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DSCRHT 206 Lecture 1 and 2

The document discusses various aspects of built environment and structural systems. It defines built environment as the human-made surroundings that include material, spatial, cultural and temporal aspects. It describes the components of built environment such as products, interiors, structures, landscapes, cities and regions. It then discusses types of loads acting on structures such as dead loads, live loads, wind loads, earthquake loads, and other special loads. It also describes various structural forms used for load transfer including cables, columns, trusses, beams, and shear walls. Finally, it summarizes common structural systems for buildings such as load-bearing walls, frames, braced frames, shear walls, outriggers and tube systems.

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Sadik Saikat
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15 views49 pages

DSCRHT 206 Lecture 1 and 2

The document discusses various aspects of built environment and structural systems. It defines built environment as the human-made surroundings that include material, spatial, cultural and temporal aspects. It describes the components of built environment such as products, interiors, structures, landscapes, cities and regions. It then discusses types of loads acting on structures such as dead loads, live loads, wind loads, earthquake loads, and other special loads. It also describes various structural forms used for load transfer including cables, columns, trusses, beams, and shear walls. Finally, it summarizes common structural systems for buildings such as load-bearing walls, frames, braced frames, shear walls, outriggers and tube systems.

Uploaded by

Sadik Saikat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Built Environment

DSCRHT 2 0 6
What is built environment?
Material aspect
H u m a n made Surroundings Spatial aspect
Cultural aspect
Temporal aspect

Design Construction Management Use

Tim e
Hu m a n activities
Components of built environment

• Products
• Interiors
• Structures
• Landscapes
• Cities
• Regions
• Earth
Pr od uct s
Products include materials and commodities
generally created t o extend the human capacity t o
per f or m specific tasks.

Graphic symbol Tools M at er ial Machine


Interiors
A n arranged grouping of products and generally
enclosed w i t h i n a structure.

Functionality Circulation Ventilation Light in g


Structures
Planned grouping of spaces defined by and
constructed of products. Have both internal space
and external form.

Aesthetics Strength Stability Serviceability


Landscapes
Exterior areas a n d / o r settings for planned grouping
of spaces and structures. Generally combine both
natural and built environments.

Environment friendliness Access and transport Socio- cult ur al


Cit ies
Groupings of structures and landscapes of varying
sizes and complexities

City transport City drainage Water supply


Regions
Groupings of cities and landscapes of varying sizes
and complexities generally defined by common
political, social, economic a n d / o r environmental
characteristics.

Connectivity Tr ad e Migration
Ear t h
Groupings of regions consisting of cities and
landscapes – the entire planet.

Climate change Sat ellit e


Types of Load on Structures:
Vertical Lateral

Dead load W i n d load

Live load Earthquake load

Snow load Soil pressure

Rain load Hydrostatic load

Construction load Flood load

Thermal load S t o r m surge

Tr an spor t at ion Tsunami

Explosion
Dead Loads
Dead loads: Non-movable permanent loads.
• weight of the member itself,
• weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the
building to be supported permanently by the member,
• weight of permanent partitions,
• weight of fixed service equipment
Live Loads
Live loads: Movable and transient gravity loads.
Occupancy or Use Uniform
kN/m2
Residential
Dwellings (one- and two-family)
Uninhabitable attics without storage 0.50
Uninhabitable attics with storage 1.00
Habitable attics and sleeping areas 1.50
All other areas except stairs and balconies 2.00
Hotels and multifamily houses
Private rooms and corridors serving them 2.00
Public rooms and corridors serving them 4.80
Live Loads (Continued)
Occupancy or Use Uniform
kN/m2
Office Buildings
File and computer rooms shall be designed for
heavier loads based on anticipated occupancy
Lobbies and first-floor corridors 4.80
Offices 2.40
Corridors above first floor 3.80
Live Loads (Continued)
Occupancy or Use Uniform
kN/m2
Manufacturing
Light 4.00
Medium 6.00
Heavy 12.00
Garments manufacturing floor except stacking or storage 4.00
area 6.00
Stacking or storage area of garments manufacturing industry
Hospitals
Operating rooms, laboratories 2.90
Patient rooms 2.00
Corridors above first floor 3.80
Wind Load
Location Basic Wind
Speed ( m/ s )
Barisal 78.7

Chittagong 80.0

Comilla 61.4
Cox’s Bazar 80.0
Dhaka 65.7

Gazipur 66.5

Jessore 64.1

Khulna 73.3

Mymensingh 67.4
Earthquake Load
Earthquake load depends on:
• Seismic zone
• Soil type
• Structure type
• Total dead load
• Importance of the structure
Surge Load
Coastal Region Surge tf eight a t the Sea Coast,
hT ( m )
T = 50-year T = 100-
year
Teknaf t o Cox's Bazar 4.5 5.8

