1

CONTENT

SI.NO. Title Page no.

1. Introduction to li-fi technology 2-5

2. Genesis of li-fi technology 6-7

3 Issue regarding radio spectrum 8-9

4. Working of li-fi 10-12

5. Technology brief 13-16

6. How it is different 17-18

7. Economic value &limitation 18-19

8. Applications of li-fi technology 19-22

9. Challenging problems 22-23

10. Solutions to problems 23-24

11. Conclusion 24

12. References 25
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Introduction of Li-Fi Technology:-

LiFi (Light Fidelity) is a fast and cheap optical version of Wi-Fi, the technology
of which is based on Visible Light Communication (VLC). LiFi is transmission
of data through illumination by taking the fiber out of fiber optics by sending
data through a LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye
can follow. Li-Fi is the term some have used to label the fast and cheap wireless
communication system, which is the optical version of Wi-Fi. The term was
first used in this context by Harald Haas in his TED Global talk on Visible
Light Communication. “At the heart of this technology is a new generation of
high brightness light emitting diodes”, says Harald Haas from the University of
Edinburgh, UK, ”Very simply, if the LED is on, you transmit a digital 1, if it’s
off you transmit a 0,”Haas says, “They can be switched on and off very quickly,
which gives nice opportunities for transmitted data.”It is possible to encode data
in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker on and off to give
different strings of 1s and 0s. The LED intensity is modulated so rapidly that
human eye cannot notice, so the output appears constant. More sophisticated
techniques could dramatically increase VLC data rate. Terms at the University
of Oxford and the
University of Edingburgh are focusing on parallel data transmission using array
of LEDs, where each LED transmits a different data stream. Other group are
using mixtures of red, green and blue LEDs to alter the light frequency
encoding a different data channel. Li-Fi, as it has been dubbed, has already
achieved blisteringly high speed in the lab. Researchers at the Heinrich Hertz
Institute in Berlin, Germany, have reached data rates of over 500 megabytes per
second using a standard white-light LED. The technology was demonstrated at
the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas using a pair of Casio smart
phones to exchange data using light of varying intensity given off from their
screens,detectable at a distance of up to ten meters.

In October 2011 a number of companies and industry groups formed the Li-Fi
Consortium, to promote high-speed optical wireless systems and to overcome
the limited amount of radio based wireless spectrum available by exploiting a
completely different part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The consortium
believes it is possible to achieve more than 10 Gbps, theoretically allowing a
high-definition film to be downloaded in 30 seconds.

In simple terms, Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi. That is, it

 3

uses light instead of radio waves to transmit information. And instead of Wi-Fi
modems, Li-Fi would use transceiver-fitted LED lamps that can light a room as
well as transmit and receive information. Since simple light bulbs are used,
there can technically be any number of access points.

This technology uses a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is still not
greatly utilized- The Visible Spectrum. Light is in fact very much part of our
lives for millions and millions of years and does not have any major ill effect.
More over there is 10,000 times more space available in this spectrum and just
counting on the bulbs in use, it also multiplies to 10,000 times more availability
as an infrastructure, globally.

It is possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs
flicker on and off to give different strings of 1s and 0s. The LED intensity is
modulated so rapidly that human eyes cannot notice, so the output appears
constant.

Li Fi is now part of Visible Light Communication (VLC) PAN IEEE

802.15.7 Standard. More sophisticated techniques could dramatically increase
VLC data rates. Team of scientists including Dr. Gorden Povey, Prof. Harald
Hass and Dr. Mostafa Afgani at University of Edinburgh and the University of
Oxford are focusing on parallel data transmission using arrays of LEDs, where
each LED transmits a different data stream. Other groups are using mixtures of
red, green and blue LEDs to alter the light's frequency, with each frequency
encoding a different data channel.

Li-Fi, as it has been dubbed, has already achieved blisteringly high speeds in the
lab. Researchers at the Heinrich Hertz Institute in Berlin, Germany, have
reached data rates of over 500 megabytes per second using a standard white-
light LED. Haas has set up a spin-off firm to sell a consumer VLC transmitter
that is due for launch next year. It is capable of transmitting data at 100 MB/s –
faster than most UK broadband connections. Li-Fi stands for ‘Light Fidelity’.

Li-Fi is the terms have been used to label the fast and cheap wireless
communication system, which is the optical version of Wi–Fi.

