REVIEW: ATOM, ION OR MOLECULE

________ 1. Ne ________ 6. K+
________ 2. NO3 ________ 7. O2
________ 3. O2- ________ 8. CO
________ 4. KPO42- ________ 9. Ar
________ 5. N2 ________ 10. H2O2

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 LESSON 4
CHEMICAL FORMULA
NAMING COMPOUNDS

• To represent compounds using chemical

formulas, structural formulas and models
• To compare and contrast empirical formula
from molecular formula of a compound
• To name compounds given their formula and
write formula given the name of the compound

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
PERIODIC TABLE:

• A systematic
catalog of
elements.
• Elements are
arranged in order
of atomic number.

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 PERIODICITY

When one looks at the chemical properties

of elements, one notices a repeating pattern
of reactivities.

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 PERIODIC TABLE

• The rows on the periodic chart are periods.

• Columns are groups.
• Elements in the same group have similar Atoms,
Molecules,
chemical properties. and Ions
 GROUPS

These five groups are known by their names.

You gotta know these very well (except for the
chalcogens, its far less common).

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 PERIODIC TABLE

Nonmetals are on the upper right-hand corner of

the periodic table (with the exception of H). Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 PERIODIC TABLE

Metalloids border the stair-step line (with Atoms,

Molecules,
the exception of Al and Po). and Ions
 PERIODIC TABLE

Metals are on the left side of the chart.

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 ELEMENTS OF LIFE

• Elements required for living organisms (pretty much all organisms).

• Red, most abundant
• blue, next most abundant
• Green, trace amounts.

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
CHEMICAL FORMULAS

The subscript to the right

of the symbol of an
element tells the number
of atoms of that element
in one molecule of the
compound.

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS

Molecular compounds
are composed of
molecules and almost
always contain only
nonmetals.

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 DIATOMIC MOLECULES

These seven elements occur naturally as

molecules containing two atoms.
You should know these guys.
Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 TYPES OF FORMULAS
• 1. Empirical formulas give the lowest whole-number ratio of
atoms of each element in a compound.
• 2. Molecular formulas give the exact number of atoms of each
element in a compound.

Example: ethane:

Empirical formula: CH3

Molecular formula: C2H6

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
TYPES OF FORMULAS

• 3. Structural formulas show

the order in which atoms are
bonded.
• Perspective drawings also
show the three-dimensional
array of atoms in a
compound.

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 IONS

• When atoms lose or gain electrons, they become ions.

Often they lose or gain electrons to have the same
number of electrons as the nearest noble gas.
• Cations are positive and are formed by elements on the left
side of the periodic chart.
• Anions are negative and are formed by elements on the right Atoms,
side of the periodic chart. Molecules,
and Ions
 MONO-ATOMIC IONS

metals nonmetals
• Metals usually become cations (+)
• Nonmetals usually become anions (-)
Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 IONIC COMPOUNDS
• A metal will give up electrons to a nonmetal
forming a cation (+) (the metal), and an
anion (-) (the nonmetal).
Na + Cl Na+ + Cl- NaCl
Mg + 2Cl Mg2++2Cl- MgCl2

Note, everybody gains or loses electrons to

be like the nearest noble gas.
Compounds are always electrically neutral!!
Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 WRITING FORMULAS

• Because compounds are electrically neutral, one

can determine the formula of a compound this
way:
• The charge on the cation becomes the subscript on
the anion.
• The charge on the anion becomes the subscript on
the cation.
• If these subscripts are not in the lowest whole-
number ratio, divide them by the greatest common
factor.
Atoms,
Mg2+ O2- MgO Not Mg2O2 Molecules,
and Ions
 COMMON CATIONS

* *
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*You should know these. Atoms,

Molecules,
and Ions
 COMMON ANIONS

* *
* *
** *
* * *
* * *ClO Chlorite
* * 2

*ClO Hypochlorite
**
*
*
*
*
*
*You should know these.
Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
MORE POLYATOMIC ANIONS
(THE “ITES”)
SCN- Thiocyanate

NO2- Nitrite
HSO3 bisulfite
HSO4 bisulfate
HPO42- Hydrogen phosphate
H2PO4 Dihydrogen phosphate
ClO- hypochlorite
ClO2- chlorite
Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
PATTERNS IN OXYANION NOMENCLATURE

