such works continued for several millenniums. Asian Visual Art
Later examples include the carved pillars of Ellora, Japanese Art: Pottery
Maharashtra state. Other examples are the frescoes All Jōmon pots were made by hand, without the aid of
of Ajanta and Ellora Caves. a wheel, the potter building up the vessel from the
bottom with coil upon coil of soft clay. As in all other
Asian Visual Art
Neolithic cultures, women produced these early
Indian Art: Ellora Caves
potteries. Jōmon is said to be the world’s oldest
‘Ellora Caves in Maharashtra’ was built by the pottery to be discovered, 3,000-2000 BCE.
Rashtrkuta king, Krishna I. Situated in the south
Asian Visual Art
of the precinct, these caves adorned with carves and
Japanese Art: Ukiyo-e
statues are estimated to have been built during 600 to
Ukiyo-e as often translated ‘pictures of the floating
730 CE.
world’, is a genre of Japanese art flourished from the
17th - 19th centuries in the early Edo period. It
Asian Visual Art started as one-piece black-ink only using woodblock
Indian Art: Ellora Caves prints. The drawings were circulated in towns as
printed books or in canvas cloth and spread among the
common people for their enjoyment. Color print began Asian Visual Art
in the mid-Edo period. Tibetan Art:
Tibetan art is first and foremost a form of sacred art,
Asian Visual Art
reflecting the over-riding influence of Tibetan
Japanese Art: Ukiyo-e
Buddhism on these cultures. Tibetan art, uniquely, is
The Hikone screen may be the oldest surviving ukiyo-e
an art that uses figuration and representational images
work, dating to c. 1624–44.
to express abstraction. Moreover, especially through its
Asian Visual Art use of ‘mandalas’, art is an integral part of a spiritual
Laotian Art: practice and process.
Lao art involves the myriad of forms creative, cultural
Asian Visual Art
expression originating from Laos. This includes both
Tibetan Art: Painting
ancient artefacts and recent productions. Laotian Art
‘Guge frescos’ mainly refer to the frescos in the
often features themes of religiosity in Buddhism and
Red and White palaces of the ruins of Guge Kingdom,
includes such material forms as textiles, wood-carving
900-1630 CE which were a grand ancient city with
and basket-weaving, sculpture and architecture.
unique Tibetan architectures. The Guge frescos
covering various aspects of religious disciples and
laymen, such as plough, sowing, harvest, hunting and
Asian Visual Art milking have remained vividly colored following the
Laotian Art: Sculpture passage of more than 300 years.
The most famous Buddhist sculpture in Laos, is
perhaps the Phra Bang also written as ‘Phrabang’,
and which literally means “Delicate Buddha" is the Asian Visual Art
mystical national emblem of Laos culture. The statue is Tibetan Art: Painting
83 cm high standing Buddha with palms facing The aesthetic effect of ‘Guge Frescos’ characterized
forward, cast in bronze and covered in gold leaf. with sublimity mixed with elegance, symmetry with
According to local lore, it was cast in Ceylon now Sri harmony, femininity with masculinity, melancholy with
Lanka sometime between the 1st and 9th century. heroism, and sublimity with romanticism.
Asian Visual Art

Asian Visual Art Vietnamese Art:
Nepalese Art: Vietnamese artists began to use traditional mediums
Nepali art is diverse and complex. Traditional art here such as silk, lacquer, and oil to create European-style
includes intricate floral patterns, mythical beings, and artworks. The result was a dazzling fusion of East and
the complex fusion of Hindu, Buddhist, and indigenous West, with talented artists creating breathtaking silk
elements using various materials like wood, stone, and oil paintings usually depicting pagodas, the
metal, and cloth. countryside, and Vietnamese historical events.

Nepalese Art: Sculpture Vietnamese Art: Woodblock Prints
The messianic ‘Bodhisattva Padmapani Lokeshvara’ Vietnamese woodblock prints or ‘Dong Ho’ painting
characterized as the Buddha of the future, stands in a (Vietnamese: Tranh Đông Hồ) is a folk art originating in
graciously exaggerated posture, the body beautifully Dong Ho Village, Bac Ninh Province, Hanoi that has
counterbalanced. 11th – 12th Century been practiced for three centuries. Dong Ho painting is
considered one of Vietnam's cultural symbols. Subjects
Asian Visual Art depicted in these paintings are usually scenes of
Thai Art: ordinary life, Vietnamese landscapes, seasons of the
Thai art and visual art were traditionally and primarily year, and prosperity symbols.
Buddhist and Royal Art. Sculpture was almost
exclusively of Buddha images, while painting was
confined to illustration of books and decoration of Asian Visual Art
buildings, primarily palaces and temples. Thai Buddha The background paper in making a dong ho is originally
images from different periods have a number of white, made of bark of a tree called ‘Dzo’. The usual
distinctive styles. Contemporary Thai art often pigments were orange, pink, yellow, purple refined
combines traditional Thai elements with modern from the leaves of local trees; red pigment is taken from
techniques. earth of hills and mountains; the black is made from
burned bamboo leaves; a shiny white paint is made
Asian Visual Art using ground sea shells. Vietnamese Art: Woodblock
Thai Art: Architecture Prints
Also known as Temple of Dawn, ‘Wat Arun
Ratchawararam’ has been named after the Hindu
God, Aruna or the God of Dawn. The recent Asian Visual Art
construction, for most parts, was restored and The Art of Mesopotamia: has survived in the
rebuilt by King Rama II and King Rama IV of the Chakri archaeological record from early hunter-gatherer
dynasty of Thailand. 1656 societies, 10th millennium BCE on to the Bronze Age
cultures of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and
Assyrian empires. These empires were later replaced
in the Iron Age by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo- approximately 550 BCE, Persian art exists as one of
Babylonian empires. Widely considered to be the the richest art heritages in the world.
cradle of civilization, Mesopotamia brought significant
Asian Visual Art
cultural developments, including the oldest examples
Iranian Art: Stone Bas-relief
of writing.
‘Archers frieze’ from Darius Palace at Susa, ca. 510 BC
Asian Visual Art

Asian Visual Art
Nabataean Art:
Art of Mesopotamia: Pottery
Nabataean is a member of an ancient Arabian people
The Warka Vase, also called the ‘Uruk Vase’, a who from 312 BC formed an independent kingdom
carved alabaster stone vessel, is one of the earliest with its capital at Petra in Jordan. The art of the
surviving works of narrative relief sculpture. It was Nabataeans of North Arabia were known for potted
found in the temple complex of the Sumerian goddess painted ceramics, and dispersed among Greco-Roman
Inanna in the ruins of the ancient city of Uruk in world, as well as sculpture and architecture.
southern Iraq. The vase was discovered as a collection Nabataean Art is most well known significantly for the
of fragments by German Assyriologists in their sixth archaeological sites in Petra, specifically monuments
excavation season at Uruk in 1933-1934. such as Al Khazneh and Ad Deir.
Asian Visual Art

Nabataean Art: Architecture
Asian Visual Art One of the most prominent rock-cut facades within the
Art of Mesopotamia: Pottery Petra Archaeological Park is the Palace Tomb
synthetized with the advanced set of skills and
The Warka Vase, One of the Earliest Surviving Works of
techniques that the Nabataeans deployed to shape the
Narrative Relief Sculpture, Looted in the Iraq War Circa
unique monuments. Built between the 1st and the 2nd
3200 to 3000 BCE
century AD is the most monumental of the ‘Royal
Tombs’ Group, as referred to by its name.
Asian Visual Art
Islamic Art:
Asian Visual Art
Generally, Islamic Art directly reflects its cultural
Nabataean Art: Architecture
values but also shows the unique Muslim view of life
and all spiritual things. For Muslims, God is the
center, Allah. Therefore Islamic art developed a
unique character of geometric, arabesque, floral,
and calligraphic patterns which reflect on their
aspects of balance.
Asian Visual Art

Islamic Art: Wall Art
Islamic art was influenced by Greek, Roman, early
Christian, and Byzantine art styles, as well as the
Sassanian art of pre-Islamic Persia. Central Asian styles
were brought in with various nomadic incursions; and “The aim of Art is to represent not the outward
Chinese influences had a formative effect on Islamic appearance of things but their inward significance.”
painting, wall art, pottery, and textiles. - Aristotle -
Asian Visual Art
Islamic Art: Wall Art
A calligraphic panel by Mustafa Râkim (late 18th–early ❖ LESSON 9:
19th century): In tradition, Islamic art has focused on  Modernism & Post Modernism
the depiction of patterns and Arabic calligraphy, rather  Contemporary Art
than on human figures, because it is feared by many
Muslims that the depiction of the human form is Modernism and Contemporary Art
idolatry. The panel reads: “God, there is no god but He,
Is Contemporary the same with Modernism?
the Lord of His prophet Muhammad (peace be upon
Modern design refers to an era that has passed, while
him) and the Lord of all that has been created.”
contemporary design is all about the now and the
Asian Visual Art future. The most popular modern design era was the
Iranian Art: modern era of the 1860s and 1970s while contemporary
Persian art, also referred to as Iranian art, is an art design started as early as 1960s to present and the
form made up of many mediums that include painting, future.
pottery, sculpture, reliefs, metalworking, calligraphy,
Similarities and difference between modern art and
weaving, and architecture. As Persian art developed,
contemporary art.
the art movement received multiple influences from
• Modern and Contemporary Art can both be
neighboring countries, dictated the style seen in the
considered revolutionary expression, but Contemporary
artworks. With the earliest influence dating back to
Art is more about experimentation and freedom. 2. Surealism
• Modern Art is an expression of individuality, while 3. Cubism
Contemporary Art focuses on social impact, with society 4. Expressionism
as the primary focus. 5. Impressionism
6. Symbolism
7. Pointillism
Discuss: Similarities and difference between modern
8. Futurism
art and contemporary art.
9. Minimalism
10. Fauvism
11. Dadaism
12. Pure Abstractionism
Notable Modernism Artwork:

Cubism: A revolutionary new approach to representing
reality invented in around 1907 by Picasso and Braque
bringing different views of subjects in the same picture.
‘Weeping Woman’ 1937 Pablo Picasso, Modernist
Georges Braque
‘Bottle and Fishes’, 1910–12
Abstractionism: It is one of the seminal works of

modern art, and of Western art generally, marking as it
‘Weeping Girl’ 2015, Banksy, Graffiti, Contemporary does the break between representational painting and
abstract painting.
Modernism & Contemporary Art
Discuss: Opinion on the two art photos depicting

mother and child as to why and how they can be both
modern and contemporary
Modernism
What Does Modernism Really Mean?
Kazimir Malevich ‘Black Square’, 1913
Modernism refers to a global movement in society and
culture that from the early decades of the twentieth
century sought a new alignment with the experience Art Deco: Art deco style, which above all reflected
and values of modern or advance industrial life. modern technology, characterized by smooth lines,
Building on late nineteenth-century precedents, artists geometric shapes, streamlined forms and bright,
around the world used new imagery, materials and sometimes garish colors.
techniques to create artworks that they felt better
reflected the realities and hopes of modern societies.
Modernism Era: 1860 – 1970s
Remember the Methods of Presenting Art

back in our midterm lesson number 6?
1. Realism
Dada: Created in Zurich as a response to the horrors of
the First World War
‘Composition. Abstraite Aux Tourbillons’, 1955,

TAMARA de LEMPICKA
Raoul Hausmann ‘The Art Critic’ 1919–20
De Stijl: A reaction against the decorative excesses of
Art Deco, the reduced quality of De Stijl art was Surrealism: A movement which began in the 1920s of
envisioned by its creators as a universal visual language writers and artists.
appropriate to the modern era led by the painters
Piet Mondrian and Theo van Doesburg.
‘Metamorphosis of Narcissus’,
1937, Salvador Dalí
Fauvism: Painters were the first to break with

traditional methods of perception. Expressed in bold
brushstrokes and vibrant colors used directly from the
‘Composition A’, 1920, Piet Mondrian. paint tube.
“Composition VIII (The Cow)”, 1918, De Stijl, THEO VAN

Henri Matisse, ‘André Derain’ 1905
DOESBURG,
Impressionism: Paintings with thick dabs and blobs of

paint. Choppy brushwork makes you wonder if the artist
finished the painting in a hurry.
‘Red, Blue Chair’, 1923, De Stijl, Gerrit Rietveld,

‘Water Lilies’ 1915 CLAUDE MONET, to describe what it looks like.
Post Impressionism: Van Gogh visible and emphasized

brushstrokes in thick swathes of impasto exploited
colors and textures to make powerfully expressive
interpretations of landscapes, portraits, and still life.
‘The Open Window, Collioure’, 1905, Henri Matisse
Abstract Expressionism: Pollock’s exposure on

surrealism opened his subconscious to create a
revolutionary style of abstraction. He then mark the
canvas through a highly physical process of gestural
drips, splatters, and strokes, his paintings traced the
‘Café Terrace at Night’, 1888 Vincent van Gogh
movements evoked from his raw emotional state.
Cubism: characterized chiefly by an emphasis on formal

structure, the reduction of natural forms to their
geometrical equivalents, and the organization of the
planes of a represented object independently.
‘Autumn Rhythm: Number 30’, 1950

Jackson Pollock
Art Nouveau: Morris was recognized as the

grandfather of the international Arts and Craft
Movements, in an era of increasing industrialism
and urbanization. His art embraced an idealized
vision of the artisanship and cottage industries of
the Middle Ages. Morris art paved the way to
modern interior wall design, tapestry and textile art.
‘Ambroise Vollard’, 1910 Pablo Picasso
Surrealism: Dalí depicted arresting dream images and

colorful insights brought forth from his own
subconscious. He often utilized bizarre juxtapositions to
make the familiar seem strange.
‘Wood Pecker, Tapestry’, 1885, William Morris, Art

Nouveau
‘The Persistence of Memory’, 1931, Salvador Dali.
Daddaism: A style of painting, sculpture, diorama and
assemblage developed and characterized chiefly
Fauvism: Matisse together with André Derain first by an European artistic and literary movement (1916-
introduced Les Fauves‘ in the world of fine art believed
that color should be used at its highest pitch to express
the artist's feelings about a subject, rather than simply
1923). monumental but placed directly on the floor (or
ground), dispensing with the pedestal or plinth
normally associated with sculpture in a way that
literally places the work of art in the viewer's own
space.
‘Floor Hamburger’, 1962, Claes Oldenburg:
‘Étant Donnés’, 1946-1966 Marcel Duchamp
The making of ‘Etant Donnes’, Dada Art by Duchamp
“It seemed perfectly natural to me that if you like to

touch things, you like to touch soft things as well as
hard things. If you're going to make sculpture out of
real things around you, then why not try to make
them soft so that you could push them around, and
they'll change shape.”
Installed behind a heavy wooden door, “Etant donnes”

consists of a diorama viewed through two eyeholes. The
scene depicts a nude woman, possibly dead, with her
legs splayed, holding an illuminated gas lamp. A
mountainous landscape, based on a photo Duchamp
shot in Switzerland, creates the background setting.
Postmodern Art
Postmodernism began to compete with

modernism in the late 1950s and gained ascendancy
over it in the 1960s and up to present. It was seen as
a reaction against the ideas and values of modernism,
as well as a description of the period that followed American Gothic’ 1930, Modernism Impressionism
modernism's dominance in cultural theory and Painting by Grant Wood
practice in the early and middle decades of the
twentieth century. The term is associated with
skepticism, irony and philosophical critiques of the
concepts of universal truths and objective reality.
Postmodernism was a reaction against modernism.

Modernism was generally based on idealism and a
utopian vision of human life and society and a belief in
progress. It assumed that certain ultimate universal
principles or truths such as those formulated by
religion or science could be used to understand or
explain reality. Postmodernist artists experimented
with form, technique and processes rather than
focusing on subjects, believing they could find a way
of purely reflecting the modern world.
Postmodern Art: 17th – 19th Century
Claes Oldenburg's explorations of banality and

art began with soft sculptures such as Giant
Hamburger (1962) and Shuttlecocks (1994), where he
‘Death of Hyacinthus’ 2008, Postmodernism
recreated common objects using cushioned materials
Impressionism Painting by Kent Monkman
that belied their solid structures. His works are
While modernism was based on idealism and reason, the 1960s. Today, competitive artists is continually
postmodernism was born of skepticism and a working in a globally influenced, culturally diverse,
suspicion of reason. It challenged the notion that and technologically advancing world.
there are universal certainties or truths.
Function: Contemporary art provides the artists
opportunities to reflect on society and the issues that
are important to society and the world. It is part of a
cultural dialogue that concerns larger contextual
frameworks such as identity, family, community, and
nationality.
Characteristics: The most prominent feature of

contemporary art is the fact that it has no distinct
feature or a single characteristic. It is defined by the
artist's ability to innovate and bring out a modern
masterpiece.
Characteristics:
• It is based on abstract expressionism.
• It has a heritage of artistic vanguards and seeks
different forms of expression.
• It has bases coming from abstract art.
• Its works are original, artistic and leave the mark of
the author who makes them.
• The means or instruments to make the works of
Impressionism contemporary art are changing because new
technologies and innovations are used day by day.
Modernism was in general associated with ideal visions
of human life and society and a belief in progress. • It is influenced mostly by Fauvism, Neoplasticism
and Cubism.
• It emphasizes the expressions of the self and
emotions.
• The colors used are strong and the content is
symbolic.
• It seeks to manifest the movement, and repetition
of objects on canvas.
• The art is avant-garde and surrealistic.
Characteristics Discussion:
Justify the statue according to characteristics
mentioned in the previous slides.
Standing at a height of 30 meters in the shape of a
spider, ‘Maman’ is an iconic sculptural artwork by
Louise Bourgeois, 1990. Various versions of the piece
exist, created using a diverse range of materials. Built
Abstraction for an exhibition at the Tate Modern, it pays homage
Postmodernism refers to a reaction against modernism. to Bourgeois‘ mother, who died suddenly when the
An approach and attitude toward art, culture, and artist was just 21.
society. Notable Contemporary Artwork:
Contemporary Art Installation Art: In 1990s museums began to regularly
Contemporary Art: 1950s – Present install monumental scale artworks indoors for
exhibition attracting more art enthusiasts.
Contemporary art is a ‘Modern Day Movement’. The
challenge is to make the viewer question what it is
that defines a particular artwork. Therefore, this style
of art is not particularly uniform, and it may be more
challenging to precisely describe than any other genre
of art. This genre of art does not have its distinct
approach or style that distinguishes it from others
simply because of the artist’s freedom to express and
the presence of manual tools and digital applications
readily available anytime to use.
Contemporary art emerged in the scene before the