One of the biggest attractions of VLC is the energy saving of LED technology.
Nineteen per cent of the worldwide electricity is used for lighting. Thirty billion
light bulbs are in use worldwide. Assuming that all the light bulbs are
exchanged with LEDs, one billion barrels of oil could be saved every year,
which again translates into energy production of 250 nuclear power plants.
 4

Driven by the progress of LED technology, visible light communication is

gaining attention in research and development. The VLC Consortium (VLCC)
in Japan was one of the first to introduce this technology.

Standardization

VLC communication is modeled after communication protocols established by

the IEEE 802 workgroup. This standard defines the physical layer (PHY) and
media access control (MAC) layer. The standard is able to deliver enough data
rates to transmit audio, video and multimedia services. It takes count of the
optical transmission mobility, its compatibility with artificial lighting present in
infrastructures, the defiance which may be caused by interference generated by
the ambient lighting. The MAC layer allows using the link with the other layers
like the TCP/IP protocol.

The standard defines three PHY layers with different rates.

 The PHY I was established for outdoor application and works from 11.67
kbit/s to 267.6 to kbit/s.
 The PHY II layer allows reach data rates from 1.25 Mbit/s to 96 Mbit/s.
 The PHY III is used for many emissions sources with a particular modulation
method called color shift keying (CSK). PHY III can deliver rates from 12
Mbit/s to 96 Mbit/s.

The modulations formats recognized for PHY I and PHY II are the coding on-
off keying (OOK) and variable pulse position modulation (VPPM). The
Manchester coding used for the PHY I and PHY II layers include the clock
inside the transmitted data by representing a logic 0 with an OOK symbol "01"
and a logic 1 with an OOK symbol "10", all with a DC component. This is an
important point because the DC component allows to avoid the light extinction
in case of an extended line of logic 0.
The Li-Fi Consortium has also been established to work on standardizing VLC
communications, but the rapid evolution of the technology minimizes the
impact of
any standardization effort. Both the IEEE 802 workgroup and the Li-Fi
Consortium fail to account for the emergence of optical orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (O-OFDM) systems which provide significant benefits
with regard to data rates, multiple-access and energy efficiency.
 5

Visible Light Communications

“Visible light Communication (VLC) is a modern communication technology
which employs visible solid-state light sources (LEDs) for transmitting data
wirelessly as they are used for general illumination at the same time."

VLC Characteristics
The merits and demerits of this technology become apparent once we go
through the characteristics of visible light communication technology:-

 Human Safety: VLC poses no health hazards to human body. Thus, the
transmission power can be kept high if needed.

 High Data Rates: VLC inherits high data rates from optical
communications. Thus, it can be used for very high speed wireless
communications.

 Bandwidth: Visible light communications exploits the visible region of

electromagnetic spectrum. Thus it much larger frequency band ( 300 THz)
compared to that available in RF communications ( 300GHz).

 Ubiquitous Nature: We have a well-established lighting infrastructure

throughout the world. In addition to it, LED based lighting devices are getting
widespread acceptance round the globe. Since VLC uses the already available
visible light sources for wireless communications, so it is expected to become a
ubiquitous technology in near future.

 Security: As VLC involves line of sight communication, so it is impossible

to tap the communication without breaking the link. So it a very secure
communication and can be used in high security military areas where RF
communication is prone to eavesdropping.
 Visibility: It is aesthetically pleasing to see data being communicated by
colored lights. Thus, VLC is also used in many entertainment related
activities like silent concerts, decoration systems, etc.

 Unlicensed Spectrum: As VLC uses the visible region of electromagnetic

spectrum, so it is free of cost. Contrary to it, the RF communication band is
regulated
6
 7

Genesis of LI-FI:

Harald Haas, a professor at the University of Edinburgh who began his

research in the field in 2004, gave a debut demonstration of what he called a Li-
Fi prototype at the TED Global conference in Edinburgh on 12th July 2011. He
used a table lamp with an LED bulb to transmit a video of blooming flowers
that was then projected onto a screen behind him. During the event he
periodically blocked the light from lamp to prove that the lamp was indeed the
source of incoming data.
At TED Global, Haas demonstrated a data rate of transmission of around
10Mbps - comparable to a fairly good UK broadband connection. Two months
later he achieved 123Mbps.

Back in 2011 German scientists succeeded in creating an 800Mbps (Megabits per second)
capable wireless network by using nothing more than normal red, blue, green and white LED light
bulbs, thus the idea has been around for awhile and various other global teams are also exploring the
possibilities.
 8

Issues Regarding Radio-spectrum

Radio Spectrum is congested but the demand for wirelesses data double each
year. Everything, it seems want to use wireless data but the capacity is drying
up.
 Capacity:
In LI-FI the Bandwidth is 10000 times more than radio wave. That provides
huge range of spectrum bandwidth.
 Efficiency:
Millions of base stations for radio wave transmission and receiving on the earth
consume huge amount of energy for transmitting the radio waves and to cool
the base station cabins. It gives only 5% Efficiency. In case of LI-FI it does not
consume energy as compare to other waves. It is very cheap.
 Availability:
Radio waves are available within the range of Base stations which make it
limited availability. It is unavailable in aircrafts because of interference of wave
cause crash. But LI-Fi does not produce interference and provide user a perfect
communication channel for accessing internet telephone, watching movies
online.
 Security:
Radio wave penetrates walls which cause security laps. Any one access to the
private network of any one and use their data, login to their secure region.

VLC vs RF Communication

 Limited Transmission Power: In RF communications, the electric

transmission power cannot be increased beyond a prescribed level as it
poses serious health hazards for human body.
 Regulated Spectrum: Due to the radio wave restriction, there is no room to
use more radio frequencies. In addition, the use of radio spectrum is regulated.
 Banned in Sensitive Areas: The radio wave cannot be used in hospitals and
Space stations because it adversely acts the performance of precision
instruments. These radio wave problems above are easily solved by use of the
visible light communications.
 9

All these problems can be solved using visible light communications. This can
be accredited to the high available bandwidth, high data rates, high transmission
power, health-friendly operation and lower implementation costs of this
technology.
 10

Working of LI-FI
This brilliant idea was first showcased by Harald Haas from University of
Edinburgh, UK, in his TED Global talk on VLC. He explained,” Very simple, if
the LED is on, you transmit a digital 1, if it’s off you transmit a 0. The LEDs
can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice opportunities for
transmitting data.” So what you require at all are some LEDs and a controller
that code data into those LEDs. We have to just vary the rate at which the
LED’s flicker depending upon the data we want to encode. Further
enhancements can be made in this method, like using an array of LEDs for
parallel data transmission, or using mixtures of red, green and blue LEDs to
alter the light’s frequency with each frequency encoding a different data
channel. Such advancements promise a theoretical speed of 10 Gbps – meaning
you can download a full high-definition film in just 30 seconds. Simply
awesome! But blazingly fast data rates and depleting bandwidths worldwide are
not the only reasons that give this technology an upper hand. Since Li-Fi uses
just the light, it can be used safely in aircrafts and hospitals that are prone to
interference from radio waves. This can even work underwater where Wi-Fi
fails completely, thereby throwing open endless opportunities for military
operations.

Imagine only needing to hover under a street lamp to get public internet access,
or downloading a movie from the lamp on your desk. There's a new technology
on the block which could, quite literally as well as metaphorically, 'throw light
on' how to meet the ever-increasing demand for high-speed wireless
connectivity. Radio waves are replaced by light waves in a new method of data
transmission which is being called Li -Fi. Light-emitting diodes can be switched
on and off faster than the human eye can detect, causing the light source to
appear to be on continuously.
A flickering light can be incredibly annoying, but has turned out to have its
upside, being precisely what makes it possible to use light for wireless data
transmission.

Light emitting diodes (commonly referred to as LEDs and foud in traffic and
street lights, car brake lights, remote control units ad countless other
applications) can be switched on and off faster than the human eye detect
,causing the light source to appear to be on continuously ,even though it is in
fact ‘flickering’. This invisible on -off activity enables a kind of data
transmission using binary codes: switching on an led is logical ‘1’,switching it
off a logical ‘0’. Information can be therefore be encoded in light by varying the
rate at which the LEDs flicker on and off to give different strings of 1s and 0s.
this method of using rapid pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly is
 11

technically referred to as visible light communication (VLC), though it’s

potential to compete with conventional wi-fi has inspired the popular
characterization LI-FI.

VLC is a data communication medium ,which uses visible light between 400
THz (780 nm) and 800 thz (375nm)as optical carrier for data transmission and
illumination. It uses fast pulses to transmit information wirelessly. The main
component of this communication system are
1) A high brightness white LED, Which acts as a communication source and
2) A silicon photodiode which shows good response to visible wavelength
region serving as the receiving element?

