1

The Problem and Its Background

When election campaigns happen, politicians promote themselves using posters. The

poster used by candidates were printed on tarpaulins. After the election, these posters will

become waste, especially in the Philippines. Due to the large amount of tarpaulin waste

produced by candidates, disposing of it correctly is a problem for Filipinos, creating a severe

problem that is needed a response.

Concerning this problem, the researchers would like to utilize these tarpaulin wastes

valuable through recycling. Tarpaulin waste could be a helpful material addition in producing

briquettes.

Background of the Study

Humanity is known for its ability to modify environments to provide optimal

conditions for its survival and development; as a result, it has flourished over time.

Nevertheless, modernization and increasingly extravagant consumption habits, previously a

matter of adaptation, gave way to a lifestyle based on well-being at all costs and material

growth. Consequently, society must utilize natural resources more effectively, neglecting

their recovery time and restrictions.

 2

Renewable energy is produced from naturally renewable resources on a human

timescale. Nature provides an enormous supply of renewable energy sources, including sun,

biomass, wind, and geothermal energy. It serves as an alternative to non-renewable energy

like fossil fuels.1 Energy has a significant role in the daily lives of humans. It serves as the

essential component for completing various tasks like cooking.

Today, the energy dilemma for human survival has become a challenging issue in

many nations throughout the globe. The long-term lack of oil reserves necessitated the

invention of alternative energy sources. Energy is a significant sector of the global economy

that will play a key role in the future in ensuring the conservation of energy supplies. The use

of energy has expanded with human activity, particularly the use of fossil fuels generated

from plants and animals. The rising scarcity of fossil resources has resulted in high fuel

prices; hence, an alternative fuel is required to lessen reliance on fossil energy. 2

To lessen the amount of fossil fuels that are consumed, the inhabitants of each

nation's society must find an alternative energy source that is both safe for the environment

and prepared for long-term application. Charcoal is a fuel created by carbonizing biomass

like wood. Although investments in charcoal production from forest plantations are rising in

1
Ibrahim Dincer, “Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development: A Crucial Review,” Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews 4, no. 2 (2000): 157–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-0321(99)00011-8.

2
Sunardi Sunardi , Djuanda Djuanda, and Mohammad Ahsan Mandra, “Characteristics of Charcoal Briquettes
from Agricultural Waste with Compaction Pressure and Particle Size Variation as Alternative Fuel.,”
International Energy Journal 19, no. 3 (September 2019): 139–48,
https://doi.org/http://www.rericjournal.ait.ac.th/index.php/reric/article/view/2199.
 3

tropical regions, the majority of biomass for charcoal production comes from natural forests,

where spontaneous regeneration is the primary source of forest recovery.3 Charcoal is mostly

used for outdoor cooking. The second largest use of charcoal is in the form of activated

charcoal which is frequently used in industrial settings.

In addition, the rise in oil and gas prices has accelerated the adoption of renewable

energy sources. The recent transition from conventional to renewable energy sources and

their progressive expansion is a characteristic of the industrialized world's energy policy.

During the economic crisis, the use of fuel wood in urban areas is on the rise due to the

increased usage of substitutes.4 Charcoal is one of the most widely used renewable biomass

fuel sources.

In the Philippines, it is reported that compared to other fuel sources such as LPG and

Kerosene, charcoal is favored by individuals. It is highly demanded because of historical

cooking practices, the relative availability of material (wood and coconut shells), flavor

preference, and the comparatively low cost of charcoal against conventional fuels. Low-

income to upper-income families show high volume utilization of traditional fuel due to these

factors.

3
Emmanuel N. Chidumayo and Davison J. Gumbo, “The Environmental Impacts of Charcoal Production in
Tropical Ecosystems of the World: A Synthesis,” Energy for Sustainable Development 17, no. 2 (2013): 86–94,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2012.07.004.

4
F. Zannikos et al., “Converting Biomass and Waste Plastic to Solid Fuel Briquettes,” Journal of Renewable
Energy 2013 (2013): 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/360368.
 4

Despite the availability of electricity and LPG as a source of energy, more than half

of Philippine families continue to rely on charcoal for their daily energy requirements. To

fulfill the daily household demand, charcoal manufacturers in the country were required to

boost wood charcoal production dramatically. However, charcoal manufacture in the country

is still conducted traditionally, involving the illegal felling and burning of trees. 5

However, charcoal manufacture requires wood as its primary raw material, and its

popularity can result in a high rate of tree cutting, leading to deforestation. As an alternative

to these practices, biomass materials could be compressed into denser products and then

converted into high-quality biofuel products. Briquetting is a densification process that

produces a substance with a higher energy density per unit volume. In addition, densification

improves handling and decreases transportation costs, resulting in stable, consistent, and

clean fuel.6 Using briquettes as fuel can contribute help for our environment. The briquetting

technique is not limited to biodegradable materials. Some study indicates that non-

biodegradable materials could also be used as the primary raw material in the creation of

alternative fuels.

