Output Power Maximization of DFIG-based

Wind Energy Conversion System - MATLAB

The doubly fed induction machine (DFIM) or wound

Abstract: The paper describes one of the methods to track the rotor induction machine (WRIM) are appellations often used
MPP (Maximum Power Point) of a VSWT(Variable Speed Wind to characterize an electrical machine, which is being used
Turbine) with the help of a DFIG(Doubly-Fed Induction for numerous decades in innumerable applications,
Generator) impelled by a three-blade wind turbine. A DFIG with frequently in the value of megawatts of power and also least
Consecutively PWM voltage-source converters inside the rotor
consistently in the range of a few kilowatts. The exemplary
integrated circuit is implemented. An outcome of the vector
control strategy for the grid-side converter is autonomous control supply configuration of the DFIM is shown in Fig. 1. The
of active and reactive power drawn from the supply while stator is fed by three-phase voltages instantly from the grid
establishing sinusoidal currents. Vector control of the rotor-side at constant amplitude and frequency, producing the stator
converter contributes to speed range functioning. The vector magnetic field. The rotor is also fed by three-phase voltages
strategy is embedded in regulations that permit circuit optimum that take a non-identical frequency at a steady state to attain
speed tracking for maximal energy entrap from the wind. The various operating constraints of the machine (speed, torque,
modeling of such a system is done in MATLAB software. etc.). This is accomplished by using a back-to-back three-
phase converter, as depicted in the simple schematic in the
Keywords: DFIG, Indirect speed controller, Wind Turbine,
figure. This converter, integrated with the felicitous control
Vector Control.
strategy, is compelling in imposing the essential rotor AC
voltages to control the overall DFIM operating point and to
I. INTRODUCTION
achieve power trading through the rotor to the grid.
The persistent acceleration in electricity demand, Although a voltage source converter is shown, various
integrated with significant environmental issues created by configurations or converter topologies could be utilized.
conventional energy systems has been impelling societies to Further particulars concerning the operation of the machine
confront the utilization of renewable energy sources. are illustrated in subsequent sections.
Incorporation being environmentally favorable, renewable
energy sources are frequently renewed by the pattern of
nature and are examined to be sensibly inexhaustible [1].
Wind generating system (WGS) is ubiquitary,
environmentally amicable, and the most energy-producing
hotspots for their accessibility and topological
commendatory occurrence for neighborhood power eras [2-
5].
In recent markets, DFIG has more advantages over other
generators like PMSG (Permanent-Magnet Synchronous
Generators) and DC generators. So, this paper discusses one Fig. 1. General supply configuration of DFIM.
of the methods for wind energy conversion using DFIG.
II. DYNAMIC MODELLING

For the control signals of the Rotor-side converter, the

dynamic modeling is useful as it simplifies the control
strategy compared to that of the 3-phase. In developing the
dynamic 𝛼𝛽 and dq models of the DFIM, space vector
theory is implemented in the fundamental electric equations
of the machine, in addition, as in the steady-state exemplar
that was contemplated, the machine is assumed both ideal
and linear. Fig. 2. illustrates the three various rotating
reference frames generally utilized to prosper space vector-
based models of the DFIM. The stator reference frame
(𝛼–𝛽) is a steady-state instance of the frame, the rotor
allusion frame (DQ) revolves at 𝜔m, and the synchronous
reference frame (dq) revolves at 𝜔s. Inferior “s”, “r” and “a”
is utilized to represent that one space vector is a testimony to
the stator, rotor, and synchronous
Allusion frames, respectively.
By using direct and inverse
 Output Power Maximization of DFIG based Wind Energy Conversion System - MATLAB

revolving transformation, a space vector can be delineated in Utilizing an ISC, it can clearly be depicted that the WT is
any of these frames [7]. dynamically stable at any particular instant point of the
maximal power curve of Zone 2. This expresses that for any
rotational speed fluctuations at a particular instant of point
in the maximal power curve, the VSWT usually goes back to
its operating point. An ISC is shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4. Indirect Speed Controller (ISC)