LED can be switched on and off to generate digital strings of 1s and 0s. Data
can be encoded in the light to generate a new data stream by varying the
flickering rate of the LED. To be clearer, by modulating the LED light with the
data signal, the LED illumination can be used as a communication source. As
the flickering rate is so fast, the LED output appears constant to the human eye.
A data rate of greater than 100 Mbps is possible by using high speed LEDs with
appropriate multiplexing techniques. VLC data rate can be increased by parallel
data
transmission using LED arrays where each LED transmits a different data
stream. There are reasons to prefer LED as the light source in VLC while a lot
of other illumination devices like fluorescent lamp, incandescent bulb etc. are
available. Light is inherently safe and can be used in places where radio
frequency communication is often deemed problematic, such as in aircraft
cabins or hospitals.So visible light communication not only has the potential to
solve the problem of
 12

lack of spectrum space, but can also enable novel application. The visible light
spectrum is unused; it's not regulated, and can be used for communication at
very high speeds.
 13

Technology Brief:-

LI-FI CONSTRUCTION:-

The LI-FI™ product consists of 4 primary sub-assemblies:

• Bulb
• RF power amplifier circuit (PA)
• Printed circuit board (PCB)
• Enclosure

The PCB controls the electrical inputs and outputs of the lamp and houses the
microcontroller used to manage different lamp functions.
An RF (radio-frequency) signal is generated by the solid-state PA and is guided
into an electric field about the bulb. The high concentration of energy in the
electric field vaporizes the contents of the bulb to a plasma state at the bulb’s
center; this controlled plasma generates an intense source of light. All of these
sub assemblies are contained in an aluminium enclosure.

Transmitters:
The following components are used at the transmitting side:
1. Colored LEDs
2. Mosfets
3. RS232 line driver IC

4. USB to RS232 coverter cable

5. Voltage Regulator

 Colored LEDs
An array of Red, Green and Blue LEDs are used at the transmitter end as visible
light sources. They are connected as loads in the transistor circuitry. They are
high power and emit a focused beam. Each color is used to carry a different data
stream.
 MOSFETs
A high speed N-type power MOSFET IRF 520 is used to modulate the LEDs
using OOK (On off Keying). The serial output from the computer is converted
into TTL Compatible form and is then applied to the gate of the transistor. Thus,
it switches
the load (LEDs) on and off in accordance with the input data 4.3.1.3 RS232 line
driver Since the output of computer is RS232 compatible, a 16 pin RS232 line
 14

driver IC MAX 232 is used to make the computer output TTL level compatible
to drive the transistor circuit carrying through LED load.

 USB to RS232 converter cable

In laptops, serial port is not available. Since data is to be transmitted serially
between the two computers, a USB to RS232 converter cable is used to
interface the serial output from MAX 232 IC to the laptop using the built-in
USB port. This cable contains an embedded controller to conform the RS232
compatible data into USB protocol compatible form.

 Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator is used to supply constant voltage (5V) to MAX232 IC.A 3
pin 7805 IC is used to serve the purpose. Every kind of light source can
theoretically be used as transmitting device for VLC. However, some are better
suited than others. For instance, incandescent lights quickly break down when
switched on and o_ frequently. These are thus not recommended as VLC
transmitters. More promising alternatives are fluorescent lights and LEDs. VLC
transmitters are usually also used for providing illumination of the rooms in
which they are used. This makes fluorescent lights a particularly popular choice,
because they can flicker quickly enough to transmit a meaningful
amount of data and are already widely used for illumination purposes. However,
with an ever-rising market share of LEDs and further technological
improvements such as higher brightness and spectral clarity. LEDs are expected
to replace fluorescent lights as illumination sources and VLC transmitters.

The simplest form of LEDs is those which consist of a bluish to ultraviolet LED
surrounded by phosphorus which is then stimulated by the actual LED and
emits white light. This leads to data rates up to 40 Mbit/s.

RGB LEDs do not rely on phosphorus any more to generate white light. They
come with three distinct LEDs (a red, a blue and a green one) which, when
lighting up at the same time, emit light that humans perceive as white. Because
there is no delay by stimulating phosphorus rust, Data rates of up to 100 MBit/s
can be achieved using RGB LEDs.

In recent years the development of resonant cavity LEDs (RCLEDs) has

advanced considerably. These are similar to RGB LEDs in that they are
comprised of three distinct LEDs, but in addition they are fitted with Bragg
mirrors which enhance the spectral clarity to such a degree that emitted light
can be modulated at very high frequencies. In early 2010, Siemens has shown
that data transmission at a rate of 500MBit/s is possible with this approach.
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It should be noted that VLC will probably not be used for massive data
transmission. High data rates as the ones referred to above, were reached under
meticulous Set ups which cannot be expected to be reproduced in real-life
scenarios. One can expect to see data rates of about 5 kbit/s in average
applications, such as location estimation. The distance in which VLC can be
expected to be reasonably used ranges up to about 6 meters.

Receivers:
The following components are used at the receiving side:
1. Optical Receiver
2. Optical Filters
3. Voltage Regulator
4. RS232 line driver IC
5. USB to RS232 converter cable

 Optical Receiver
A 6 pin fiber optic receiving module TORX 173 is used as the light sensing
device. On receiving light pulses, it gives a high output whereas the output goes
low in the absence of light.

 Optical Filters
Red, green and blue light filters are used at the receiver to de multiplex the
multiple data streams. These are sharp narrowband filters. A red light filter
allows the frequency band corresponding to red color to pass through it and
blocks all other wavelengths. Thus, when a red light filters is placed in front of
the optical receiver, only the data stream carried by the red beam falls at the
receiver while the other streams are blocked. Similarly, blue or green light
filters can be used to allow the desired data stream to reach the receiver.

 Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator is used to supply constant voltage (5V) to TORX 173.A 3
pin 7805 IC is used to serve the purpose.

 RS232 line driver

Since the output of TORX 173 is TTL level compatible, a 16 pin RS232 line
driver IC MAX 232 is used to make the output RS232 compatible so that the
receiving module can be interfaced to the computer.
 16

 USB to RS232 converter cable

In laptops, serial port is not available. Since data is to be transmitted serially
between the two computers, a USB to RS232 converter cable is used to
interface the serial output from MAX 232 IC to the laptop using the built-in
USB port. This cable contains an embedded controller to conform the RS232
compatible data into USB protocol compatible form
The most common choice of receivers are photodiodes which turn light into
electrical pulses. The signal retrieved in this way can then be demodulated into
actual data. In more complex VLC-based scenarios, such as Image Sensor
Communication even CMOS or CCD sensors are used (which are usually built
into digital cameras).

Figure show, receiver such as Avalanche Photo Diode and Image sensor

Modulation:
In order to actually send out data via LEDs, such as pictures or audio files, it is
necessary to modulate these into a carrier signal. In the context of visible light
communication, this carrier signal consists of light pulses sent out in short
intervals. How these are exactly interpreted depends on the chosen modulation
scheme, two of which will be presented in this section. At first, a scheme called
subcarrier pulse position modulation is presented which is already established as
VLC-standard by the VLCC. The second modulation scheme to be addressed is
called frequency
shift Keying, commonly referred to as FSK. They also explore how to combine
pulse-position modulation with illumination control.
 17

How It’s Different

LI-FI technology is base on LEDs for transfer of data. The transfer of data can
be with the help of all kinds of light can belong to the invisible, ultraviolet or
the visible part ofthe spectrum. The speed of internet is incredibly high and we
can download movies, games, music etc in just a few minutes with the help of
this technology. Also, this technology removes limitation that has been put on
the user by the Wi-Fi. We don’t need to in a region that is WI-FI enabled to
have access to the internet. We can simply stand under any form of light and
surf the internet as the connection is made in case of any light presence. There
cannot be anything better than this technology.
 18

Economic value

A free band that does not need license.

 High installment cost but very low maintenance cost.
 Cheaper than Wi-Fi.
 Theoretical speed up to 1 GB per second : Less time & energy consumption.
 No more monthly broadband bills.
 Lower electricity costs.
 Longevity of LED bulb: saves money.
 Light doesn't penetrate through walls: secured access.

Limitations:-

The main problem is that light can't pass through objects, so if the receiver is
inadvertently blocked in any way, then the signal will immediately cut out. "If
the light signal is blocked, or when you need to use your device to send
information --
you can seamlessly switch back over to radio waves", Harald says.
Reliability and network coverage are the major issues to be considered by the
companies while providing VLC services. Interferences from external light
sources like sun light, normal bulbs; and opaque materials in the path of
transmission will cause interruption in the communication. High installation
cost of the VLC systems can be complemented by large-scale implementation
of VLC though Adopting VLC technology will reduce further operating costs
like electricity charges, maintenance charges etc.
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Application area of LI-FI technology:-

Airways:-

Whenever we travel through airways we face the problem in communication

media, because the whole airways communication
are performed on the basis of radio waves. To overcome this drawback on radio
wave, li-fi is introduced.

