Laboratory Apparatus The Scientific Method involves a series of steps

that are used to investigate a natural

Beaker – a container for stirring, mixing and
occurance.
heating liquids.

Test Tube – a tube that has a finger length of

glass. Steps of the Scientific Method

Florence Flask – a round body with a single long 1. Problem/Question

neck with either a round or a flat bottom. a. Develop a question or problem
that can be solved through
Erlenmeyer Flask – a conical mask which has a
experimentation.
flat bottom and cylindrical neck. It is suitable for
2. Observation/Research
heating liquids.
a. Make observations and
Graduated Cylinder – an equipment used to research your topic of interest.
accurately measure the volume of a liquid. 3. Formulate a Hypothesis
a. Predict a possible answer to the
Funnel – a pipe with a wide, often conical problem or question.
mouth and a narrow stem. 4. Experiment
Watch Glass – used to hold solids when being a. Develop and follow a
weighed or transported procedure.
b. Include a detailed materials list.
Evaporating Dish – a device for evaporation of c. The outcome must be
solids and supernatant fluids and sometimes to measurable (quantifiable).
their melting point. 5. Collect and Analyze Results
Crucible and Cover – a ceramic container a. Modify the procedure if
capable of withstanding extreme temperatures needed.
b. Confirm the results by
Reagent Bottle – containers made of glass, retesting.
plastics, borosilicate, or related substances. c. Include tables, graphs, and
photographs.
Bunsen burner – device for combining a
6. Conclusions
flammable
a. Include a statement that
Iron Clamp – a piece of laboratory equipment accepts or rejects the
used to hold things and is placed in an iron hypothesis.
stand to elevate other equipment.

Test tube Racks – a convenient and necessary

Matter - is anything that occupy space and has
piece of laboratory equipment for the storage
mass.
of test tubes.
❑ The things or matter around us is made
up of tiny building blocks called
MOLECULES.

❑ Molecules are further composed of the

tiniest parts of matter called ATOMS.
How many states of matter do we have? principle.

- We already have 22 states or forms of

This principle states that when an object is
matter.
placed in a liquid, the volume of the displaced
States of Matter
liquid is equal to the volume of the submerged
1.) Solid
object, causing the level of the liquid to rise.
2.) Liquid
3.) Gas
4.) Plasma
Density
5.) BEC – (Bose Einstein Condensate)
Is the amount of matter in a given volume.
Properties Mathematically, density is equal to the mass of
- characteristics that can identify a an object divided by the object’s volume.
material.
Density= mass/volume
General properties of matter
- properties that are observable in all
kinds of matter. A. SOLID

Specific properties of matter 1.) Malleability- is the ability of metals to be

hammered into sheets.
- properties that are associated only with
a certain kind of matter. Example: gold

2.) Flexibility - is the ability of an object to bend

without breaking.
MASS
Example: plastic, rulers, paper clips
Is the amount of matter in an object. It is
commonly measured using a balance and is 3.) Hardness - is the ability of an object to resist
usually expressed in grams (g) or in kilograms scratches or dents.
(kg). Example: diamond
Weight 4.) Luster - describes how much light an object
Is the measure of the pull of gravity on an reflects.
object. It is commonly measured using a spring 5.) Ductility - is the ability of an object to be
balance and is expressed in newtons (N). drawn into a thin wire.
Volume Example: copper
Is the amount of space occupied by an object. 6.) Brittleness - is the ability of an object to
Volume = length x width x height break apart or shatter without deformation.

7.) Texture - is the consistency of an object’s

surface. It may described as smooth or rough
The volume of irregularly shaped solids can be
measured using the water displacement
method, which is based on Archimedes’
8.) Elasticity - is the ability of an object to C. GAS
stretch and return to its original shape after it is
1.) Compressibility- is the property of gas
pushed or pulled.
molecules to be placed in a container.
9.) Porosity - is the ability of a material to hold
2.) Diffusibility- is the ability of gases to spread
much liquid.
out faster.
10.) Solubility - is the ability of a material to be
3.) Low Density- is the ability of gases to easily
dissolved.
rise.
Example: sugar, salt
4.) Pressure- is the ability of gases to move
11.) Impenetrability - states that no two things.
materials can occupy the same space at the
same time.

12.) Softness - refers to tenderness.

Useful Materials - Materials considered useful
Example: cotton
when it serves a purpose.
13.) Electrical - is the ability of a material to
Harmful Materials - Materials that bring hazard.
conduct electricity.

14.) Magnetic - is the ability of a material to

attract material.

Example: magnet

15.) Thermal - is the ability of a material to

conduct heat.

B. LIQUID

1.) Capillarity- is the ability of liquids to rise in

small fine tubes.

2.) Fluidity- is the ability of liquids to flow.

3.) Viscosity- is the ability of liquids to resist

flowing.

4.) Surface Tension- the cohesive forces

between liquid molecules are responsible for
this phenomenon.