5
Tisha-an Lyka Ambal et al., “An Analysis on the Market Potential of Cacao Charcoal Briquettes in Los Baños,
Laguna, Philippines,” International Academy of Global Business and Trade 13, no. 2 (2017): 11–21,
https://doi.org/10.20294/jgbt.2017.13.2.11.
6
Maria Angeles Garrido, Juan A. Conesa, and Maria Dolores Garcia, “Characterization and Production of Fuel
Briquettes Made from Biomass and Plastic Wastes,” Energies, 2017, 1–12,
https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201705.0179.v1.
 5

Briquetting is a long-standing method for compacting materials. High hydraulic

pressure is provided, and the revolving wheels compress the feed between the pockets to

create briquettes. Unlike pelletization, briquettes do not usually require a binder. The

briquettes produced by a piston press are solid, whereas the briquettes produced by a screw

press have a concentric hole that provides superior combustion qualities due to a greater

specific area. These briquettes are also homogeneous and resistant to disintegration, have a

high combustion rate, and may therefore replace coal in many applications.7

One of the non-biodegradable plastic waste people produce is tarpaulins. Industrial

tarpaulins are used to protect machinery, pallets, and building materials from exposure to

rain, sunlight, and other environmental conditions. It is also used for temporary shelters,

alternative roofs, and walls.8 Tarpaulins are commonly associated with printing services.

Typically, tarpaulin printing is in great demand during election season.

However, the mass production of tarpaulin banners and posters for the midterm

election campaign would undoubtedly be a contributor to the problem of plastic pollution

that our country is already struggling to deal with. They may be seen hanging from trees and

power poles, as well as on buildings and on private houses that have been abandoned. Poly

7
Rupam Kataki and Manika D. Kataki, “Weeds as a Renewable Bioresource,” Biofuels and Bioenergy, 2022,
437–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-85269-2.00021-6.
8
“Tarpaulins Information,” GlobalSpec, accessed May 26, 2023,
https://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/materials_chemicals_adhesives/
stock_fabricated_materials_components/covers_tarps#:~:text=Poly%20tarpaulins%20are%20lightweight%2C
%20moisture-resistant%2C%20and%20relatively%20inexpensive.,per%20square%20inch%20provide%.
 6

tarpaulins are not only lightweight but also resistant to moisture and reasonably affordable.

They are made up of strands of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene, or any other type of

polyolefin plastic that have been cross woven together. It is a good idea to recycle and reuse

the material because it can be used in the production of another product, which would be a

waste if it were not done. Recycling and reusing the material is a good idea because it has the

potential to be used in the production of another product.

Furthermore, the creation of briquettes produced from tarpaulins may not only help to

tackle the problem of the rising need for energy, but it can also contribute to the reduction of

plastic waste, which is a worry in our society. Since making briquettes out of tarpaulins may

be done on a massive scale. Moreover, this may provide information and serve as an eye-

opener for those individuals who need to be made aware of briquettes, specifically those

businesses that provide grilling services.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims not only to improve trash management, preventing pollution, but also

promoting recycling items that would otherwise go to waste. Also, this study helps to stop

deforestation since compost briquettes are less expensive than conventional wood-based

charcoal. The compost briquettes burn cleaner and more effectively, reducing the release of
 7

extra greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. Furthermore, this study aims to

develop briquettes made out of tarpaulin wastes that will help grilling establishments in

Marilao to save and be more eco-friendly.

Specifically, the study will answer the following:

1. Does the smoke from Tarquettes have significant effects on pollution?

2. Are Tarquettes efficient as an alternative to charcoal in terms of:

a. Burning time,

b. Weight,

c. Sustainability.

3. Can Tarquettes be effective in terms of:

a. Efficiency,

b. Convenience,

c. Eco-friendliness.
 8

Significance of the Study

The goal of this research is to promote recycling using waste material such as

tarpaulin for producing briquettes. This study primarily aims to be beneficial to: Vendors,

grilling establishments, entrepreneurs, the community, and future researchers.

Grilling establishments. This study could provide knowledge regarding briquettes as

an alternative fuel to replace traditional charcoal, which is more cost-effective and efficient.

Vendors. This study can benefit vendors since briquettes are low-cost and more

effective than other fuel sources.

Entrepreneurs. This research can benefit them by informing them about briquettes

which could open an opportunity to start a business.

Community. This research will benefit them by reducing non-biodegradable waste

through recycling and problems contributing to global warming. Also, this study will give

knowledge about different fuel sources.

Future researchers. This research can be the basis for further studies with the same

goal. It could provide valuable sources of data and serve as a guide for their research.

Scope and Delimitation

This study covers the comparison of Tarquettes' performance from charcoal since

standard briquettes are rarely seen here in the Philippines. Tarquettes are briquettes created
 9

using a mixture of biodegradable and tarpaulin waste compacted into a cylindrical figure.

This study also will be conducted at Loma de Gato. There will be experiments to be done

after Tarquettes are produced like using them to boil water and using them to cook food

especially foods normally cooked through grilling method. The factors that researchers

observed during the experiment are which one is the one to ignite faster, longer duration, and

energy value.
 10

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the related literature and studies to this research. Research

literature and studies are essential as it serves as the researchers’ foundation of knowledge.

This chapter also includes the conceptual framework and paradigm that provides an overview

of the processes required to conduct this study, null and alternative hypotheses, and the

definition of terms for better comprehension of this research.

Review of Related Literature

Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work. It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal,

electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other forms. There are two sources of energy, renewable and

non-renewable sources. Coal, natural gas, petroleum, and nuclear energy are nonrenewable

energy resources. Once these resources are depleted, they cannot be recreated, which poses a

significant concern for humanity since people rely on them to provide the majority of energy

demands.9 Renewable energy has become the alternative to lessen the usage of fossil fuels.

Renewable energy is obtained from continually replenishing natural processes. It draws

9
“U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis,” What is energy?
explained - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), December 27, 2022,
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/what-is-energy/.
 11

directly from the sun, wind, rain, ocean tides, biomass, and geothermal resources from heat

generated deep under the earth in its various forms.10

In the existing global energy system, environmental boundaries are routinely violated,

many do not have their fundamental energy requirements met, and energy justice is not

guaranteed for all.11 The energy system is fundamentally unsustainable, and it is on a

trajectory to remain unsustainable.

Pollution
Continuous use of fossil fuels will be a significant contributor to pollution. The

atmosphere is the most affected, resulting in air pollution. As numerous types of pollutants

are emitted from various sources, it is evident that air quality influences air pollution. 12 Air

pollution is the number one environmental health risk. In 2012, about 3.7 million deaths

were attributable to ambient air pollution and 4.3 million deaths to household air pollution

generated by indoor use of solid fuels for cooking and heating.13

10
Javid Mohtasham, “Review Article-Renewable Energies,” Energy Procedia 74 (August 2015): pp. 1289-1297,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.774.

11
Erling Holden, Kristin Linnerud, and Bente Johnsen Rygg, “A Review of Dominant Sustainable Energy
Narratives,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 144 (2021): p. 110955,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110955.

12
Daniel A. Vallero, “Air Pollution,” Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, March 16, 2015, 1–
48, https://doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.01091823151206.a01.pub3.
13
Komalkirti Apte and Sundeep Salvi, “Household Air Pollution and Its Effects on Health,” F1000Research
(U.S. National Library of Medicine, October 28, 2016),
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089137/.
 12

Not only the air is affected, but also the water. Burning fossil fuels releases

greenhouse gas like nitrogen oxide. Excess atmospheric nitrogen in the form of nitrogen

oxides or ammonia is deposited back onto land, where it is washed into neighboring bodies

of water. These extra nutrients contribute to pollution, hazardous algal blooms, and zones

devoid of oxygen in aquatic environments.14 Due to the presence of tiny particles in the air,

rain carries these particles to water bodies. It consists of carbon dioxide created by the

combustion of fossil fuels, the quantity of which is increasing, and carbon dioxide that

interacts with water molecules to form sulfuric acid.15

Since the evolution of global industries, people have used more fossil fuels as they

need more energy. Hence, over the recent years, people have discovered prevention methods

to lessen greenhouse gases emission.

Briquetting
Briquette production is a solution to fuel problems. Biomass presents an opportunity

to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. Converting biomass waste into briquettes helps us

to solve our problem.16 In Niger, more than 97% of households in the Tahoua region utilize

wood as their primary source of home energy. To replace the wood as the primary source,

14
“The Sources and Solutions: Fossil Fuels,” EPA (Environmental Protection Agency, January 20, 2023),
https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/sources-and-solutions-fossil-fuels.

15
Chaudhry FN and Malik MF, “Factors Affecting Water Pollution: A Review,” Journal of Ecosystem
&Amp; Ecography 07, no. 01 (March 31, 2017): pp. 1-3, https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000225.
16
Sunday Yusuf Kpalo et al., “A Review of Technical and Economic Aspects of Biomass Briquetting,”
Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 4, 2020): p. 4609, https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114609.
 13

eco-friendly briquettes were produced. The product is created from abandoned vegetable

waste that is frequently dumped in the environment.17 Rice hulls, corn, and peanut shells, as

well as mostly water hyacinth, are some of the raw materials utilized in the manufacture of

eco-friendly coal briquettes.

The most significant strength is the huge demand for briquettes in the US, Europe,

Japan, Korea, and Malaysia. Likewise, as an alternative fuel, briquettes in the future can

replace much of the country’s expensive energy sources such as liquefied petroleum gas

(LPG), kerosene, and electricity. In the Philippines, briquetting is not popular in the market,

but it has potential since many raw materials are available here, like coconut husk. Giving

attention to it might give Filipinos the opportunity to start a business and reduce fossil fuel

usage here in the Philippines.18

Related Studies

Briquettes can be produced using a variety of materials to replace traditional charcoal.

The common material used in the production of briquettes are biomasses. Briquettes made of

Madan wood had a high calorific value of 6,622 cal/g, which could be considered a potential

17
Issoufou Oumarou, “Investigating the Market Potential of Eco-Friendly Coal Briquettes in the Region of
Tahoua, Niger,” International Journal of Business and Social Science 10, no. 10 (January 2019),
https://doi.org/10.30845/ijbss.v10n10a8.

18
Rizalina K Araral, “CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING IN THE PHILIPPINES: CHALLENGES AND
PROSPECTS,” Charcoal briquetting in the Philippines: Challenges and prospects (Department of Science and
Technology, June 8, 2015), http://www.science.ph/full_story.php?type=News&key=122899%3Acharcoal-
briquetting-in-the-philippines-challenges-and-prospects.
 14

renewable raw material to manufacture briquettes.19 Also, commercial wood briquettes have

lower HCl emissions than Bagasse and Miscanthus (Mitchell et al., 2020).20

Briquettes made of Sesame stalk are better than mixed briquettes made from mixing

charcoal dust, maize cob, sawdust, and paper as a binder. Sesame stalk has lower ash and

Sulphur content even though it has a higher calorific value.21 Other than Sesame stalks, there

are also briquettes of rice husks. Rice husk briquettes are much better than standard firewood.

Doing the water boiling test, data shows that rice husk and starch made the water reach

100°C in just 15 minutes, while in the firewood, it takes up to 21 minutes to reach 100°C.22

As time passes by, different studies show that adding non-biodegradable waste like

plastics will make briquettes have a better performance. It helps to improve the briquettes

and helps the community to lessen the non-biodegradable waste. 50% HDPE (High-Density

Polyethylene) and 50% teak sawdust, with a binder of rice flour, takes 2.3 minutes to ignite

and 62 minutes before it turns to ashes.23 Plastic binders also make the briquettes increase the
19
Nattapong Kongprasert, Pilada Wangphanich, and Anuwat Jutilarptavorn, “Charcoal Briquettes from Madan
Wood Waste as an Alternative Energy in Thailand,” Procedia Manufacturing 30 (2019): pp. 128-135,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.019.

20
E.J.S. Mitchell et al., “The Use of Agricultural Residues, Wood Briquettes and Logs for Small-Scale
Domestic Heating,” Fuel Processing Technology 210 (July 27, 2020): p. 106552,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2020.106552.
21
Alula Gebresas et al., “Briquetting of Charcoal from Sesame Stalk,” Journal of Energy 2015 (August 25,
2015): pp. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/757284.

22
Abubakar Yusuf et al., “Development of Rice Husk and Saw Dust Briquettes for Use as Fuel ,” American
Based Research Journal 10, no. 1 (January 2021): pp. 2304-7151,
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4497571.

23
R.M. Faisal et al., “Production of Briquettes from a Blend of HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) Plastic
Wastes and Teak (Tectona Grandis Linn. F) Sawdust Using Different Natural Adhesives as the Binder,” Key
 15

density value and lower water content. It could increase the compactness and adhesiveness of

the briquettes.24

Polyethylene (PE) and empty fruit bunches could be used to produce briquettes. The

study shows that Palm biomass briquettes result in gross calorific values within the range of

17900 kJ/kg to 21000 kJ/kg, depending on the mixing ratio.25 All gross calorific value and

moisture content are found to fulfill the requirement for commercialization. Also, mango

peels, I. cylindrica, and disposable face masks have significant characteristics and properties

for forming solid fuel briquettes. Based on the results from the proximate analysis, the face

mask waste, mango peel, and I. cylindrica all have low moisture content but a high volatile

content.26 A high volatile content means that the briquettes start to burn quickly but also

indicates that the briquette will have a faster burning time. Using rice husk with dried leaves

and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics will result in a briquette better than charcoal.

The composition is 70% rice husk, 20% 6 mm PET plastic, and 10% dried leaves with

Engineering Materials 882 (April 2021): pp. 273-279, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.882.273.

24
W Suwinarti, R Amirta, and Yuliansyah, “Production of High-Calorie Energy Briquettes from Bark Waste,
Plastic and Oil,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 144 (2018): p. 012034,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/144/1/012034.

25
Hasan Mohd Faizal et al., “Development of Palm Biomass Briquettes with Polyethylene Plastic Waste
Addition,” Jurnal Teknologi 78, no. 9-2 (January 2016), https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v78.9657.

26
Nurul Ain Ab Jalil et al., “Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Agricultural-
Plastic Wastes for Feasibility of Solid Fuel Briquette Production,” Sustainability 14, no. 23 (2022): p. 15751,
https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315751.
 16

compressive strength, caloric value, water content, volatile content, and ash content value is

51,55 kg/cm2; 5123 kal/g; 3,049%; 31,823%, dan 12,869%.27

To summarize, biomass with non-biodegradable materials can produce a better

briquette than charcoal. Since tarpaulin is a polyethylene (PE) plastic 28, there is a high chance

that Tarquettes will be an excellent alternative to traditional charcoal. It helps us to eradicate

being fossil fuel dependent and create a product that will help the environment and economy.

Conceptual Framework

Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of briquetting.

Van der Waals forces at the molecular level are too responsible. Iyengar, however, asserts

that he has unequivocally proven that hydrogen bonding is what gives briquettes their

strength. The coals have functional groups that are acidic and alkaline that can act as points

of attachment for water molecules to connect nearby granules. The hydrogen bond model

explains the occurrence of the optimum because too little water results in fewer bridges, but

too much water causes solvation effects, which lead to weaker connections and briquettes

because of the huge number of molecules connected with each functional group. The

hypothesis does not seem to be widely accepted, so the issue will be brought up once more in

27
Sucipto Hariyanto, Mohammad Nurdianfajar Usman, and Nita Citrasari, “Briquettes of Rice Husk,
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and Dried Leaves as Implementation of Wastes Recycling,” AIP Conference
Proceedings 1854, no. 1 (June 16, 2017): p. 020013, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4985404.

28
Pieter Zhang, “All You Need to Know about PE Tarpaulins and PVC Tarpaulins,” APACSAFETY (APAC,
November 1, 2022), https://apacsafety.com/pe-and-pvc-tarpaulins/.
 17

the following paper. It is usually known that higher-quality briquettes are made with finer

particle sizes, but Trommer recently showed that particle size distribution is also a crucial

factor.

He expressed the particle size distribution using the Gaudin-Schumann relation:

Q (d) = (d/dmax)m where m gives a measure of the "dispersion" of size, dmax is the diameter of

the largest particle present, and Q(d) is the cumulative distribution at size d. If m = 0, all of

the particles are dmax in size, while m = 1.0 results in a distribution where linear.

Research Paradigm

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Tarpaulin Waste Cutting Tarpaulin

Rice Husk Waste

Carbonizing Rice Husk
Starch
Binder Production Tarquettes
PVC Pipe Mixing The Ingredients
Compacting and
Molding
Sun-Drying of the
Figure 1: IPO Model for Tarquettes
Hypothesis Tarquettes.
Observation and
Ho: Tarpaulins cannot be utilized as material for producing Tarquettes.
Analysis
 18

Ha: Tarpaulins can be utilized as material for producing Tarquettes.

Definition of Terms

To make it understandable and clear, a detailed explanation of the technical terms

used in the study:

Biomass. It refers to an organic material that consists of plant materials and animal waste

that is also a natural renewable source. Also, photosynthesis can produce briquettes.29 It is

also an indirect form of solar energy. Coconut husk will be primarily used in this study as

biomass.

Briquettes. It pertains to a small block that consists of biomass residues. with or without a

binding agent. This can be used for electricity generation, heat, and cooking fuel.30

Polyethylene. It is a thermoplastic polymer with a variable crystalline structure and a vast

range of applications depending on the type. It is one of the most widely produced plastics in

29
“U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis,”
Biomass explained - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), accessed May 26, 2023,
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/biomass/?
fbclid=IwAR2F80zjS8pedswSARI8vI1ifuMe4Rb_jBJG_uuioL-
4bKcpiHiB8yKqcjk#:~:text=Biomass%20is%20renewable%20organic%20material,and
%20heating%20in%20developing%20countries.
30
Amrit Khater, “Benefits & Uses of Biomass Briquettes,” HI TECH AGRO ENERGY, July
16, 2017, https://hitechagroenergy.wordpress.com/2017/07/16/benefits-uses-of-biomass-
briquettes/?
fbclid=IwAR0O1NhOKvZsrJbCry0tomdeIBZOgBXHrat5CPckboFz7Azdsp74OwLysCg.
 19

the world, with tens of millions of tons produced worldwide each year.31 Particularly in this

study, small amounts of polyethylene is used to make the combustion steadier because of the

increased concentration of oxygen.

Tarpaulins. It pertains to a water-repellent and durable heavy-duty material meant for the

outdoors. In this study, tarpaulins will be used as it contains plastic such as polyethylene that

is needed for producing better quality briquettes

31
Tony Rogers, “Everything You Need to Know about Polyethylene (PE),” Everything You
Need To Know About Polyethylene (PE), accessed May 26, 2023,
https://www.creativemechanisms.com/blog/polyethylene-pe-for-prototypes-3d-printing-and-
cnc?
fbclid=IwAR0og3gbTzGC4PIyH24Xigv8TxzFF4mUcjti975yEHw0o_tOkkyjPkT0mbA#:~:t
ext=Polyethylene%20is%20a%20thermoplastic%20polymer,tons%20produced
%20worldwide%20each%20year.
 20

Methodology

This chapter discusses and presents the methodology used in the study which includes

the research design, the locale and participants of the study, the instrument, the research

procedure, and the data analysis used by the researchers.

Research Design

The researchers conducted an experimental research design which is quantitative

research. The purpose of this research is to find out the effectiveness of adding tarpaulins in

materials to improve briquettes producing an alternative renewable fuel. The researchers will

test Tarquettes by igniting it. The researchers decided to utilize experimentally because they

are attempting to conduct experiments to prove their hypothesis.

Population and Sample of the Study

The study is conducted in Loma De Gato, Marilao, Bulacan, gathering participants

from the residents. The participants of the study were the residents of the Municipality of

Marilao especially those grilling establishments and charcoal vendors that have a prior

understanding of waste materials, charcoal production, and briquette usage. The researchers
 21

used purposive sampling, selecting the best respondents for the research. The researchers

chose 25 local grilling establishments from Loma De Gato.

Research Instrument or Instruments of the Study

The researchers conducted a checklist to track the processes and experiments

performed on the devised Tarquettes. The checklist included the two main experiments

which are carbonizing rice husks and compacting and molding of Tarquettes. In this study,

tarpaulin wastes were stripped down to become suitable as an ingredient for the mixture. An

electric stove was used to carbonize rice husks. Starch was set aside as a binder. A PVC pipe

was cut down horizontally to serve as a molder. A weighing scale was used to measure the

right amount of husks needed to mix with starch and tarpaulin wastes. Together, they were

compacted and molded using the binder. After the Tarquettes were made, the product dried

under the sun. For product testing, the researchers also used a survey questionnaire that

included questions about the features of Tarquettes such as convenience, efficiency, and eco-

friendliness. It also contains the feedback of the participants about the product's quality.

These questions were in the form of a Likert Scale. The questionnaire was based on the

research questions of the study and also collected the recommendations, suggestions, and/or

feedback of the participants.

 22

Methods and Techniques of the Study

Gathering Preparation of
Cutting tarpaulin Rice husks
of
wastes
Materials

Compacting and Mixing All of the

Producing Binder
Molding Ingredients

Sun drying of Observation and

Tarquettes Analysis

Figure 2: Research Procedures for Creating Tarquettes.

Gathering of Materials

The researchers gathered 9 kilograms of rice husk, which they acquired from the rice

farmers around Marilao, Bulacan. Tarpaulin waste was acquired from the streets in Loma de

Gato. Starch was obtained through the market in Marilao. PVC pipes were acquired from a

hardware store in San Jose del Monte, Bulacan. Other tools were provided by the researchers,

such as scissors and an electric stove.

 23

Materials

• 9kg of rice husk

• Tarpaulin waste

• Scissors

• PVC pipe

• Starch

• Water

• Electric Stove

Cutting Tarpaulin Wastes

The acquired tarpaulin wastes around Loma de Gato were washed to remove the dirt.

After drying it up, the researchers used scissors to cut down the tarpaulin waste into tiny bits

so it could combine with the mixture when producing Tarquettes.

Preparation of Rice Husk

After acquiring the rice husks from farmers, the researchers heated the pan using an

electric stove. When the pan had enough heat, the researchers put the proper amount of rice

husk in it to carbonize it. The researchers let it heat for 25 to 30 minutes and mixed it every 5

minutes to make sure every rice husk was properly burned. After that, the rice husk was

smashed to turn it into powder.