Green information technology:-

Green information technology means that unlike radio waves and other
communication waves affects on the birds, human body etc. Li-Fi never gives
such side effects on any living thing.
 20

Free From Frequency Bandwidth Problem:-

Li-fi is a communication media in the form of light, so no matter about the
frequency bandwidth problem. It does not require the any bandwidth spectrum
i.e. we don’t need to pay any amount for communication and license.

Increase Communication Safety:-

Due to visual light communication, the node or any terminal attach to our
network is visible to the host of network.

Multi User Communication:-

Li-Fi supports the broadcasting of network; it helps to share multiple things at a
single instance called broadcasting.

Lightings Points Used as Hotspot in Smart Homes and

Offices:.
Any lightings device is performed as a hotspot it means that the light device like
car lights, ceiling lights, street lamps etc area able to spread internet
connectivity using visual light communication. This helps us to low cost
architecture for hotspot. Hotspot is a limited region in which some amount of
device can access the internet connectivity.
 21

Smarter Power Plants:-

Wi-Fi and many other radiation types are
bad for sensitive areas. Like
those surrounding power plants. But
power plants need fast, interconnected
data systems to monitor things like
demand, grid integrity and (in nuclear
plants) core temperature. The savings
from proper monitoring at a single power
plant can add up to hundreds of thousands of dollars. Li-Fi could offer safe,
abundant connectivity for all areas of these sensitive locations. Not only would
this save money related to currently implemented solutions, but the draw on a
power plant’s own reserves could be lessened if they haven’t yet converted to
LED lighting.

Undersea Awesomeness:-
Underwater ROVs, those favourite toys of treasure seekers and James
Cameron, operate from large cables that supply their power and allow them to
receive signals from their pilots above. ROVs work great, except when the
tether isn’t long enough to explore an area, or when it gets stuck on something.
If their wires were cut and replaced with light — say from a Submerged, high-
powered lamp — then they would be much free to explore. They could also use
their headlamps to communicate with each other, processing data autonomously
 22

and referring findings periodically back to the surface, all the while obtaining
their next batch of orders.

Traffic Signals
In traffic signals Li Fi can be used which will communicate with the LED
lights of the cars and accident numbers can be decreased. Thousand and
millions of street lamps can be transferred to Li-Fi lamps to transfer data.
 23

Challenging Problems:-
 Connectivity while moving
 Multiuser support
 Dimming
 Shadowing

Solutions to Challenging problems:-

 Solution for connectivity:-
This problem is similar to the connectivity problem in cellular network when
you move from one area of the city to another area while speaking with cell-
phone. The solution is called “handover”, using which the user is transferred
from one BS to another Handover is done in the area that two BS’s have
common coverage.Similar solution can be used in signal processing domain for
VLC. The user can be transferred from one light source to another in the area
that is under the coverage of bot

Solution for multiuser support

In this problem one solution is time division multiplexing (TDM). Each frame is
divided into equal time slots. Each user transmits data in one time slot in a
predefined order. The other solution is code division multiple access
(CDMA).Codes are assigned to users. Each user transmits its data using the
assigned signature pattern. It is used in 3G and 4G cellular networks. CDMA
has been adopted and developed for optical systems. Optical orthogonal codes
(OOC) are used as signature pattern for users.
 24

CONCLUSION

The possibilities are numerous and can be explored further. If his technology
can be put into practical use, every bulb can be used something like a Wi-Fi
hotspot to transmit wireless data and we will proceed toward the cleaner,
greener, safer and brighter future. The concept of Li-Fi is currently attracting a
great deal of interest, not least because it may offer a genuine and very efficient
alternative to radio-based wireless. As a growing number of people and their
many devices access wireless internet, the airwaves are becoming increasingly
clogged, making it more and more difficult to get a reliable, high-speed signal.
This may solve issues such as the shortage of radio-frequency bandwidth and
also allow internet where traditional radio based wireless isn’t allowed such as
aircraft or hospitals. One of the shortcomings however is that it only work in
direct line of sight.
 25

References:-
1. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fi
2. teleinfobd.blogspot.in/2012/01/what-is-lifi.html
3. technopits.blogspot.comtechnology.cgap.org/2012/01/11/a-lifi-world/
4. www.lificonsortium.org/
5. the-gadgeteer.com/2011/08/29/li-fi-internet-at-thespeed-of-light/
6. www.macmillandictionary.com/buzzword/entries/Li-Fi.html
7. dvice.com/archives/2012/08/lifi-ten-ways-i.php
8. Will Li-Fi be the new Wi-Fi?, New Scientist, by Jamie Condliffe, dated 28 July
2011