ANCIENT AND MODERN CONCEPTS OF MOTION for Physical Science - Grade 11 Quarter 4 / Week 2 SELF LEARNING KITAristotelian and Galilean Concepts of Motion OBJECTIVES: The learners shall be able to: « Explain how experiments carried out by Galileo overturned Aristotle's ideas of motion. « Demonstrate comprehension of Galileo's idea of motion and Aristotle's view on motion through writing a short essay. ¢ Display interest in the process of understanding the connection between Galileo’s views motion from Aristotle's concept of motion. LEARNING COMPETENCY: Compare and contrast the Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions of vertical motion, horizontal motion, and projectile motion. (MELC) $11/12PS-lvc-46 |. WHAT HAPPENED PRE-ACTIVITY Falling bodies Materials: a) One coin b) a piece of paper (may be a paper bill) Directions: A mini Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment may be done using a piece of paper (or paper bill) and a coin. Obviously, one is lighter than another. In their usual state, when a paper (or bill) and a coin are released from rest in midair at the same level, the coin will reach the ground first, showing that Aristotelian physics is rightHowever, when the paper is crumpled the two will strike the ground at the same time, showing that Galileo's conclusions are right. Now to better understand this, you perform this activity and determine possible special cases. For example, would the conclusion be the same if it's done in greater height? You write your observation in your activity notebook. WARNING: Experiments higher than one floor height may pose danger to health or life, so it is strictly prohibited, Notice that a standing height or even standing on a chair or table should be enough for the activity’s objective. Il. WHAT | NEED TO KNOW DISCUSSION: Sample timeline of astronomers and early physicists during the time of Galileo.Based from the photo above, our current understanding on the physics of motion did not happen overnight. Instead, it gradually developed as philosophers take up previously held philosophies and improve on it or give critique identifying possible weakness or inconsistencies with observations. Galileo's two major contributions to modem physics were the ‘Law of Falling Bodies’ and the ‘Law of Inerfia’. Inertial motion of an object means that this motion can solely be changed by forces acting upon it. Gravity accelerates all objects equally regardless of their masses or the materials from which they are made and this is a comerstone of modem physics. Galileo discovered the law of inertia, but he did not name it. Li Aristotle vs. Galileo ‘luau D Aristotle 1D Galileo Pini Believed a pendulum Showed a pendulum ey Slowed down ast Goes not slow down prin approached its Called the Law of the nN renting place Fendutim my ° ® Believed heavier = Showed that all Hn objects fal faster jects fal at the i than smaller ones Same speed i Earth was center of = with anomemade ° universe telescope, monttored the movement of the Stars to show the Sun tras the center of the Old ide Galileo Universe’ biioszAwwe assy confab lina ceshoge net/abimingham/ch.72\ tne sienitc. gallesshsesowsaline-boces sevalfin 46785380 Four types of the terrestrial motion 1. Alteration — simply chemical or physical changes 2. vertical or natural local motion 3. horizontal or violent motion 4 celestial motion. Philosophically, these motions are by there very essence different from each other. The closest to each other would be natural motion and violent motion Natural motion in relation to the four-element model of Aristotle and their “natural position" in the Universe — Earth being at the middle of it, hence ‘object made more of earth falls “faster” than those made more of fire or air.The concept of violent motion is related to the term “violent” being the state of motion that prevents the attainment of natural progression of motion: either frustrates or goes against natural motion. It is caused by external forces applied to the object. Aristotle taught that to maintain motion, an external force must continue to be exerted on the object. Projectile motion is a form of motion experienced by an object or particle that is projected near the Earth's surface and moves along a curved path under the action of gravity only. This curved path was shown by Galileo to be a parabola, but may also be a line in the special case when it is thrown directly upwards Galileo understood that the projectile’s path is a combination of horizontal and vertical motion. Galileo understood that vertical motion does not affect horizontal motion. An object projected horizontally will reach the ground in the same fime as an object dropped vertically. The path of any projectile is a parabola, Keep in mind that the natural philosophers had to base their explanations of motion on the prevailing philosophical standpoint. While Galileo is popularly known to have finally nailed the following early Aristotelian thesis on motion, previous ideas and even experimentation has already been done. 1. Aristotelian: Notural_ motion (largely vertical motion, falling or rising) and violent motion (largely associated with “inhammer and a feather horizontal, hence projectile, cropped at the same time motion) are two motions of Sf Eatin ye) Nt cee 7 at the same rate because distinct nature Oar resistance Law of Falling Objects ——S 2. Aristotelian: A constant amount of force is needed fo be applied to objects to keep them moving in horizontal motion. On the moon, which has no atmosphere, both objects ‘will reach the ground at the same time. htips//sicieplaver com/sile/4829012/ The above premises were largely held by the philosophers and scientists from the time of Aristotle up to the time of Galileo. It would have needed great scientific efforts (evidence and arguments) to change that view. By the time of Galileo, several philosophers already knew of the increasing number of physical observations that violate majority of Aristotelian premises.However, it can be credited to Galileo to quantify the “rate of fall” by measurement of distance and time and plotting it graphically. Acceleration due to gravity @. He was able to slow down the “fall” using ramps rather than viscous materials as Aristotle did resulting to significantly different conclusions related to the “rate of fall”. b. He correctly measured motion in two independent directions (horizontal and vertical) and deduced that the “rate of fall” is better measured in terms of downward acceleration. c. Used geometry to provide better description (kinematics) of projectile motion whereby horizontal motion has zero acceleration (constant speed horizontally) and content vertical acceleration. Galileo's Experiment of Falling Bodies: Galileo climbed all of 352 steps of the Leaning Tower of Pisa where he took up with him two balls each with a different weight. Once he was at the top, he dropped both balls to see which would land first. Even though their weights were not the same, they hit the ground at the same time. From this experiment, Galileo found that objects fall to the ground at the same rate (regardless of weight) unless things like air resistance change the rate. Violent Motion: This idea said that any motion that requires a force is a Violent Motion, For example, pushing a book along a table, or lifting a book.The infamous Leaning Tower of Pisa ‘experiment of Galileo may not be true but only likely to have been done by Galileo. Other philosophers before him mentioned a very similar observation. Galileo allegedly demonstrated the equal rate of fall of objects differing in weight. \clachieitehorodutneteaning onal o80 eats The philosophical argument reductio ad absurdum method used by Galileo in showing that the Aristotelian proposal that heavier objects fall at the same rate must be false and that the only plausible explanation is that all objects fall at the same rate. Galileo instead slowed down the “fall” using ramp. By plotting the position against time, and at the same time increasing the slope, one can deduce that the resulting “rate of fall" (or acceleration) approaches a single value. Compare and Contrast Aristotle's Theory of motion: Natural Motion: According to him It is the type of motion that occurs naturally (without exertion of outside forces). Violent Motion: It is the type of motion that was force like pushing or pulling an object. Projectile motion according to Aristotle: Ifwe follow the concept of Aristotle in terms of projectile, the arrow shot in the air directly fall down vertically to the ground. As according to Aristotle, The "impetus" caused the object to move in a straight line until it was expended, at which point the object fell straight to the ground. Whereas, Galileo's Theory of motion: Vertical Motion: In terms of vertical motion Galileo proved that an object free falling at the same time would land. (He discovered Gravity by an ‘experiment in the leaning tower of Pisa.)Projectile Motion: In terms of projectile motion, Galileo established that the motion of a projectile is a combination of constant horizontal velocity and vertical motion, in which the projectile accelerates at a rate of 9.8 ms? Horizontal Motion: In terms of Horizontal motion, An object will move along this same. plane with a motion which is uniform and perpetual, provided the plane has no limits. Conclusion: The concepts of both great people who lived at different eras helped us understand better the concept of motion and inertia. Thanks to Galileos' keen observation on experiments we are now able fo understand, gravity, Vertical and horizontal motion, Projectile motion. Source: https://brainly ph/question/1332444 Ill. WHAT 1 HAVE LEARNED True or False Instruction: Write TRUE if the statement is true and write FALSE if the statement is false. Do this in your activity notebook. 1. Itrequires a force to make an object move in an unnaturaf’ manner. The first law of motion is also known as Galileo's law of inertia. (On earth a stationary object has no forces acting on it. When an object is stationary, all of the forces acting on it are balanced. The only way to slow down a moving object is to apply a force to it. ‘An object in motion will slow down if acted on by an force in the direction ‘of motion. 7. Inertia is a force which keeps stationary objects at rest and moving objects in motion at constant velocity. 8. Inettia is a force which brings all objects to a rest position 9. All objects have inertia. 10. The mass of an object is dependent upon the value of the acceleration of the gravity. S27 Ren