Chakaria t o A n wa ra , and 7.1 8.6


Maheshkhali-Kutubdia Islands

Chittagong t o Noakhali 7.9 9.6

Sandwip, t f a t iya and all islands 7.9 9.6


in this region

Bhola t o Barguna 6.2 7.7

Sarankhola t o Shyamnagar 5.3 6.4


Other Loads
• Soil Pressure
• Thermal Load
• Construction Load
• Transportation Load
• Explosion
• Rain Load
End of Lecture 1
Built Environment:
Structural Forms
DSCRHT 2 0 6
Relation between Structure and Disaster

1. Resilient Structures minimizes damages


2. Weak structure or ill planned structure can itself cause
disaster
3. Planned structure can facilitate both mitigation and
emergency response during a disaster.
4. Disaster gives an opportunity to build back better.
Structural Forms
Load Transfer Mechanism Structural Forms

Axial Tension Cable: hanger/catenary, Membrane

Axial Compression Column, Arch, Shell, Dome

Ten sion / Com pr ession Truss, Bracing

Flexure Beam, Plate/Slab

Direct Shear Bolt, Weld

Flexural Shear Beam, Shear-Wall

Torsion Beam, Shear-Wall: Eccentric stiffness

Flexure + Compression Column, Prestress


Cable/Chord/String and Membrane: Axial Tension
Column, Arche, Shell/Vault and Dome : Axial Compression
Truss and Bracing: Tension/ Compression
Beam and Plate/Slab: Flexure
Bolt and Weld: Direct Shear
Beam and Shear-Wall: Flexural Shear
Beam Shear-Wall: Torsion
Column and Prestressed Beam: Bending
and Compression
End of Lecture on Structural Forms
Structural Systems
Structural Systems
• Building
• Bridge/Overpass/Viaduct
• Dam / B arrage / E m b a n k me n t
• Tower/Pole
• Tunnel/Underpass
• Silo/Water t a n k / O i l Tanker
• J et t y
Building Systems
Vertical Load Bearing Lateral Load Bearing Systems:
Systems:
• Beam-Column Frame
• Load Bearing Masonry Wall
• Shear Wall
• Edge Supported Slab
• Braced Frame
• Flat Slab/Flat Plate
• One Way/ Two Way Rib • Outrigger

• Truss • Tube

• Gable Frame • Diagrid


Load Bearing Masonry Walls
Unreinforced Masonry (URM):
• Slabs rest on brick walls
• Weakest p a r t is the m o r t a r
joint
• Weak t o resist lateral load
• Walls cannot be removed
and room arrangement
cannot be changed
Edge Supported Slab
Slab on Beam -Column Frame:
• Slabs are supported on beams
which transfer loads t o
columns.
• Depending on how long they
can be either o n e - w a y or
two-way
• Relatively strong t o resist
lateral load
• Walls can be removed and
r o o m arra n gem ent can be
changed
Flat Slab/Flat Plate
Column Supported Slab:
• Slabs are supported directly
on columns.
• Be t t e r f r o m architectural and
functional aspects.
• Slab thickness is greater.
• Punching shear m a y cause
pan-cake type failure due t o
lack of redundancy.
• Peripheral beam m a y help.
One Way / T w o Way Rib
Ribbed Slab:
• Slabs rest on grids of beams.
• Economical.
• Aesthetically appropriate
for lobby etc.
• Aesthetically not
appropriate for residential
or office rooms.
Tr uss
Trussed roof:
• Can cover long span
• Most economical
• Most suitable for industrial
structures.
• Not convenient for m u l t i -
storied buildings.
Gable Frame
Gable frame:
• Can cover long span
• Takes less height t han truss
• Most suitable for industrial
structures.
• Not convenient for m u l t i -
storied buildings.
Beam-Column Frame:
Frame Structure:
• Lateral load is taken by
beam-column bending
• Good for m i d- r ise
structures
• Beam-column joints are the
most critical zone
Braced Frame:
Braced Frame:
• For steel buildings.
• Very rigid
• Good for m i d- r ise t o medium
high-rise structures
• Bracings reduce deformation.
Shear Wall:
Shear Wall or Dual Structure:
• Shear walls are reinforced
concrete walls.
• Very rigid
• Good for m i d- r ise t o medium
high-rise structures
• In Dual systems, frames and
walls interact and reduces
the deformation.
Outrigger System:
Outrigger System:
• Controls deformation.
• Good for high-rise structures
Tube System:
Tube System:
• Closely spaced columns in the
periphery.
• Efficient against lateral load.
• Good for very high-rise
structures
Diagrid System:
Diagrid System:
• No vertical members.
• Diagonal members carry
vertical load.
• Allows free f o r m of
architecture
• Good for very high-rise
structures
Design Philosophy of Structures
Architectural Aspect
• Aesthetics
• Functionality
• Economy

Structural Aspect
• Strength
• Stability
• Serviceability
➢ Deflection
➢ Vibration
➢ Cracks
• Durability
• Economy
End of Lecture 2

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