second half of the 20th century and gained it’s
popularity among young and experimental artists in
“The Weather Project”, 2003. Olafur Eliasson ‘Spiral Jetty’, 1970, Robert Smithson
Performance Art: Abramović sitting silent and still in a Mixed-media Art: Jardim Gramacho, a 321-acre plot of
chair across from another chair in which anyone could land on the northern edge of Rio de Janeiro, was the
sit silently, one at a time for however long they wanted world’s largest garbage dump until it closed in 2012.
at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. She sat for Between 2007 and 2010, the Jardim became a kind of
the entire run of her 2010 retrospective, which added studio for Brazilian-born, New York- and Rio-based artist
up to 736 hours and 30 minutes. Muniz.
‘The Artist is Present’, 2010, Performing art, Marina

Abramovic
Pop Art: Intended as a reaction to preceding modern art

movements, contemporary art is thought to have begun
on the heels of Pop Art. Pioneered by American artists
‘Marat (Sebastião)’, 2008. Vik Muniz
like Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein. It is defined by
an interest in portraying mass culture and reimagining Shadow Art: Kumi is best known for her light and
commercial products as accessible art. shadow sculptures constructed from everyday objects.
She first starts with photographing real models to begin
understanding the different poses she works with. She
expresses the importance of shadow manipulation and
outline.
KUMI YAMASHITA, 2000 Shadow Artist.
Street Art: As one of the most recent contemporary art

movements, street art is a genre that gained
prominence with the rise of graffiti in the 1980s. Often
rooted in social activism, street art includes murals,
installations, stenciled images, and stickers erected in
public spaces. Key street artists include Jean-Michel
Basquiat and Keith Haring.
“The Pisa's Mural’, 1989, Keith Haring
Street Art: This iconic street artist first appeared on

Waterloo Bridge in London. This work has been
repeated many times in support of various political
campaigns, notably the Syrian refugee crisis in 2014.
‘Girl with Balloon’, 2002, Bansky.
“Coca-Cola”, 1960s, Andy Warhol. Street Art: This striking art piece were
created in order to pay homage to the child
Earth Art: also known as ‘land art’ or ‘earthwork’ is an victims of an earthquake that took place in
artistic movement emerged in America during the the Sichuan province in 2008. The large
1960s when a number of sculptors and painters such as scale art is composed of 9,000 students
Robert Smithson determined to heighten public backpacks. The Chinese artist Ai Weiwei
awareness of Man's relationship with the natural world created this striking piece in order to pay
by intervening in the landscape in a series of thought- homage to the child victims of an
provoking constructions. earthquake that took place in the Sichuan
province in 2008.
‘Remembering’, 2009, Ai Weiwei.
Street Art: This art piece from Pilipinas

Street Plan, or PSP for short, is the
result of the artists banding together to
form a community that has not only taken
their art to the streets to some key cities
(Manila, Laguna, Cavite, Cebu, Tacloban,
and even Dubai) but brought the
conversation about street art to a wider ❖ Lesson 10:
audience. Nemo Aguila, one of the core  History of Music
members of PSP, shares shared this  Music Genre
exhibition photo, 2017.
Photo Realism: or ‘hyperrealism’ primary

goal of a photorealist was to capture the History of Music
essence of the photo on canvas. To do so, Music: A Brief History
the artist would develop the photo, transfer In the beginning was the voice. Voice is sounding
it to a canvas for painting, and bring it back breath, The audible sign of life. (Otto Jespersen's words)
to life using a different medium.
‘Mark’, 1977, Chuck Close.
In the 1990s history scholars, suggested our
ancestors began communicating some two million
years ago with emotional tones they called ‘vocal
grooming’ to cement social ties on a large scale.
Historians were actually looking for a way to explain
the evolution of language, but somehow experts think
their emphasis on the early importance of tone shows
that the use of emotional tones to strengthen social
cohesion might equally explain the origin of music.
Historical theorists pointed out that music and

Photo Realism 2020: John Jeff Camasis. language both evolved out of the need for early
humans to communicate their emotional state to
Contemporary Art: 1960s - Present other members of the group. The theory was based
on primates which often rely on ‘vocal grooming’ to
Contemporary art is now the undisputed name for connect emotionally with their peers. This theory at
today’s art in professional contexts and enjoys some point in our prehistory, humans gradually
widespread resonance in public media and popular discover how to communicate using words to speak.
speech. Yet, its valiance for any of the usual art-
critical and historical purposes remains contested and The vocal production of musical tones, is so basic to
uncertain. One thing is for sure, Contemporary may man and predate the development of spoken language.
be defined as the ‘Art of Today’ and beyond. Furthermore, the voice is presumed to be the original
musical instrument, and there is no human culture, no
matter how remote or isolated, that does not sing.
Other Contemporary Art Style:
Pop Art, Word Art, Conceptualism, Performance, Ancient singing in primitive cultures is an important
Fluxus Movement, Installation, Video Installations, function associated not so much with entertainment
Minimalism, Photo-Realist Art (Hyperrealism), or frivolity as with matters vital to the individual,
Earthworks (Land or Environmental Art), social group, or religion. Primitive man sings to invoke
Contemporary Photography), Arte Povera., Supports- his gods with prayers and incantations, celebrate his
Surfaces, Contemporary Realism,... rites of passage with chants and songs, and recount
his history and heroics with ballads and epics.
Post-Minimalism, Feminist Art, New Subjectivity, And then there was search for formal music...
London School, Graffiti Art, Neo-Expressionist Art, Music: A Brief History
Transavanguardia (Trans-avant-garde), Britart (Young
British Artists), Deconstructivist Design, Body Art,
Chinese Cynical Realism, Neo-Pop, Stuckism, New
Leipzig School, Projection Art (21st Century) and
Computer Art, ...
Advance Artworks; Encaustic Painting, Letras Y figuras,

Miniaturismo, Panel Painting, Tapestry, Drawing and
Animation, Installation Art, Earth Art, Street Art and
Digital Architecture, Digital Design, Performance Art, ...
... and so many others that we can not count anymore!
“I have never been against new art as such; some of it is

good, much is crap, most is somewhere in between.” A bone flute in the ‘Hohle Fels’ cave was discovered
- Robert Hughes - near Ulm in Germany dating back 43,000 years. The
five-holed flute has a V-shaped mouthpiece and is
made from a vulture wing bone.
Some other scholars however believed that the said When Nesyamun died, his voice fell silent, but
holes are caused by the teeth of some carnivorous 3,000 years on, a team of researchers have brought it
animals. back to life when they found out that his larynx is still
intact. They were able to produce a 3D-printed voice
box based Nesyamun's vocal tract, which was scanned
to establish its precise dimensions.
Music: A Brief History

Greek Music
Ancient Greek music or ‘mousike’ has long posed a

maddening enigma. Yet music was ubiquitous in
classical Greece, with most of the poetry from around
750 BCE to 350 BCE like the songs of Homer, Sappho,
and many others were composed and performed as
sung music, sometimes accompanied by dance.
A wooden box called as ‘Standard of Ur’ was Music: A Brief History

unearthed in the 1950s from an ancient Sumerian Greek Music
cemetery dating from around 2600 BCE. The
Function: For the ancient Greeks, music was viewed
wooden box depicting people at a banquet, several
as quite literally a gift from the gods. The invention of
animals, many soldiers, a king, and a musician
specific instruments is attributed to particular deities:
playing the lyre.
Hermes the lyre, Pan the syrinx (panpipes) and
Athena the aulos (flute). In Greek mythology the
Also found in the same cemetery were actual lyres Muses personified the various elements of music and
and one of which is called ‘the Queen’s Lyre’ in were said to entertain the gods on Mt. Olympus with
the grave of Queen Pu-abi. The Queen’s Lyre, and their divine music, dancing, and singing.
the other harps found in the dig, are thought to be
the world’s oldest surviving stringed instruments.
Greek Music
‘A Hymn to Nikkal’, between 1450-1250 BCE, a
Cuneiform artifact written in Hurrian, a Sumerian Theory: There is evidence that the Greeks began to
dialect, in a tablet dedicated to the wife of a moon study music theory as early as the 6th century BCE.
god. The music and the tablets are referred to as the This consisted of harmonic, acoustic, scalar, and
‘Hurrian Songs’ or as the ‘Hurrian cult hymns’. melody studies. The earliest surviving yet
fragmentary text on the subject is the Harmonic
Enheduana, was an Akkadian priestess and Elements by Aristoxenos, written in the 4th
believed to be the earliest music composer, 2285- century BCE.
2250 BCE. She is best known for her works
Inninsagurra, Ninmesarra and Innimehusa, which
Greek Music
were hymns to the ‘goddess Inanna’ reflecting three
different themes of ancient religious faith: war, Philosophy: Music also became an element of
governance and homemaking, and intimacy. philosophical study, notably, by the followers of
Pythagoras, who believed that music was a
mathematical expression of the cosmic order.
The ancient Egyptians did not notate their music
Greek Music
before the Graeco-Roman period, so attempts to
reconstruct pharaonic music remain speculative. Only
representational evidence can give a general idea of Greek Music
the sound of Egyptian music. Ritual temple music was Ethical Benefits: One of the unique contributions the
largely a matter of dancing and the rattling of the Greeks made to the history and development of music
sistrum, accompanied by voice, sometimes with is that it can have a moral and emotional effect on the
harp and/or percussion. listener and his or her soul. In short, that music has
an ethical role in society. In addition, music was also
held to have certain therapeutic benefits, even
Music in Egypt
medicinal powers over physical and mental illnesses.
The Egyptian Nesyamun lived during the politically
The ‘hydraulis’, Organ of Ktesibios, Posered by water,
volatile reign of pharaoh Ramses XI, 1099–1069 BCE
the first keyboard instrument in the world. Believed to
over 3000 years ago, working as a scribe and priest at
be invented in the 3rd Century BCE by the Hellenistic
the state temple of Karnak in Thebes now Luxor. As a
Scientist Ctesibius of Alexandria
priest he would have needed a strong voice not only
for his speech but in singing as well. Music: A Brief History
Roman Music
Ancient Roman music was influenced by Etruscan and
Greek music. Later on during the Empire, there were
also influences from Gaul, North Africa and Asia Minor.
Roman music was used on various occasions including
entertainment spectacles such as gladiator flights,
public events, military parades, and religious events
such as weddings, rituals, and sacrifices or funerals.
Roman Music
Wind Instruments: instruments included woodwind
instruments, brass and percussion instruments and
Roman Music
stringed instruments. The tuba was like a long
Percussion Instruments: Romans had bells,
woodwind instrument made of bronze and similar to a
tambourines called tympana, rattles made of wood
trumpet it had a conical mouthpiece which was
or metal or the scabellum used to beat time. They
detachable. It was used by the military and in public
also had other percussion instruments such as the
events and spectacles.
timpani and the sistrum that came from Egypt
Roman Music
and which was like a rattle made of bronze. They also
had the cymbala which were cymbals that were
Roman Music clashed together to produce a sound.
The tibia was like a Greek aulos. It was often played
at funerals in order to repel evil spirits because of a
Major Music Period
beautiful low clarinet-like sound. The cornua was an
ancient Roman brass instrument similar to a French
horn. It was about 3 meters long (9.8 feet) and it had Music: A Brief History
the shape of the letter ‘G’. Just like the tuba it had a 1st Century CE
detachable conical mouthpiece and was used for The oldest musical composition to have survived in its
various events and by the military. The Romans also entirety is a first century A.D. Greek tune known as
had the askaules which was like a bagpipe. the ‘Seikilos Epitaph.’ The song was found engraved
on an ancient marble column used to mark a woman’s
gravesite in Turkey. ‘I am a tombstone, an image,’
reads an inscription.
Roman Music
String Instruments: Romans also had beautiful string
instruments such as the lyra, the cithara, the lute or Music: A Brief History
the harp. The lyra actually came from Greece. It was 1st Century CE
made of a tortoise shell or a wooden sounding body, The Seikilos epitaph is the oldest surviving complete
two arms made of animal horn or wood, and strings musical composition, including musical notation, from
attached to a cross bar and stretching to the sounding anywhere in the world. The epitaph has been variously
body / shell. The cithara gradually replaced the lyra. dated, but seems to be either from the 1st or the 2nd
The cithara also came from Greece and was similar to century CE.
the lyre but only larger.
Roman Music 1st Century CE
Cithara produced a loud and beautiful sound and was Guido D'Arezzo – Medieval theorist of the 11th
used for both popular and refined music. While the century Arezzo was an Italian and pedagogue of the
Romans played the lyra standing up, the cithara was medieval era and laid the foundations of medieval
played sitting down. The lute was like a small era. He is regarded as the inventor of modern staff
mandolin only it had fewer strings than the lyre or the notation (do-re-mi) that replaced the predominate
cithara but could actually produce more notes than pneumatic notation and was thus massively
the lyre. Romans also had the sambuca which like influential to the development of Western musical
a large harp while the trigonum was a small harp notation and practice.
which could be held in one's hand.
Roman Music Medieval Music (1150 – 1400)
‘Women playing the cithara’, fresco 30-40 CE Medieval Though we can assume that music began far
before 1150, the Medieval period is the first in which
we can be sure as to how music sounded during this
time. Most notated manuscripts from the Medieval
period came from the church or places connected to
the church, and so most pieces have a religious
subject. The introduction of harmony in both voice
and instruments began in the Medieval period.
Lesson 10
Music: A Brief History innovative and creative rhythm. Son of a painter,
Medieval Music (1150 – 1400) he became blind in childhood but then acquired
great virtuosity on the organ, built and invented a
Characteristics:
new stringed instrument, probably similar to the
• Monophonic texture.
harpsichord, which emerged during his time.
Medieval Music (1150 – 1400)
• Church modes tonality.
• Chanting rhythm, repetitive quality. Music: A Brief History
• Large vocal works, Polyphonic harmony. Renaissance Music (1400 – 1600)
• Small vocal works, plainchant. The Renaissance brought significantly increased
• Instrumental for dances. amounts of harmony, instrumental pieces, and
polyphony into music, as most composers were
focused on choral music. Religious music continued to
flourish throughout the entire Renaissance period,
Medieval Music (1150 – 1400)
including new forms such as masses, anthems,
5 Notable Composers: psalms, and motets.
1. John Dunstable – English composer who influenced
the transition between late medieval and early
Renaissance music. The influence of his sweet,
Renaissance Music (1400 – 1600)
sonorous music. He was the first English composer
Characteristics:
to have influence on other European composers.
• Richer texture in four or more parts. Bass part is
Dunstable also unusual treatment of harmony and
added below the tenor.
the equality of the vocal parts.
• Blending rather than contrasting strands in
the musical texture.
Music: A Brief History • Harmony. Greater concern with the flow and
Medieval Music (1150 – 1400) progression of chords.
5 Notable Composers:
2. Adam de la Halle – Poet, musician, and innovator
of the earliest French secular theatre. Originator of Music: A Brief History
the polyphonic rondeau, one of the very first Renaissance Music (1400 – 1600)
authors of musical drama and, European Characteristics:
vernacular drama, as well as a mature, innovative • Church music. Some pieces were intended for 'a
use of voice. cappella' performance. Mainly contrapuntal.
• Lots of vocal pieces and dances for secular