IV. VECTOR CONTROL

Fig. 2. Various allusion frames to delineate space vectors of This section describes the control of the DFIM. It is
DFIM. necessary to distinguish two different scenarios: the grid
connection operation and the stand-alone operation. Both
III. MPPT configurations have some significant control differences that
will be described. Among the different alternative control
The wind turbine control approach often used is depicted
methods that have been developed for the DFIM, only the
in Fig. 3. and incorporates four working modes:
vector control technique is studied. The control must be
1. Restrict the minimal speed of functioning.
performed in dq coordinates, but then the rotor voltage and
2. Accompany the curve of maximal power uprooting
currents must be transformed into DQ coordinates.
from fluctuating speed functioning with the biased
First, it is possible to obtain the angle of the stator voltage
load.
space vector, then subtract 90 ∘ from this estimated angle,
3. Restrict the maximal speed at biased load operation.
and thus, obtain 𝜃s. A simple phase-locked loop (PLL) can
4. Restrict the maximal operating speed at the estimated
be used to perform the stator voltage grid synchronization,
power output.
providing robustness to the estimation and a rejection of
small disturbances or harmonics. The complete vector
control of the Rotor-Side Converter (RSC) is shown in Fig.
5 [6]
Control is a necessary part of the grid-side system.
Without having control of some of the magnitudes of the
grid side part, it is not possible to make it work properly.
This control technique is widely extended among the control
strategies for grid-connected converters. It provides good
performance characteristics with reasonably simple
implementation requirements.
The vector control technique follows the philosophy of
representing the system that is going to be controlled—in
our case the grid side system—in a space vector form. The
grid-side converter is in charge of controlling part of the
Fig. 3. Wind turbine control strategy grounded on 4-speed
power flow of the DFIM. The power generated by the wind
modes.
turbine is partially delivered through the rotor of the DFIM.
Region 2 needs maximum power point tracking to convert
This power flow that goes through the rotor flows also
wind to electrical energy efficiently. n this working region,
through the DC link and finally is transmitted by the grid
the speed control aims to track the path of maximal power
side converter to the grid. The complete grid-side control of
extortion.
the Grid-side Converter (GSC) is shown in Fig. 6.
2 various sorts of controllers have been taken into
consideration; firstly, it consists of extracting the
electromagnetic torque and referencing the electromagnetic
torque related to the maximal power curve for a particular
turbine revolving speed readings and utilizing the
dynamically steady-state characteristics of the VSWT across
this curve. This controller is known as the indirect speed
controller (ISC). Another controller gives rise to the optimal
turbine revolving speed for a particular wind speed rating
and considers this as the turbine revolving speed reference.
Then, it controls the turbine’s revolving speed with a
controller(regulator). It is known as the direct speed
controller (DSC).
1
 Fig. 6. Vector control of GSC of DFIM.

Fig. 5. Vector control of RSC of DFIM.

 Output Power Maximization of DFIG based Wind Energy Conversion System - MATLAB

V. SIMULATION Table- I: Comparison of output Power in kW with and

As per Fig. 1, a MATLAB model has been developed without MPPT
considering the vector control method, and an indirect speed 5 m/s 8 m/s 10 m/s 12 m/s
control strategy is shown in Fig. 7. Reference
181.5 769.4 1497.6 2382.5
power
Without
-236.4 423.93 1403.5 2105.96
MPPT
With MPPT 197.75 766.65 1496.28 2582.04

By analyzing the above table, for lower wind speeds the

output of the DFIG is very less without using the MPPT
technique. Using MPPT we can generate power near the
reference power.
Fig. 7. Proposed MATLAB model
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
A MATLAB program has been written for obtaining The authors would like to thank Mrs. P. Samyuktha, Head
reference power coefficient curves and output of the Department of Electrical & Electronics
characteristics. Engineering, and all the faculty of the Department of
Electrical & Electronics Engineering for their guidance in
accomplishing this project.

VIII. REFERENCES
1. M. A. Abdullah, A. H. M. Yatim, C. W. Tan, and A. S. Samosir,
"Control of a bidirectional converter to interface ultracapacitor with
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Industrial Technology (ICIT), 2013, pp. 673-678.
2. S. S. Sahoo, A. Roy, and K. Chatterjee, “Fault Ride through
Enhancement of Wind Energy Conversion System Adopting a
Mechanical Controller,” in National Power Systems Conference
(NPSC), 2016 India, IEEE, 2016, pp. 1–5.
3. A. Kumar, A. Biswas, and S. S. Sahoo, “Feasibility Study of
Fig. 8. Ct vs Lambda curve & Power vs Wind-Speed curve Residential-Scale Stand-Alone Renewable Energy Systems ( Pv / Bat
and Pv / Fc / Bat ) in Silchar, Assam,” Int. J. Sci. Technol. Manag., vol.
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VI. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 4. S.S.Sahoo, A.Mishra, K.Chatterjee, C.Sharma "Enhanced fault ride —
Through the ability of DFIG-based wind energy system using
The model is simulated without MPPT once and with superconducting fault current limiter,". IEEE International Conference
MPPT the other time. on Power, Control and Embedded Systems (ICPCES), Allahabad,
2017, pp. 1-5."
5. M. Rahimi, “Modeling, control and stability analysis of grid-connected
PMSG based wind turbine assisted with diode rectifier and boost
converter,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 93, pp. 84–96, 2017.
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Industrial Applications” 2014, pp. 270-318.

Fig. 9. DFIG speed and Electromagnetic torque curves

without MPPT

Fig. 10. DFIG speed and Electromagnetic torque curves

with MPPT

A table for output power corresponding to wind speed

with and without the MPPT technique is shown in Table-I.