 24

Producing binder

The researchers boiled 750 ml of water in a pot over low heat. 500 grams of

cornstarch were mixed with the water and stirred to get the proper consistency. When it

reached the correct thickness, the researchers turned off the fire and let it cool down.

Mixing all the ingredients

After the rice husks and binder were cooled down, the researchers started to put the

three ingredients in a tub. The researchers begin to mix it with a ratio of 70-20-10 (70% rice

husks, 20%binder, and 10% tarpaulin bits). After acquiring the correct consistency, now it is

ready for molding in the next process.

Compacting and Molding

After mixing all the ingredients, the researchers started to prepare the PVC pipes. A

10-foot PVC pipe with a diameter of 3 inches was divided into pieces with a length of 4

inches for each piece to serve as a molder. Once the pipes are already prepared, the

researchers put two handfuls of the mixture inside the pipes. The researchers started to smash

it using a piece of wood to compact it and get the right shape of the briquettes. After

compacting it, the PVC pipe was gently lifted up, and the Tarquettes smashed it lightly to get

it outside of the pipe.

Sun-Drying of Tarquettes

After compacting and molding all the mixture prepared, the researchers arranged the

Tarquettes in an open space for drying purposes. The researchers let it be exposed to the sun
 25

for 2 days to make sure the Tarquettes were properly dried and ready to use for igniting and

heating purposes.

Data Gathering Procedure

Once the production is done and the sun-drying process is accomplished, the

researchers will start to test the capabilities of Tarquettes. The researchers provided a

checklist that will serve as a guide for observing the product. Durability, the color of the

smoke, ignition rate, longevity of the flame, and ash content are the criteria given in the

checklist provided. The researchers also test the ability of Tarquettes on how they will

perform when used for heating and cooking purposes.

 26

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

This chapter provides the analysis, presentation and interpretation of data acquired based on

the experiment conducted by the researchers which is producing briquettes with tarpaulin

which is Tarquettes. This chapter also provides the answers for the research question that is

present in the study.

Presentation of the Data

Trial 1
Rice husk Tarpaulin Cornstarch

Cornstarch
40%
Rice husk
50%

Tarpaulin
10%

Figure 3: Trial 1 of Tarquettes’ Ingredients Percentage

On the first attempt, the researchers used a mixture ratio of 50% rice husk that is

carbonized, 40% of cornstarch mixed with water which is the binder, and 10% tarpaulin bits.
 27

Trial 2
Rice husk Tarpaulin Cornstarch

20%

20% 60%

Figure 4: Trial 2 of Tarquettes’ Ingredients Percentage

On the second attempt at creating Tarquettes, researchers adjusted the ratio of

ingredients. The rice husk percentage raised to 60%. Meanwhile, the percentage of

cornstarch was reduced to 20%. Lastly, the portion of tarpaulin bits was increased up to 20%

like the binder.

 28

Trial 3
Rice husk Tarpaulin Cornstarch

20%

50%

30%

Figure 5: Trial 3 of Tarquettes’ Ingredients Percentage

For the third trial of creating Tarquettes, the researchers adjusted the ratio of

ingredients present in this research. The rice husk is back to 50% and the cornstarch binder

remains the same which is 20%. Meanwhile, the tarpaulin increased up to 30%.
 29

Analysis of Data

Trials Height Diameter Weight

(cm) (cm) (g)

Trial 1 28 76.2 20
Trial 2 30 76.2 25
Trial 3 30 76.2 25
Table 1: Tarquettes trials proportions

Figure 6 shows the different dimensions of Tarquettes per trial. In the height column,

trial 1 is different compared to trial 2 and 3. In the diameter, all of the trials are the same

since the researchers used only a specific size of pvc pipe for molding the briquettes. Lastly,

in the weight column, trial 1 had a lower weight due to presence of hole in the middle. The

researchers decided to remove it to make the Tarquettes more compact and resulting in an

increase in weight.

Criteria Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

 30

Durability Brittle Hard Hard

Ignition Failed Passed Passed
Smoke Color Unavailable White White
Ash residue Unavailable Poor Excellent
Burning Rate Unavailable Poor Good
Longevity of Unavailable 5 minutes 30 minutes –
flame 45minutes
Table 2: Tarquettes Checklist

As the data presented above in table 2, these are the criteria prepared by the

researchers in the checklist. In the first trial, the table clearly shows that trial 1 failed to ignite

resulting in the unavailability of data. In trial 2, the researchers had successfully ignited the

Tarquettes but it was not enough. As you can see on the table, trial 2 of Tarquettes had a poor

burning rate and ash residue. It also had a short longevity of only 5 minutes. In the third trial,

the researchers successfully improved the Tarquettes and their qualities. Trial 3 had a good

burning rate affecting the ash residue which is excellent. The time of flame also increased up

to 30 to 45 minutes.
 31

Time (minutes)

Trial 3 8

Trial 2 6

Trial 1 10

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Figure 6: Tarquettes Cooking Trials

After the third trial, the researchers proceed to test the Tarquettes. For product testing,

the researchers tried to use Tarquettes for grilling purposes. The researchers used hotdogs to

test the cooking capabilities of Tarquettes. As shown on Figure 6, it takes 10 minutes to grill

a hotdog using Tarquettes. On the second attempt, the time required was reduced to 6

minutes due to Tarquettes great flame as the time pass by. On trial 3, it takes up to 8 minutes

which is higher than trial 2. This is due to Tarquettes starting to convert into ash.

Interpretation of Data
 32

After conducting this experiment, the researchers determined that the correct ratio is

important to create a briquette that could be an alternative fuel. The first trial failed due to

researchers’ error. In the second attempt at producing Tarquettes, as the researchers adjust

the material proportion, it starts to work but not efficiently to be used for cooking and heating

purposes. On the third trial, Tarquettes start to function like charcoal. Using the checklist, the

researcher evaluates the product and proceeds to product testing.

When the Tarquettes start to ignite, the researcher’ setup and grilling grill to test the

capabilities of Tarquettes. Using frozen food such as hotdogs, the researchers start to track

the time it takes to cook hotdogs. On the first trial, it takes 10 minutes to cook a hotdog using

Tarquettes. The second trial only needs a lower time which is 6 minutes due to heat of the

metal and the great flame produced by Tarquettes. As time passes by, the Tarquettes start to

lose flame and become ash which in the third trial, it takes 8 minutes to grill a hotdog.
 33

Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and

Recommendations

In this chapter, the researchers aimed to synthesize the findings of the study, create

conclusions based on the analyzed data collected, and provide recommendations for future

researchers.

Summary of Findings

Briquettes production is one of the available solutions to lessen fossil fuel dependent

of grilling establishments that will help to reduce ecocatastrophe. Another problem faced by

the society is poor waste utilization either biodegradable or non-biodegradable. Tarquettes

could be a solution to energy and waste problems.

The researchers conducted an experiment to test the capabilities of Tarquettes and to

determine its effectiveness. After three trials, researchers got the suitable ratio for producing

Tarquettes. Once the sun-drying is complete, the researchers start to test the product for

grilling purposes. Using hotdogs as subjects, it takes 6 to 10 minutes to cook hotdogs in a

grilling method using Tarquettes.

Conclusions

In conclusion, this research aimed to apply tarpaulin in briquettes to improve the

quality. The study found a way to provide an alternative renewable fuel that makes people

less dependent on fossil fuels. It also promotes recycling, which is a solution to the waste
 34

problem. Based on the data provided, Tarquettes could be an alternative fuel and can be used

by grilling establishments. Overall, this study provides knowledge about utilizing waste and

using it as resources to innovate a product that will help to solve a problem.

Recommendations

The researchers observed conditions that can be changed or enhanced to achieve

better results. Future studies should consider the following recommendations presented by

the researchers:

1. The Tarquettes should be tested in professional facilities to determine the possible

pollutants from tarpaulin waste.

2. Researchers should have access to machinery to produce briquettes to their best

quality.

3. To use other biodegradable materials such as fruit peels and husk because it could

improve the briquette itself.

4. Future researchers could discover alternative procedures that will make briquette

production more efficient and less time-consuming.

 35

Bibliography

Abubakar Yusuf et al., “Development of Rice Husk and Saw Dust Briquettes for Use as
Fuel ,” American Based Research Journal 10, no. 1 (January 2021): pp. 2304-7151,
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4497571.

Alula Gebresas et al., “Briquetting of Charcoal from Sesame Stalk,” Journal of Energy 2015
(August 25, 2015): pp. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/757284.

Ambal, Tisha-an Lyka, Arlene C. Gutierrez, Agnes T. Banzon, and Loida E. Mojica. “An
Analysis on the Market Potential of Cacao Charcoal Briquettes in Los Baños, Laguna,
Philippines.” International Academy of Global Business and Trade 13, no. 2 (2017):
11–21. https://doi.org/10.20294/jgbt.2017.13.2.11.

Chaudhry FN and Malik MF, “Factors Affecting Water Pollution: A Review,” Journal of
Ecosystem &Amp; Ecography 07, no. 01 (March 31, 2017): pp. 1-3,
https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000225.

Chidumayo, Emmanuel N., and Davison J. Gumbo. “The Environmental Impacts of Charcoal
Production in Tropical Ecosystems of the World: A Synthesis.” Energy for Sustainable
Development 17, no. 2 (2013): 86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2012.07.004.

Daniel A. Vallero, “Air Pollution,” Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,

March 16, 2015, 1–48, https://doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.01091823151206.a01.pub3

Dincer, Ibrahim. “Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development: A Crucial Review.”

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 4, no. 2 (2000): 157–75.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-0321(99)00011-8.

E.J.S. Mitchell et al., “The Use of Agricultural Residues, Wood Briquettes and Logs for
Small-Scale Domestic Heating,” Fuel Processing Technology 210 (July 27, 2020): p.
106552, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2020.106552.

Erling Holden, Kristin Linnerud, and Bente Johnsen Rygg, “A Review of Dominant
Sustainable Energy Narratives,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 144
(2021): p. 110955, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110955.
 36

Garrido, Maria Angeles, Juan A. Conesa, and Maria Dolores Garcia. “Characterization and
Production of Fuel Briquettes Made from Biomass and Plastic Wastes.” Energies,
2017, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201705.0179.v1.

Hasan Mohd Faizal et al., “Development of Palm Biomass Briquettes with Polyethylene
Plastic Waste Addition,” Jurnal Teknologi 78, no. 9-2 (January 2016),
https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v78.9657.

Issoufou Oumarou, “Investigating the Market Potential of Eco-Friendly Coal Briquettes in

the Region of Tahoua, Niger,” International Journal of Business and Social Science 10,
no. 10 (January 2019), https://doi.org/10.30845/ijbss.v10n10a8

Javid Mohtasham, “Review Article-Renewable Energies,” Energy Procedia 74 (August

2015): pp. 1289-1297, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.774.

Kataki, Rupam, and Manika D. Kataki. “Weeds as a Renewable Bioresource.” Biofuels and
Bioenergy, 2022, 437–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-85269-2.00021-6.

Khater, Amrit. “Benefits & Uses of Biomass Briquettes.” HI TECH AGRO ENERGY, July
16, 2017. https://hitechagroenergy.wordpress.com/2017/07/16/benefits-uses-of-
biomass-briquettes/?
fbclid=IwAR0O1NhOKvZsrJbCry0tomdeIBZOgBXHrat5CPckboFz7Azdsp74OwLys
Cg.

Komalkirti Apte and Sundeep Salvi, “Household Air Pollution and Its Effects on Health,”
F1000Research (U.S. National Library of Medicine, October 28, 2016),
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089137/.

Marreiro, Hívila M., Rogério S. Peruchi, Riuzuani M. Lopes, Silvia L. Andersen, Sayonara
A. Eliziário, and Paulo Rotella Junior. “Empirical Studies on Biomass Briquette
Production: A Literature Review.” Energies 14, no. 24 (2021): 8320.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248320.

Nattapong Kongprasert, Pilada Wangphanich, and Anuwat Jutilarptavorn, “Charcoal

Briquettes from Madan Wood Waste as an Alternative Energy in Thailand,” Procedia
Manufacturing 30 (2019): pp. 128-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.019.

Nurul Ain Ab Jalil et al., “Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Agricultural-

 37

Pieter Zhang, “All You Need to Know about PE Tarpaulins and PVC Tarpaulins,”
APACSAFETY (APAC, November 1, 2022), https://apacsafety.com/pe-and-pvc-
tarpaulins/

Plastic Wastes for Feasibility of Solid Fuel Briquette Production,” Sustainability 14, no. 23
(2022): p. 15751, https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315751

R.M. Faisal et al., “Production of Briquettes from a Blend of HDPE (High Density
Polyethylene) Plastic Wastes and Teak (Tectona Grandis Linn. F) Sawdust Using
Different Natural Adhesives as the Binder,” Key Engineering Materials 882 (April
2021): pp. 273-279, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.882.273.

Rizalina K Araral, “CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING IN THE PHILIPPINES: CHALLENGES

AND PROSPECTS,” Charcoal briquetting in the Philippines: Challenges and prospects
(Department of Science and Technology, June 8, 2015),
http://www.science.ph/full_story.php?type=News&key=122899%3Acharcoal-
briquetting-in-the-philippines-challenges-and-prospects.

Rogers, Tony. “Everything You Need to Know about Polyethylene (PE).” Everything You
Need To Know About Polyethylene (PE). Accessed May 26, 2023.
https://www.creativemechanisms.com/blog/polyethylene-pe-for-prototypes-3d-
printing-and-cnc?
fbclid=IwAR0og3gbTzGC4PIyH24Xigv8TxzFF4mUcjti975yEHw0o_tOkkyjPkT0mb
A#:~:text=Polyethylene%20is%20a%20thermoplastic%20polymer,tons%20produced
%20worldwide%20each%20year.

Sucipto Hariyanto, Mohammad Nurdianfajar Usman, and Nita Citrasari, “Briquettes of Rice
Husk, Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and Dried Leaves as Implementation of
Wastes Recycling,” AIP Conference Proceedings 1854, no. 1 (June 16, 2017): p.
020013, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4985404.

Sunardi , Sunardi, Djuanda Djuanda, and Mohammad Ahsan Mandra. “Characteristics of

Charcoal Briquettes from Agricultural Waste with Compaction Pressure and Particle
Size Variation as Alternative Fuel.” International Energy Journal 19, no. 3 (September
2019): 139–48. https://doi.org/http://www.rericjournal.ait.ac.th/index.php/reric/article/
view/2199.
 38

Sunday Yusuf Kpalo et al., “A Review of Technical and Economic Aspects of Biomass
Briquetting,” Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 4, 2020): p. 4609,
https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114609.

Tarpaulins Information.” GlobalSpec. Accessed May 26, 2023.

https://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/materials_chemicals_adhesives/
stock_fabricated_materials_components/covers_tarps#:~:text=Poly%20tarpaulins
%20are%20lightweight%2C%20moisture-resistant%2C%20and%20relatively
%20inexpensive.,per%20square%20inch%20provide%.

The Sources and Solutions: Fossil Fuels,” EPA (Environmental Protection Agency, January
20, 2023), https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/sources-and-solutions-fossil-fuels.

U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis,” What
is energy? explained - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), December 27,
2022, https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/what-is-energy/.

U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis.”

Biomass explained - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Accessed May 26,
2023. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/biomass/?
fbclid=IwAR2F80zjS8pedswSARI8vI1ifuMe4Rb_jBJG_uuioL-
4bKcpiHiB8yKqcjk#:~:text=Biomass%20is%20renewable%20organic
%20material,and%20heating%20in%20developing%20countries.

W Suwinarti, R Amirta, and Yuliansyah, “Production of High-Calorie Energy Briquettes

from Bark Waste, Plastic and Oil,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental
Science 144 (2018): p. 012034, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/144/1/012034.

Zannikos, F., S. Kalligeros, G. Anastopoulos, and E. Lois. “Converting Biomass and Waste
Plastic to Solid Fuel Briquettes.” Journal of Renewable Energy 2013 (2013): 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/360368.
 39

Appendices

 Appendix 1: Trial 1

 Appendix 2: Trial 2
 40

 Appendix 3: Trial 3

 Appendix 4: Product Testing

 41

 Appendix 5: Cooking Trials

Trial 1 (10
minutes)

Trial 2 (6 minutes)

Trial 3 (8 minutes)