Music: A Brief History music. Religious pieces are still sacred music.
Medieval Music (1150 – 1400) • The characteristic timbres of Renaissance musical
instruments – music instruments family forming.
3. Philippe de Vitry – A French composer, music
theorist and poet. He was an accomplished, Music: A Brief History
innovative, and influential composer, and the author Renaissance Music (1400 – 1600)
of the ‘Ars Nova treatise’. He also introduced the 5 Notable Composers:
new method of measuring rhythm which allowed for
1. William Byrd – English organist and composer of
syncopation to be easily implemented and the
the Shakespearean age who is best known for his
concept of a time signature was also introduced.
development of the English madrigal. He also
wrote virginal and organ music that elevated the
Music: A Brief History English keyboard style. Byrd also composed a
Medieval Music (1150 – 1400) series of Fantasias and a great deal of contrapuntal
instrumental music.
4. Guillaume de Machaut – a French poet and
composer in which many musicologists understood Music: A Brief History
him the finest and most important composer of the Renaissance Music (1400 – 1600)
14th century. Machaut's "Messe de Notre Dame" 5 Notable Composers:
(Mass of Our Lady) is the most celebrated musical 2. John Dowland – English composer. He was most
work of the 14th century. famous for his lute songs, works for the voice with
accompaniment by the lute. He was, in effect, an
‘Elizabethan-era pop musician’. The dark, wistful
Music: A Brief History mood that pervades Dowland's lute music was, in
Medieval Music (1150 – 1400) its day, a sign of maturity and intelligence.
5 Notable Composers: 5 Notable Composers:
5. Francesco Landini – Italian composer known a ‘A Renaissance Music (1400 – 1600)
True and Truthful Artist’. He was instrumental on Lesson 10
Music: A Brief History the stage of music history. Known to be the father
Renaissance Music (1400 – 1600) of music, Bach had a prestigious musical lineage
and took on various organist positions during the
early 18th century, creating famous compositions
3. Orlando Gibbons – English composer. Organist and
like ‘Toccata and Fugue in D minor’, ‘Mass in B
one of the last great figures of the English
Minor," ‘Brandenburg Concertos’ and ‘The Well-
polyphonic school. Well-known for his sacred choral
Tempered Clavier.’
music, he was among the first major English choral
composers schooled entirely in the Protestant
doctrines, and his highly polished English anthems Music: A Brief History
are among the finest in the repertory. Baroque Music (1600 – 1750)
2. George Frederick Handel - In the Olympic games
of music history, Bach and Handel share the gold
medal platform as greatest composers of the
5 Notable Composers: Baroque era. A German-born, British Baroque
4. Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina - Was an Italian composer who spent the bulk of his career in
Renaissance composer of sacred music and the London, Handel was well known for his operas,
best-known 16th-century representative of the oratorios, anthems and organ concertos. He was
Roman School of musical composition. He has had a strongly influenced both by the great composers of
lasting influence on the development of church the Italian Baroque.
music, and his work has often been seen as the
culmination of Renaissance polyphony.
Baroque Music (1600 – 1750)
Music: A Brief History 5 Notable Composers:
Renaissance Music (1400 – 1600) 3. Georg Philipp Telemann - German composer of the
late Baroque period, who wrote both sacred and
5 Notable Composers: secular music but was most admired for his church
5. Thomas Tallis - Tallis wrote a quantity of Latin compositions, which ranged from small cantatas to
church music and contributed also to the reformed large-scale works for soloists, chorus and orchestra.
English liturgy, in some cases adapting earlier Latin By self-teaching, however, he acquired great facility
compositions. One of his most remarkable in composing and in playing such diverse musical
achievements is the 40-voice Spem in alium. His instruments as the violin, recorder, oboe, viola da
setting of the Latin Holy Week liturgy Lamentations gamba, chalumeau, and clavier.
represents his work at its height.
Music: A Brief History Baroque Music (1600 – 1750)
Baroque Music (1600 – 1750) 5 Notable Composers:
Baroque period saw the creation of writing music in a 4. Jean-Philippe Rameau - French composer of the
particular key. However, the Baroque period is late Baroque period, a music theorist, also best
commonly known for complex pieces and intricate known today for his harpsichord music, operas, and
harmonies. This period laid the groundwork for the works in other theatrical genres in his lifetime.
next 300 years of music. Modern orchestra was born, Rameau's legacy extends beyond the world of opera
along with opera, the concerto, sonata, and cantata. to the development of modern musical theory. He
Choral music was no longer king, as composers published 1722 book, ‘Treatise on Harmony’, based
turned into instrumental works for various ensembles. on mathematics posit, the basis of musical theory, a
position that continues to be taught today.
Music: A Brief History Music: A Brief History

Baroque Music (1600 – 1750) Baroque Music (1600 – 1750)
Characteristics: 5 Notable Composers:
• The Basso Continuo or Figured Bass. 5. Domenico Scarlatti – Italian composer noted for his
• One mood throughout the entire piece. 555 keyboard sonatas, which substantially
• Important String sections. expanded the technical and musical possibilities of
• Modes, replaced by the Major/Minor key system. the harpsichord. Aside from his many sonatas,
• Multiform and styles in one piece. Scarlatti composed a quantity of operas and
• Exuberant in rhythm, long ornamented melodies cantatas, symphonias, and liturgical pieces. Well
known works include the Stabat Mater of 1715 and
the Salve Regina of 1757, which is thought to be his
Music: A Brief History last composition.
Baroque Music (1600 – 1750)
5 Notable Composers: Music: A Brief History

1. Johann Sebastian Bach - Bach without a doubt Baroque Music (1600 – 1750)
was one of the great geniuses to have ever walked
5 Notable Composers: body of piano and chamber music.
6. Antonio Vivaldi – A prolific composer who created
hundreds of works, he became renowned for his
concertos in Baroque style, becoming a highly
Classical Music (1750 – 1820)
influential innovator in form and pattern. He was
also known for his operas, including ‘Argippo’ and 4 Giant Classical Composers:
‘Bajazet’. Vivaldi influenced young musicians of his
day and fellow composers through his unique use of 3. Ludwig van Beethoven – German composer, the
rhythm and tonality as well as the ‘ritornello form’, predominant musical figure in the transitional period
which became a trademark in his concertos. between the Classical and Romantic eras. Widely
regarded as the greatest composer who ever lived,
Ludwig van Beethoven dominates a period of
Music: A Brief History musical history as no one else before or since.
Classical Music (1750 – 1820) Rooted in the Classical traditions of Joseph Haydn
The Classical period expanded upon the Baroque and Mozart, his art reaches out to encompass the
period, adding a majorly influential development of new spirit of humanism and incipient nationalism.
the concerto, symphony, sonata, trio, and quartet.
This period may not add any major instrumentation,
the harpsichord was officially replaced with the piano. Music: A Brief History
Orchestras increased in size, range, power, and Classical Music (1750 – 1820)
instrumentation. Overall, Classical had a lighter, more 4 Giant Classical Composers:
evident texture than Baroque music, making it less 4. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – Austrian composer,
complicated, elegant, and sophisticated. widely recognized as one of the greatest composers
in the history of Western music. Unlike any other
Music: A Brief History composer in musical history, he wrote in all the
Classical Music (1750 – 1820) musical genres of his day and excelled in every one.
Characteristics: His taste, his command of form, and his range of
• Emphasis on elegance and balance. expression have made him seem the most universal
• Mainly simple diatonic harmony. of all composers.
 ‘Diatonic’ means using notes which belong to
the key rather than ‘chromatic’ notes which Music: A Brief History
are outside the key. Romantic Music (1820 – 1900)
Classical Music (1750 – 1820) This period took Classical music and added
• short well-balanced melodies and clear-cut overwhelming amounts of intensity and expression.
question and answer phrases. Composers gradually let go of heavily structured
• Use of contrasting moods. pieces and gravitated towards drama and emotion.
Lesson 10 Instrumentation became even more prominent, with
Music: A Brief History orchestras growing to higher numbers than ever.
Public concerts and operas moved away from the
exclusivity of royalty and riches and into the hands of
4 Giant Classical Composers:
1. Franz Joseph Haydn – Haydn is remembered as the the urban middle-class society for all to enjoy.
first great symphonist and the composer who Music: A Brief History
essentially invented the string quartet. The principal Romantic Music (1820 – 1900)
engineer of the classical style, He exerted influence Characteristics:
on the likes of Mozart, his student Ludwig van • Freedom of form and design. It was more
Beethoven and others. Haydn never had any personal and emotional.
children, but the musicians who worked for him • Song-like melodies (lyrical), as well as
called him ‘Papa Haydn’ for he is popularly known as many chromatic harmonies and discords.
the ‘Father of the Symphony’. • Dramatic contrasts of dynamics and pitch.
• Big orchestras, due mainly to brass and the
invention of the valve.
4 Giant Classical Composers: Music: A Brief History
Romantic Music (1820 – 1900)
2. Franz Schubert – Austrian composer who bridged
Characteristics:
the worlds of Classical and Romantic music, noted
for the melody and harmony in his songs and • Wide variety of pieces (operas)
• Program music (music that tells a story)
chamber music. Among other works are Symphony
• Dramatic contrasts of dynamics and pitch.
No. 9 in C Major ‘The Great’ in 1828’. Schubert left
behind a vast oeuvre, including more than 600 • Shape was brought to work through the use of
secular vocal works, seven complete symphonies, recurring themes.
• Wide variety of pieces (operas)
sacred music, operas, incidental music, and a large
• Great technical virtuosity.
• Nationalism (origin, against German influence) genre of piano music for which her brother, Felix
Mendelssohn, became famous. Musicologists now
believe Fanny pioneered this form.
5 Giant Classical Composers: Music: A Brief History
1. Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849) – Was a virtuoso The 20th Century Music
pianist, who wrote almost exclusively for the Music in the 20th Century changed dramatically, due
instrument. The piano went through significant to the hostile political climate, advances in technology,
changes during the 19th century as composers grew and huge shifts in style. Many composers, struggling
more ambitious in range, colors and dynamics. It to build any further on the music of generations
became a symbol of Romanticism and was enlarged reacted against established musical trends, creating
to suit the needs of music-makers like Chopin. exciting new forms and styles.
Nocturnes, Waltzes, and Etudes are still among the
most beloved repertoire of pianists today.
The 20th Century Music
Music: A Brief History Modernism in music was about being radical and
Romantic Music (1820 – 1900) different. For the first time, musicians and audiences
5 Giant Classical Composers: realized that music didn’t have to be confined to
2. Franz Liszt (1811-1886) – A great pianist and tradition, but by 1960 this idea had run out of steam.
composer, Franz Liszt dubbed ‘The World’s First The next generation of ‘serious’ composers were
Rock Star’ which took virtuoso pianism to new relaxed and had a wider palette of musical colous to
heights. The great Hungarian composer, among work with and influences from other cultures, popular
whose repertoire you’ll recognise the mind- music, ancient music and the experiments of
bogglingly fiendish ‘La Campanella’. At his piano modernism.
recitals, Liszt’s fans would tear off their clothes and Lesson 10
scream out his name, a phenomenon the German
poet Heinrich Heine styled ‘Lisztomania’.
Characteristics:
• Harmony – intricate harmony and dissonance.
New chord structure.
5 Giant Classical Composers:
• Tonality – alternatives to the traditional tonal
3. Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) – The undisputed King
system.
of Italian opera, Verdi is known primarily, along with
• Timbre – all sound are possible and experimental.
his monumental Requiem were great stage works La
traviata, Rigoletto, Nabucco, Aida, La forza del
• Rhythm – changing meters
destino, Il trovatore. Most Verdi’s operas became an
Lesson 10
essential part of Italy’s national identity, and his
choruses were adopted as anthems of Italian Music: A Brief History
freedom-fighters. To Italy in the 19th century, Verdi The 20th Century Music
was a musical monarch.
Characteristics:
• Melody – experimental.
Romantic Music (1820 – 1900) • Style – vague outlines of melody and rhythm.
• Texture – contrapuntal and homophonic.
5 Giant Classical Composers: • Form - can be controlled to an almost infinite
4. Richard Wagner (1813-1883) – New instruments, degree and experimental.
bespoke venues, ridiculously long works were the • Instruments – electronic intervention.
list of Richard Wagner’s innovations in 19th-century
music goes on. He was a rather controversial
character mostly because of his association with Music: A Brief History
Nazism, more on that he was a musical visionary The 20th Century Music
known primarily for his operas. His one the most Impressionism (1890-1925)
enduring monumental works was ‘Ring Cycle’, a Originating in France, musical Impressionism is
work of four operas that takes 15 hours to perform. characterized by suggestion and atmosphere, and
Music: A Brief History eschews the emotional excesses of the Romantic era.
Romantic Music (1820 – 1900) Impressionist composers favored short forms such as
5 Giant Classical Composers: the nocturne, arabesque, and prelude, and often
5. Fanny Mendelssohn (1805-1847) – Mendelssohn explored uncommon scales such as the whole tone
was a truly great composer, but getting her work scale.
published in the 19th century was an almost
overwhelming ordeal. Fanny wrote 460 pieces of Music: A Brief History
music including many ‘Songs without Words’, a Impressionism (1890-1925)
The 20th Century Music music that follows aesthetical and philosophical trends
Claude Debussy – His music is noted for its sensory of postmodernism. As an aesthetic movement it was
content and frequent usage of atonality. The French formed partly in reaction to modernism but is not
literary style of his period was known as Symbolism, primarily defined as oppositional to modernist music.
and this movement directly inspired Debussy both as As a philosophical approach, post-modernism rejects
a composer and as an active cultural participant. He the idea of an objective reality.
was among the most influential composers of the late
19th and early 20th centuries.
Music: A Brief History Postmodern (1930s – 1960s)
The 20th Century Music John Milton Cage Jr. – or John Cage was an American
Expressionism (1908–1950) composer, music theorist, artist, and philosopher. A
The term Expressionism was originally borrowed from pioneer of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic
visual art and literature. Artists created vivid pictures, music, and non-standard use of musical instruments,
distorting colors and shapes to make unrealistic Cage was one of the leading figures of the post-war
images that suggested strong emotions. Expressionist avant-garde. Cage's best-known works are 4′33′′
composers poured intense emotional expression into ‘Four Minutes and Thirty-three Seconds’ , 1952.
their music and explored the subconscious mind.
Contemporary Music
The 20th Century Music Music: A Brief History
Expressionism (1908–1950) The Contemporary Music
Arnold Schoenberg – was an Austrian-born composer, 1945 – Present
music theorist, teacher, writer, and painter. Widely The Contemporary Music period is the period
considered one of the most influential composers of following the Modern Music period. It is generally
the 20th century, he was associated with the considered to have started from 1945 A.D. to the
expressionist movement in German poetry, art, and present, evolving into different styles. Contemporary
leader of the Second Viennese School. He created new music in general is based on originality and artist’s
methods of musical composition involving atonality, expression. The Contemporary artists use dissonances
namely serialism and the 12-tone row. and tried to disobey or experiment "the laws" that
music had followed for many years.

The 20th Century Music Music: A Brief History
Modern (1890 – 1975) The Contemporary Music
A period of diverse reactions in challenging and 1945 – Present
reinterpreting older categories of music that lead to Characteristics:
new ways of organizing and approaching harmonic, • Fewer lyrical melodies than other periods.
melodic, sonic, and rhythmic aspects of music • The use of dissonant harmonies
identifiable to a period of modernism in the arts. The • Experimental, uncommon and/or complex rhythms.
word modern is associated with ‘innovation’ in terms • Percussiveness
of ‘linguistic plurality’, which is to say that no single • Greater use of percussion, brass, and woodwind.
music genre ever assumed a dominant position. • Frequent use of synthetic and electronic sounds.

The 20th Century Music The Contemporary Music
Modern (1890 – 1975) 1945 – Present
Igor Stravinsky – Stravinsky's compositional career 4 Contemporary Music Categories:
was notable for its stylistic diversity. He is most 1. Neoromanticism
famous for his three ballets, ‘The Firebird,’ ‘Petrushka’ 2. Minimalism
and ‘The Rite of Spring’. Most importantly, he was 3. Postmodernism
noted for constantly reinventing music and being an 4. Realism
overall musical revolutionary, sometimes offending
people with his drastic ideas along the way.
The Contemporary Music:
Music: A Brief History 1945 – Present
Postmodern (1930s – 1960s) 1 Neoromanticism
The 20th Century Music Neoromanticism in music is a return to the emotional
Postmodern (1930s – 1960s) expression associated with 19th century Romanticism
Postmodern Music is music in the art music tradition art. In the 1940s, composers wished to ‘create a new
produced in the postmodern era. It also describes any language based on no classicism structures. They
addressed ‘aesthetic issues from the social rather than summarizes the traits of the postmodern style as
individual perspective’. La Jeune France in fact bricolage, polystylism, and randomness. As a musical
conceptualized their music as neo-romantic to suggest a condition, postmodern music is simply the state of
rupture with modernist tendencies. music in postmodernity.

The Contemporary Music: The Contemporary Music:
1945 – Present 1945 – Present
1 Neoromanticism 3 Postmodernism
Samuel Barber – American composer who is John Adams – The most performed living American
considered one of the most expressive representatives composer, Adams builds on the rhythmic momentum of
of the lyric and Romantic trends in 20th-century minimalism, but introduces sharp contrasts and a wide
classical music. He established his reputation with his range of musical references. He served as composer-
overture to The School for Scandal (1933), based on in-residence of the San Francisco Symphony (1982-
Richard Sheridan’s comedy by that name, and with 85), for which he composes his first major orchestral
Music for a Scene from Shelley (1935), inspired by the works, Harmonium (1981) and Harmonielehre (1985).
poet Percy Bysshe Shelley’s ‘Prometheus Unbound’.

Music: A Brief History The Contemporary Music:
The Contemporary Music: 1945 – Present
1945 – Present
4 Serialism
1 Neoromanticism Serialism is a method of composition using series of
Ferruccio Busoni – Busoni’s piano works include pitches, rhythms, duration, dynamics, timbres or other
an immense concerto with choral finale; six sonatinas, musical elements. Serialism began primarily with
which contain the essence of his musical thought; and Arnold Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique, though
the great Fantasia Contrappuntistica on an unfinished some of his contemporaries were also working to
fugue by Bach (two versions, 1910; one version, 1912; establish serialism as a form of post-tonal thinking.
fourth version for two pianos, 1922), which sums up
his lifelong experience of Bach’s music.
Music: A Brief History The Contemporary Music:
The Contemporary Music: 1945 – Present
1945 – Present
4 Serialism
2 Minimalism Pierre Boulez – Pierre Louis Joseph Boulez was a
Generally, minimal music is simplicity, a form of art French composer, conductor, writer and founder of
music or other compositional practice that employs several musical institutions. He was one of the
limited or minimal musical materials. Prominent dominant figures of the post-war classical music world.
features of minimalist music include repetitive patterns His serial elements in compositions include pitch (the
or pulses, steady drones, consonant harmony, and actual tones sounded), rhythm, dynamics (volume
reiteration of musical phrases or smaller units. levels), and attack (how notes are struck and released).
Music: A Brief History Music Genres

The Contemporary Music:
1945 – Present
Music Genres
2 Minimalism According to the popular music streaming service
Stephen Michael Reich – is an American ‘Spotify’, there are over 1,300 music genres in the
composer known for his contribution to the world. A music genre is a conventional category that
development of minimal music in the mid to late identifies some pieces of music as belonging to a shared
1960s. Reich's work is marked by its use of repetitive tradition or set of conventions. It is to be distinguished
figures, slow harmonic rhythm, and canons. He drew from ‘musical form’ and ‘musical style’, although in
additional inspiration from American vernacular music, practice these terms are sometimes used
especially jazz, as well as ethnic and ancient music. interchangeably.
Music: A Brief History Music Genres: Top 12

The Contemporary Music: 1. Blues
1945 – Present 2. Classical
3 Postmodernism 3. Country
It tends to be self-referential and ironic, and it blurs 4. Electronic
the boundaries between ‘high art’ and kitsch. Professor 5. International
at Harvard for literature, Daniel Albright (2004) 6. Jazz
7. Latin Croatia and Double Platinum in Hong Kong making him
8. Pop the best selling breakthrough artist of the decade in
9. Rock classical crossover, earned him the title ‘speedy pianist’.
10. R&B
11. Rap
Music Genres: Top 12
12. Reggae
3 Country – Country music is defined as a style
and genre of largely string-accompanied American
Music Genres: Top 12 popular music having roots in the folk music of the
1 Blues – A vocal and instrumental form of music Southeast and cowboy music of the West, usually
based on a pentatonic scale and a characteristic twelve- vocalized, generally simple in form and harmony, and
bar chord progression. Blues originated in the deep typified by romantic or melancholy ballads
South of the United States around 1860s by African- accompanied
Americans. Blues incorporated spirituals, shouts, work by acoustic or electric guitar, banjo, violin, and
songs and chants that found its earliest stylistic roots in harmonica. The phrase ‘country music’ first appeared in
West Africa. Blues has been a major influence on later early 1500s and it describes type of music denoting
American and Western popular music, finding everyday life in a rural town or region.
expression in ragtime, jazz, big band, rhythm & blues,
rock & roll, country music, conventional pop songs and
even modern classical music.
3 Country:
Jimmie Rodgers, 1897 – 1933
Music Genres: Top 12 James Charles Rodgers was an American singer-
1 Blues: songwriter and musician who rose to popularity in
Riley B. King, 1925 – 2015 the late 1920s. Widely regarded as "the Father of
Known professionally as ‘BB King’, was an Country Music“, the man who started it all, he is
American blues singer-songwriter, guitarist, and best known for his distinctive rhythmic yodeling.
record producer. He introduced a sophisticated He became the most influential musician to
style of soloing based on fluid string bending, generations of country artists.
shimmering vibrato and staccato picking that Lesson 10
influenced many later blues electric guitar players.
4 Electronic – is music that uses electronic
Music Genres: Top 12 musical instruments, digital instruments, or circuitry-
2 Classical – Classical music is generally a based music technology in its creation. Using
classification covering music composed and performed electroacoustic music (electronic / electromechanical)
by professionally trained artists. Classical music is a electronic music allows flexibility and creativity in the
written tradition. It is composed and written using music production and play including voice modification
music notation, and as a rule is performed faithfully to and background beats. Music made from electronic
the score. In common usage, ‘classical music’ often generators was first produced in Germany in 1953 while
refers to orchestral music in general, regardless of when Japan and the United States at the beginning of 1950s.
it was composed or for what purpose (film scores and Sub genre is called Electronic dance music, EDM.
orchestral arrangements on pop music recordings, for Lesson 10
example).
4 Electronic:
Music Genres: Top 12 Jean-Jacques Perrey, 1929 – 2016
2 Classical: Jean Marcel Leroy was a French electronic music
Sergei Rachmaninov, 1873 – 1943 producer and was an early pioneer in the genre. He is
Rachmaninov was a Russian composer, virtuoso known for being member of the electronic music duo
pianist, and conductor of the late Romantic period. Perrey and Kingsley with the German-American
He belongs to the aristocracy of composers. No composer Gershon Kingsley. Perrey became among the
two of his piano pieces are alike, each one creates first European artists to embrace electronic instruments
its own world. He lays his soul before us in music like the keyboard Ondioline and, the Moog synthesizer.
like the Second Symphony, yet it is noble as much
as passionate.
5 International (World) – International
track is defined as a well known category time period
for international tune, for instance folks, religious,
traditional music and so on. This song is regularly
2 Classical Crossover:
created and played by using gifted and indigenous
Maksim Mrvica, 1975 – Present
musicians and commonly percentage the identical
‘The Piano Player’, his first album, gave a new spin to
connection with their vicinity of foundation. The term is
great compositions by ‘Handel’ and ‘Chopin’. Since its
credited to Robert E. Brown, an ethnomusicologist and
release in 2003 it has been successful, in Asia, where it
became increasingly popular and utilized in the media
has achieved Gold status in Singapore, Malaysia,
Indonesia and mainland China, Platinum in Taiwan and
and music sector as an advertising device. separate genre, consists of simple patterns and
rhythms. The main elements of pop music is patterns,
which are easy to remember and more likeable than the
complex ones. Also, pop music usually include repeated
5 International: (World)
choruses and hooks, written in a basic format which
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, 1948 – 1997
often the verse-chorus structure, and rhythms or
Was a Pakistani singer who is considered one of the
tempos that can be easily singalong and danced to.
greatest performers of ‘qawwali’, a Sufi Muslim
Much pop music also borrows elements from other
devotional music characterized by simple melodies,
styles such as rock, urban, dance, Latin, and country.
forceful rhythms, and energetic improvisations that
encourage a state of euphoria in both local and Music Genres: Top 12
international listeners. Qawwali originated in 12th- 8 Pop:
century Persia. The lyrics are based on medieval Sufi The Shangri-Las, 1960s
poems which express love and deep religious faith. All American pop girl group of the 1960s. They charted
with several hits documenting teen tragedies and
melodramas in their songs. They remain known for
their hits "Remember", "Give Him a Great Big Kiss",
6 Jazz – is a broad style of music characterized by
and in particular, "Leader of the Pack", which went to
complex sophisticated harmony, syncopated rhythms,
#1 in the US in late 1964. Along with the Shirelles and
and a heavy emphasis on improvisations. Black
the Ronettes, the Shangri-Las were among the greatest
musicians in New Orleans, Louisiana developed the jazz
pop girl groups ever hit the entertainment industry.
style in the early 19th century where musicians like Jelly
Roll Morton, King Oliver, and Louis Armstrong borrowed
heavily from ragtime, blues, and second-line horn Music Genres: Top 12
sections from parades which led to a brand new genre 8 Pop:
of American music. Michael Jospeh Jackson, 1958 – 2009
Michael Jackson set and broke records throughout his
entire career. In 2000, he became the biggest selling
artist of all time, with 380 million records sold. His
6 Jazz:
song, “Thriller,” still hold the record for most copies of a
Louis Armstrong, 1901 – 1971
single sold 110 million and the list of records he broke
‘Satch’ or ‘Paps’ as they fondly called him, Louis
is seemingly endless. In 2009 alone, he was the most
Armstrong was a musical innovator, transformed jazz
awarded person, artist, entertainer with 372 recognized
with his powerful solo voice, which was at once
awards worthy for the title ‘The King of Pop’.
musically advanced, soulful, rich and irresistible. One of
this country's first black superstars, trumpet player
Louis Armstrong had an immeasurable influence on Music Genres: Top 12
jazz, popular music, pop culture and race relations. 9 Rock – rock music is an umbrella term to
describe music typically characterized by a persistent,
strong drumbeat and amplified and often distorted
electric guitars. ‘Rock n Roll’ on the other hand is a
7 Latin – Latin music encompasses a wide variety
subgenre of rock music which evolved in the early
of styles, including influential genres such as cumbia,
1950s from Chicago blues , jump blues , and big band
bachata, bossa nova, merengue, rumba, salsa, samba,
swing . Rock music has also embodied and served as
son, and tango. Original Latin American music is
the vehicle for cultural and social movements such as
performed in Spanish, Portuguese, and to a lesser
‘mods’ and ‘rockers in the UK and the ‘hippie’ which
extent, French. The musical style appeals to people of
spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s.
all ages and backgrounds because of its rhythmic beats
and catchy upbeat vibe. It has never mattered if the
lyrics were in English, Spanish or both. Music Genres: Top 12
9 Rock:
Chuck Berry, 1926 – 2017
Charles Edward Anderson Berry was an American
7 Latin:
singer, songwriter and guitarist, and one of the
Tito Puente Jr., 1923 – 2000
pioneers of rock and roll music. He's known for songs
Donned the "King of Latin Jazz," was a pioneering force
including ‘Maybellene’ and ‘Johnny B. Goode.’ In 1972,
in Latin music, known for fusing styles and putting a
John Lennon labeled Chuck Berry the ‘my hero, the
big-band spin on traditional Latin music. In 1948,
creator of Rock and Roll.’ In 1986, Berry labeled John
Puente formed a band that would become known as
Lennon ‘the greatest influence in Rock music.’ Lennon
theTito Puente Orchestra. His popular releases his best-
was a front man for rock n’ roll band ‘the Beatles.’
selling album in Europe and America was Dance Mania
(1958) and "Oye Como Va“ 1963 a single in the album
El Rey Bravo. Music Genres: Top 12
9 Glam & Metal Rock:
Queen, 1970 – 2017
British rock band whose fusion of heavy metal, ‘glam
8 Pop – Pop derived from a word popular is a
rock’, and camp theatrics made it one of the most accompaniment. The components of rap include
popular groups of the 1970s. Queen crafted an ‘content’, ‘flow’, and ‘delivery’. Rap developed by disc
elaborate blend of layered guitar work by ‘virtuoso’, jockeys and urban Black performers in the late 1970s
Brian May and overdubbed vocal harmonies enlivened wherein recurring beat and pattern provides the
by the flamboyant performance of front man and background and counterpoint by a vocalist or vocalists.
principal songwriter Freddie Mercury. Queen albums Lesson 10
had more weeks on UK charts than any band, including
Beatles.
11 Rap:
Tupac Amaru Shakur, 1971 – 1996
Music Genres: Top 12 Tupac was an American rapper and actor who came to
9 Rock n’ Roll: embody the 1990s gangsta-rap aesthetic, and his
The Beatles, 1926 – 2017 death became an icon symbolizing noble struggle. He
The Beatles were an English rock band that became has sold 75 million albums to date, making him one of
arguably the most successful act of the 20th century. the most influential artists of all time. A sensitive,
They contributed to music, film, literature, art, and precociously talented and troubled soul, Tupac was
fashion, made a continuous impact on popular culture gunned down in Las Vegas on September 7, 1996 and
and the lifestyle of several generations. The group, died six days later. His murder has never been solved.
whose best-known line-up comprised John Lennon, Paul
McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, are
regarded as the most influential band of all time.
11 Rap:
Eminem, 1972 – Present
Music Genres: Top 12 Marshall Bruce Mathers III, is an American rapper,
9 Glam Rock: record producer, and actor who was known as one of
Tina Turner, 1939 – Present the most-controversial and best-selling artists of the
Born Anna Mae Bullock, Turner is an American-born early 21st century. As Eminem, he made a name for
Swiss singer, songwriter, actress, and widely referred to himself in the hip-hop underground, both as a solo
as the "Queen of Rock 'n' Roll“. She is regarded as one artist and as a member of the Detroit-based rap sextet
of the greatest and best selling music artists of the D12 or the ‘Dirty Dozen’. Big Sean to Compton's finest
20th century. Her retirement concert entitled ‘Twenty Kendrick Lamar, were Eminem’s biggest influence.
Four Seven Tour” in 2000, Wembly Stadium marked
her 50th year in music in which at 73 she successfully
concluded the 90 shows touring Europe, US, and Asia.
11 Reggae – Emerged in the 1960s, is a genre
Music Genres: Top 12 originated in the Caribbean and it became their
10 R&B – R&B stands for rhythm and blues. It is emotional outlet, to express thoughts and feelings
a music genre whose origin is from African American about life, love, and religion (Rastafarian influence).
cultures and the music style is soulful and moving. In Reggae has the intensity of soul music, the light touch
the early 1950s, R&B was used to describe ‘blues’ for of ska, and the spiritual center of Jamaican cultural
blue records. In the mid-fifties, it described music styles elements. The music is famed for the rhythmic patterns
whose origin was from or included ‘electric blues’, ‘soul heard in percussion, bass lines, and rhythm guitar
music or gospel’. In the eighties, contemporary R&B was parts. ‘Reggae’ word origin is “rege-rege” which means
introduced. This type had elements of dance, hip hop, “rags” or “ragged clothes”. By the 1970s it had become
funk and soul and became the most popular form of international style of music.
R&B with globally recognized artists we know today.