• When there are only two oxyanions involving the

same element:
• The one with fewer oxygens ends in -ite

;
• NO2− : nitrite SO32− : sulfite

• The one with more oxygens ends in -ate

• NO3− : nitrate; SO42− : sulfate

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 PATTERNS IN OXYANION NOMENCLATURE

When there are more than two:

• The one with the second fewest oxygens ends in -ite
➢ ClO2− : chlorite
• The one with the second most oxygens ends in -ate
➢ ClO3− : chlorate
• The one with the fewest oxygens has the prefix hypo- and ends in -ite
➢ ClO− : hypochlorite
• The one with the most oxygens has the prefix per- and ends in -ate
➢ ClO4− : perchlorate

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 INORGANIC NOMENCLATURE
• Write the name of the cation.
• If the anion is an element, change its ending to -ide; if the anion
is a polyatomic ion, simply write the name of the polyatomic
ion.
• If the cation can have more than one possible charge, write the
charge as a Roman numeral in parentheses.

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 EXAMPLES
NAMING INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• Write the name of the cation.
• If the anion is an element, change its ending to -ide; if the anion is a
polyatomic ion, simply write the name of the polyatomic ion.
• If the cation can have more than one possible charge, write the charge
as a Roman numeral in parentheses.
NaCl sodium chloride
NH4NO3 ammonium nitrate
Fe(SO4) Iron(II) sulfate
KCN potassium cyanide
RbOH Rubidium hydroxide
LiC2H3O2 lithium acetate
NaClO3 sodium chlorate
NaClO4 sodium perchlorate
K2CrO4 potassium chromate
Atoms,
NaH Sodium hydride Molecules,
and Ions
 EXAMPLES
NAMING INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• Write the name of the cation.
• If the anion is an element, change its ending to -ide; if the anion is a
polyatomic ion, simply write the name of the polyatomic ion.
• If the cation can have more than one possible charge, write the charge
as a Roman numeral in parentheses.
NaCl sodium chloride
potasium permanganate KMnO4
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
Calcium bicarbonate Ca(HCO3)2
ammonium dichromate NH4(Cr2O7)
potassium phosphate (K)3PO3
Lithium oxide Li2O (O2- is the anion)
sodium peroxide Na2O2 (O22- is the anion)
Calcium sulfide CaS
Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 HYDROGEN

• H can be cation or anion

• H- hydride
• H+ (the cation of an inorganic compound) makes
an acid, naming different.

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
ACID NOMENCLATURE
• If the anion in the acid
ends in -ide, change the
ending to -ic acid and
add the prefix hydro- :
• HCl: hydrochloric acid
• HBr: hydrobromic acid
• HI: hydroiodic acid

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 ACID NOMENCLATURE

• If the anion in the acid ends in -ite, change the

ending to -ous acid:
• HClO: hypochlorous acid
• HClO2: chlorous acid

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 ACID NOMENCLATURE

• If the anion in the acid ends in -ate, change

the ending to -ic acid:
• HClO3: chloric acid
• HClO4: perchloric acid

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
NOMENCLATURE OF BINARY
COMPOUNDS
• The less electronegative
atom is usually listed
first.
• A prefix is used to
denote the number of
atoms of each element in
the compound (mono- is
not used on the first
element listed,
however.)

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
NOMENCLATURE OF BINARY
COMPOUNDS

• The ending on the more

electronegative element is
changed to -ide.

• CO2: carbon dioxide

• CCl4: carbon tetrachloride
Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
NOMENCLATURE OF BINARY COMPOUNDS
If the prefix ends with a
or o and the name of the
element begins with a
vowel, the two
successive vowels are
often merged into one:
N2O5: dinitrogen
pentoxide
not: dinitrogen
pentaoxide

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
 Write the empirical formula for each compound.

1 Na2S2O4 5 Al2Cl6
2 B2H6 6 K2Cr2O7
3 C6H12O6 7 C2H4
4 P4O10 8 (NH2)2CNH

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
WRITE THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA FOR THE
BINARY COMPOUND FORMED BY THE
MOST COMMON MONATOMIC IONS
FORMED BY EACH PAIR OF ELEMENTS.
1. barium and 5. lithium and
iodine nitrogen
2. magnesium and 6. cesium and
chlorine chlorine
3. silicon and 7. germanium and
oxygen oxygen
4. sodium and 8. rubidium and
sulfur sulfur

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions