Properties of Matter

49)
HYDRODYNAMICS
Flow :
1Streamline
Streamline flow of a liquid is that flow in which every particle of the liquid follows
exactly the path of its preceeding particle and has the same velocity in magnitude and
direction as that of its preceding particle while
crossing through that point.
ACharacteristics of Streamline flow :
()In a streamline flow every particle of liquid
follows the path of its preceeding particle
and velocity of all the particles crossing a particular point is
(ii) In a streamline flow, no two the same.
streamlines intersect each other.
OTurbulent flow:
When a liquid moves with a velocity greater than its
particles of liquid becomes disorderly or irregular. Suchcritical velocity, the motion of the
a flow is called turbulent flows.
In turbulent flow velocity of the particle varies with time.
Critical velocity:
Critical velocity is that velocity of liquid flow, upto which its
above which its flow become turbulent. flow is streamlined and
If the value of Reynold number (N,) lies
between 0 to
line. For values of N,R above 3000, the flow of liquid is2000, the flows of liquid is stream
between 2000 to 3000, the flow of liquid is unstable turbulent. For values of N, is in
changing from steamline to turbulent.
Reynold Number :
Reynold number is a pure number which determines the nature of
flow of liquid i.e.,
Streamline or turbulent flow. The mathematical expression of
follows : Reynold number is given as

Inertial force per unit area

NR pvd
Viscous force per/unit area
Where, p ’ density of fluid
n’ co-efficient of viscosity of liquid
V’ velocity of flow
d’ diameter of tube
Streamline Flow :N, =0to 2000
Turbulent mixed
Flow : N, = above 3000
Unstable Flow : 2000 < N,, < 3000

realme Shot by Upu

realme 8 5G 200O
 250) AppliediPhysics-
Equation of continuity:
For the streamline flow of an ideal liquid (incompressible &
non-viscous) mass of liquid
rossin8 per second through any section of the tube is constant.
avp = Constant
Where, a ’ area of croSs-section of the tube.
V’ velocity of liquid.
p’ density of liquid.
From above relation, we conclude,
oteo oollol biupil ko
Va aloiiscot
From this relation we can say, as afea of
liquid decreases & cross-section increases velocity of flowing
vice-versa.
O Bernoulli's equation :
This theorem states that for the streamline flow of an biupil o
ideal liquid, the sumn of pressure
energy, potential energy and kinetic energy per unit volume throughout the flow isconstant.
ani P+ pv+ pgh = cons
tanteolt biupil lo ioolsy ta
where, ’ Pressure energy per unit volume.
P
1
pv ’ Kinetic energy per unit volume. 0002 5odk
noludi pgh ’ gravitational potential energy per unit volume. 0to
PApplications of Bernoulli's theorem:
1. Lift of an aeroplane.
2. Atomiser or sprayer
3. Blowing off of roofs of thatched house,
4. Pulling of two boats sailing very close to each other.
S. Action of Bunsen's burner of Gas oven burner.
6. Curved path of a spinning ball (magnus effect).
BENGALI VERSION

» R(Streamline flow) :

realme Shot by U p u s
realme 85G 2023 11 20 00:26
 WORKED OUT EXAMPLE

Problem-1.A solid body can float inwater with th

6 of itsvolume above the surface. What
fraction of its volume will project if it floats in a liquid of specific gravity 1.38
[W.B. Poly. 8
Soln. : Let, v (in c.c.) be the volume of the solid body.
Volume above the surface is
 Properties of Matter
253)
. Volume of the
displaced water C.C,=. 6Cc
Weight of displaced water =:
6 8m. wt.

From the
[ density of water= 1gm/c.c.]
condition of
wt.
floatation, weight of the body = velght of the displaced water
Let, x part of the body will be out of the
. volume of the
displaced liquid
liquid.
= v (1 - x) c.c.
: sp. gravity of the
liquid is 1.38.
. density of the liquid is
. weight of the 1.38 gm/c.c.
From the conditiondisplaced liquid = v (1- x) x1.38 gm.wt.
of floatation,
v(1-x) x 1.38 =
5
or, 1-x =:
6x1.38 (: v0] 0r, x=1-5
6x 1.38 .". X=.
41

Problem-2. A hollow glass

with that of the stopper. Sp. stopper just sinks in water. Compare the volume of
101

Soln, : Let, the volume of gravity of glass is 2.5. [W.B.

cavity
Poly. 97]
stopper = Vc.c.
Volume of hollow part = v' c.c.
9
glass = (v -v) c.c.
.. sp. gravity of glass = 2.5. .:. density of glass = 2.5
.. weight of glass = (v -v) x gm/c.c.
2.5 gm-wt
, the displaced water = v
From the condition of gm-wt.
floatation,
(V-v') x2-5 =v
or, 2.5 v'= 1.5 v y' 1·5 3
or, =
.:. v':v=3:5
2-5 5
*. volume of hollow part : volume of stopper = 3:5
Problem-3. Acork of sp. 0.25 is taken under water and then
vome up with an acceleration gr.of 3g. released. Show that it will
Soln. : Let, the volume of cork = v unit. [W.B. Poy. 99)
" Sp. gr. of cork = 0.25
*. density of cork = sp. gr. of cork xdensity of water

realme Shot by Upu

realme 8 5G 2023
 Applied Physics
= (025 Xp) unit [Let, density of water = p unit)
". mass of the cork = (v x 0:25p) unit. buoyancy =vpg
.. weight of the cork = 0-25 vpg unit.
buoyancy or upthrust = vpg unit.
i. the resultant force (upward direction)
on the cork = (vpg- 0-25 vpg) unit
= 0-75 vpg unit.
resultant force
*. upward acceleration = mass of cork t weight
0-75 vpg mg = 0.25 vpg
=3g (Proved)
025 vp
Problem-4. A block of gold-silver alloy weighs 280N in the air and 260N in water. What
is the amount of gold in alloy? Sp. gr. of gold and silver are 17.3 and 10.3 respectively.
280
Soln. : In air, mass of the alloy kg.
9.8
260
in water 99 kg.
98
280 260 20
i. mass of the displaced water 9.8 9.8)
kg= kg.n
9.8
20 x 10-3
.. volume of the displaced water = m olloil le
9-8
[:: density of water=1000 kg/m]
20 × 103
.:. the volume of the alloy m²
98
Let, the mass of gold in the alloy = M kg.
. . the mass of silver in the alloy

M
.:. volume of gold = 17-3x 10

280
-M
volume of silver = 9-8
10-5x10
of alloy
.:. volume of (gold + silver) = volume
realme Shot by Upu
realme 8 5G 2023 11 20 00:26
 Properties of Matter 2s5)
280
- M
M 9.8 20 x 103
of, 17-3x 103 10-5x 103 9.8
280
. -M
M 98 20
or.
17-3 10-5 9-8
1 280 20
or,
10-5 9.8x10.5 9.8
1 T280
Or,10-5 17.3) 9.8L10.5 - 2 0 f 0 - k e o e s t b n e k
or, M= 18.165 kg.
Problem-5. A bottle with stopper is completely filled with water. The height of the bottle is
50 cm and area of its base is 30 sq. cm. If a force of 490 N is
the total thrust on the base of the bottle? The area of
applied on the stopper, what will be
cross-section of the stopper is 1 sq. cm.
Soln. : From multiplication of force of Pascal, we know, W=F.P.
where, W ’ upward thrust on the piston of
or, W=490 %
0N .wide cylinder.
= 1:47 x 10 N F’ applied force in narrow
As the bottle is completely filled with cylinder =490 N
water, therefore, for water thrust on the C, B’area of cross-section ß > . B =30
base of the bottle Sq. cm.
= hpg x area = lsq. cm.
= 0-5 x 10 x 9-8 x 30 x 104 [where h=50cm=0.5 m, p= 103 kg/m=
= 14-7 N. density of water]
area = 30 sq. cm =30 x 10 sq. m.

i. total thrust on the base = (14700 + 14-7) N = 14714-7 N.

Problem-6. The lower end of a capillary tube is dipped into water and it is seen that
Water rises through 7.5 cm in the capillary. Given surface tension of water is 7.5 x 10-3 N/
m and angle of contact between water and glass is zero. Find the diameter of the capillary
tube. g =10 ms-2,

Solution : Here., h= 7.5 cm = 7.5 x10m

s = 7.5 x 10² N/m ; p= 1000 kgm
= 00, g= 10ms-2
d = 2r =?

realme Shot by Upu

256) Applied Physics-
We know from the formula of capilary rise,

h=
2T cos0
rPg

.. 2r = d=
4T cos
hpg
4x7-5x10 cos 0° = 4x 10m = 0.4 mm.
7-5x102 x10° x10
Problem-7. Atube of 1 mm bore is dipped into a vessel containing a liquid of
= 800 kgm-³ and of surface tension 49 x 10- N/m and angle of contact, = 0°.
The density
tubeis
held inclined to the vertical at an angle of 60°, find the height to which the liquid can
and the length which the liquid occupy in the tube.
[lmm Rrg qt tof G tANI AO 60° 0\, 800 kgm gfa3 gt 49 1

1
Solution : Hence, r=mm =0-5x10m
2
p= 800 kgm-3
T= 49 x 10-3 Nm-!;0 = 0°, h =?
Angle of the tube with vertical (a) = 60°
2T cos 0 2x49x10 cos 0°
Since, h= =0.025m =2.5cm.
rpg 0-5x10×800x 9-8

Let Ibe the length occupied by the liquid in the tube, then cos a
h 2.5-=5 cm
.:. l=
COS a COs 60°

Problem-8. Calculate the energy evolved when 8 droplets of water (T = 7.2 x 10 N

I) of radius 0.5 mm each combine to form a single drop.
[0.5 mm JIAA 8f5 BAA 0DI (T =7.2 x 10 Nm-}af qtt s
|S
area =
Solution : We know, Energy evolved= surface tension x decrease in surface
x4ar- 4nR?) .....1 )
where 8 x 4nr= Total area of eight small drops,
4TR2 = Surface area of Big drop.
realme
Shot by Upu
realme 8 5G. 2023 11 20 00:27
 Properties of Matter
Hence, r= 0.5 mm = 0.5 x
10-3n
T=7.2 x 10-2 Nm-!
IfRbethe radius of big drop, then
Volume of big drop = from conservation of volume,
4
volume of 8 small drops.
.rR'=8xr
3
R= 2r = 2 x 0.5 x 10-3 =
Now putting the values in eqn. (1),
10-m
we have
Energy evolved or released
= 7.2 x 10-2 x
- 7.2 x 10-2 x 4T(8r
- R2)
4 x 3.14{8 x (0.5 x
= 7.2 x 10-2 x
12.56 x 106 (2 - 1) 10-3- (10-y}
= 90.432 x 10-8J
= 9.04 x 10-7J
Note : In the similar way when a
large drop is broken into number of
energy will be absorbed that means small
external energy is required to break large droplets,
drop.
then
Problem-9. A soap bubble of radius r is blown up to
isothermal conditions. What is the energy spent in form a bubble of radius 2r under
solution be T. doing so, if the surface tension of soap

Solution : As soap bubble has two free surfaces, one

inside and other
in surface area of soap bubble
when radius changes from rto 2r is, outside, so increase
dA =2 x [47 (2r) - 4nr]= 24 ar
. Energy spent = work done =
surface tension x change in area
=T x dA =T × 24 Tr?
Problem--10. A glass plate of length 10 cm, breadth 4
cm and
thickness 0.4 cm, weighs
20g in air. It is held vertically with long side
Water. What will be its apparent weight? Surfacehorizontal and half the plate immersed in
tension of water = 70 dyne/cm.
Solution: Here, l= 10 cm:b= 4 cm; t = 0.4 cm
m = 20g;T= 70 dyne cm-l
Apparent weight = ?
The following three forces acting on the plate, viz
() weight of the plate acting vertically downward =mg =20 gf
(11) Force due to surface tension vertically downwards
F=Tx length of the plate in contact with water
Applied Physics-I 17
realme Shot by Upu
(258) Applied Physics-
=T x 2 (length +thickness)
= 70 x 2 (10 + 0.4) = 70 x 20.8 dyne
70x 20-8
980 =gf =1.49 gf
. Apparent weight = 20 + 1.49 -8 = 13.49 gf.
20LProblem-11,
Water flows through a horizontal pipe of varying
per minute. cross-section at
(ii) 2 cm. Determine the velocity of water at a point where diameter is (1) the4 rate of
cm and

Solution: Volume
=20L/min= 20x1000
of water flowing per second
60

1000
3
Let v, be the velocity of water at d, = 4cm.
area of cross section a, = nd 3-14x4 -=12-56 cm²
4
If v, be the velocity of water at d, =
2 cm

4 4
-=3-14 Cm
From equation of continuity
V=a,v, =av,
1000 1000
a 3x12-56 37-68 -=26-53 cm/s
V 1000 1000
and V, = =106-16 cms-!
a, 3x314 9-42
Problem-12. A garden hosepipe having internal diameter of 2 cm is connected to alava
sprinkler which contains 24 holes, each of 0.1 cm in diameter. If the
a speed of.1 ms, at what speed does it water in the hose s
leave the sprinkler holes?

Solution : From equation continuity, we have

A,V, = A,V,

realme Shot by Upu

 Properties of Matter
259)
af cross section of hose pipe (4) = Ir'=
4
x(2)' =x 10 m'
Total area of sprinkler, A, =24x nr = 24x T d
4

=24x 4 x(0-1) =0-06r cm²

=0-06x10am
=67×10-6
Clane speed of water in hosepipe = lms-!,
:: AV, = AV,
or, v, =11_Tx10*x1 102 100 50
67 x10-6 6 6 3
=16-67 ms.
Problem-13. A large tank containing water has a small
ntre of the orifice is 4.9m orifice in one vertical side. If the
below the surface level.
energy. Assuming there is no wastage of
Solution : We know from Bernoulli's
theorem
P+,pv +t pgh= cons tan t.
where, P is the pressure energy per unit
volume
1
pv’K.E per unit volume.
pgh ’ gravitational P.E/unit volume.
Consider a large tank of liquid which is so large that
0 with velocity v, the water when water discharge from orifice
level at A goes down so slow that its
zero. velocity is taken to be
Now applying Bernulli's theorem at A and 0,
1
(p+0+ pgh)aa p+pv +o at 0

When, P is the atmospheric pressure and h is the height of water

level from the orifice 0.
Gpv' =pgh . v=2x gh =/2x9-8x4.9 =9.8 ms-!
Ihis velocity of efflux is called Toricelli's theorem.
Problem-14, An aeroplane is so designed, when it moves on the runway the speed of
wind flow on the
upper and lower surfaces of the wing are 70 ms- and 63 ms- respectively.
What is the upthrust on the wing if area is 2.5 m²? Take the density of air is 1.3 kgm.
 Applied Physics
Solution : Let V; V, be the speeds of wind on the upper and lower surfaces of
Of aeroplane, and p, and p, be the pressure on upper and lower surfaces of
the wing
the using
respectively.
Then, v, = 70 ms-'; v, =63 ms-!, p= 1.3 kgm
From Bernoulli's theorem,
1 1
R+ Pgh+py' =+ pgh +

or, B,-Rol-)-[(70'-(ca)'] -60513 Nim:

This difference of pressure provides the liff to the aeroplane. So the upthrust on the plane
= Pressure difference x area of wing
= 605-15 x 2-5
= 1-51 x 10N

Problem-15. A plane is in level flight at constant speed and each of its wings has an arsa
of 25m², If the speed of the air is 180 km/hr over the lower wing and 234 km/hr over the
upper wing surface, determine the plane's mass. Take air density = 1 kgm and g-98 ms
[Ans. 4.4 x 10° kg
Solution : Hints : Similar to example 4, find upthrust
As the plane is in level flight, so weight of the plane = upthrust.
i.e., mg = (P, - P)A
.. m= (P,-P)A-=4.4x10 kg
Problemn-16. In Millikan's oil drop experiment, what is the terminal speed of a drop
radius 2-0 x10-5 and density 12 x 10³ kgm? Take the co-efficient of viscosity of airbe l
x 105 Nsm², How much is the viscous force on the drop at that speed? Neglect buoy any
of the drop due to air.
Solution : Here, r= 2-0 x 10-m; p= 12 x 10 kgm.
n = 1:8 x 105 Nsm² ; o = 0, D = ?F=?

Terminal velocity, v=2r(p-o)g2(2-0x10*)(12x10° -o) x9.8

9 9 1·8x10-s
= 5-8 x 10-1? msl = 5-8 cms-!
Viscous force on the drop, F = 6 Nnrv

i. F=68x10)-(2:0x1o")*(s-8x10*)
= 3-93 x 10-1°N

realme