Music Genres: Top 12 12 Reggae:
10 R&B: Dennis Brown, 1957 – 1999
James Brown, 1933 – 2006 One of Jamaica's Dennis Emmanuel Brown in Kingston
James Joseph Brown was an American singer, was the most beloved and prolific artists. Brown has
songwriter, dancer, musician, record producer, and left behind a slew of classic songs and myriad hits, a
bandleader. The central progenitor of R&B funk music rich musical legacy born of a career that spanned over
and a major figure of 20th-century music, he is often 30 years. In 1979 he was already a legend before
referred to by the nicknames ‘Godfather of Soul’, ‘Mr. reaching legal age in terms of selling albums. His death
Dynamite’, and ‘Soul Brother No. 1’. His Pure due to lung failure was considered a dark age for
‘Dynamite! Live at the Royal concert’, one of his best Jamaican music.
selling albums stayed in the chart for 22 weeks.
Lesson 10
12 Reggae:
Music Genres: Top 12 Bob Marley, 1945 – 1981
11 Rap – Rapping is a musical form of vocal Robert Nesta Marley was a Jamaican singer-songwriter
delivery that incorporates ‘rhyme, rhythmic speech, and whose distillation of early ska, rock steady, and reggae
street vernacular’, which is performed or chanted in a musical forms blossomed in the 1970s into an
variety of ways, usually over a backing beat or musical electrifying rock-influenced hybrid that made him an
international superstar. Marley's influence was not
limited to simply making music for the sake of
entertainment. He was most noted for using his music
to spread the message of Rastafari.

The emergence of a new genre, K-pop, or
Korean Pop is the internationally popular, aesthetic-
driven, style-bending, trendsetting, music hybrid of the
21st century. Originating in South Korea, K-pop draws
influence from a range of genres like pop, experimental,
rock, hip-hop, R&B, electronic, and dance or EDM.

K-pop idol groups are a global phenomenon, with
millions of diehard fans all over the world. In the last
two decades, the K-pop industry has become a cultural
sensation, continuing to grow in popularity as groups
like ‘Wonder Girls’, BTS, and Blackpink break barriers to
achieve worldwide success.

K-pop:
K-pop is one part of the ‘Korean Wave’ or also called
‘Hallyu’, a term referring to the popularity of Korean
pop culture and Korean TV shows, music, and movies
across Asia and other parts of the world. Prominent
characteristics are:
• Usually large group
• Hybrid sound
• Unique style
• Systematic training
• Extensive choreography

Wonder Girls was debuted on February 2007.
Two years later their hit singles "So Hot" and
"Nobody“ was released in the United States which
charted at number seventy-six on the Billboard Hot 100,
making Wonder Girls the first South K-pop group to
enter the chart and the global market. WONDER GORLS
“Nobody”, 2009
“The greatest respect an artist can pay to music is to

give it life.”
- Pablo Casals -

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Lesson 6: MIDTERM one, the Venus of Tan-Tan, in Morocco.

-Known also as stone age, ‘parietal art’, Cave Art

11.1cm tall Venus figurine estimated to have been

Ancient Egyptian Art

All Egyptian art is based on perfect balance

Art Forms: Notable Wall Paintings

Ramesses the Great and Battle of Dapur, depicting his

Art Forms: Notable Wall Paintings

Depiction of Nubians Worshipping

2 Egyptian sculpture were not only images of the

Block statue: A memorial statue discovered in the

Art Forms: Notable Sculptures

Great Sphinx of Giza, 2575-2465BCE: A limestone

Art Forms: Notable Sculptures

Khufu Statuette: Founded by Sir Willian Matthew

Art Forms: Notable Carvings

Art Forms: Notable Carvings

Art Forms: Notable Carvings

Ancient Egyptian Art

Ancient Egyptian Art

Ancient Egyptian Art

Ancient Egyptian Art

Ancient Egyptian Art

Art Forms: Notable Architecture Ancient Egyptian Art

The Egyptian concept of the soul:

Art Forms: Notable Funerary Art

Ancient Egyptian Art History of Greek Art

History of Greek Art

History of Greek Art

History of Greek Art

History of Greek Art History of Greek Art

History of Greek Art

History of Greek Art

History of Greek Art

History of Greek Art

History of Greek Art

History of Roman Art Roman Art: Mosaic Art

• Vitriairii – Roman glass maker and designer.

Roman Glass Art Roman architecture took over right where

Roman Glass Art Roman Art: Architecture

Roman Art: Architecture

Roman Art: Architecture

Maison Carrée is the only temple constructed in LESSON 8 Lesson 10:

History of Western Art

History of Western Art

History of Western Art

Asian Visual Art Asian Visual Art

Asian Visual Art Asian Visual Art

Asian Visual Art

Asian Visual Art Asian Visual Art

Asian Visual Art

Asian Visual Art

Asian Visual Art

Notable Modernism Artwork:

‘Weeping Woman’ 1937 Pablo Picasso, Modernist

Abstractionism: It is one of the seminal works of

Discuss: Opinion on the two art photos depicting

Modernism Era: 1860 – 1970s

Remember the Methods of Presenting Art