K.C.S.

E AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1 2005
MARKING SCHEME
1.
Catfish
Tilapia
Trout
 Carps
Bass
Tench
Blue gill
Nile perch
2.

Communal tenure
Co-operative tenure

3. From adverse weather and predators

4.

• It is more expensive
• It requires a lot of skills to work with
• Prone to rusting
• Its not easily available
• Its heavy and difficult to transport
5.
• Early planting
• Roqueing
• Trap cropping
6.

7.
Attack by nematodes.
Root nodules due to nitrogen fixing bacteria.

8.

9.
a) strip cup
b) cream separator
10.
Conditions under which opportunity cost is zero
Where there are no alternative enterprises to choose from/competing for resources
available
This is the value of foregone best alternative/choice. When resources are
free/unlimited.
If there is no choice. When resources are free/unlimited.

11.
 Control soil erosion
Ensure adequate pasture for animals
Increases the useful life of the pasture crop
12.

13.

14.

15.
Broadcasting
 Foliar application
Side/row/basal application
Fertigation
Hole placement/drilling

16.
a)
Costs of feeds
Wages casual labour
Cost of pesticide / chemicals/drugs
Cost of insemination services
 b)
depreciation of machinery /buildings
Land rent
Salaries of regular/permanent labour
Interest on borrowed capital

17.
Improves soil structure
Reduces leaching
Improves water holding capacity
Increases microbial activities
 Increases cation exchange capacity
Improves nutrient status upon decomposition
Burning of vegetation/ overgrazing

18.
(a) Practice of coating legume seeds with a nitro- culture/ rhizobium bacteria
(b) Growing a legume pastures over an existing grass pasture

19.
Adds nutrients.
Increases microbial activity in the soil
 Improves water holding capacity/reduces leaching/ improves capillarity
Buffers soil PH
Moderates soil PH
Moderates soil temperatures

20.
Enable the crop to withstand competition from weeds
Enable the crop to escape attack by pests and diseases
To better utilization of nutrients in the soil
 For better utilization of available rainfall
To get good market
To reduce competition for labour
To time harvesting to occur during appropriate weather conditions

21.
• Rogueing
• Crop production
• Certified seeds
22.
 • Allow adequate light penetration into the plant
• Improve quality of the fruits
• Reduce incidence of past and disease attack
• Enable effective use of chemical sprays
• Facilitates easy harvesting

23.
• Swollen lymph nodes at the base to the ears
• Fever
• Profuse salivation
• Lachrimation from the eyes
 • Labored breathing
• diarrhoea

24.
Should be fertilized
Should be medium in size
Should be oval in shape
Should not be cracked
Should de dean
Should be free from abnormalities/ blood spots/ meat spots/ double yolk
Should be 5 – 10 days old
 Should have smooth shell

25.
• Rainfall reliability
• Amount of rainfall
• Rainfall intensity
• Rainfall distribution
26.
(a)
• To facilitate growth of crop roots
• To facilitate absorption of nutrients and H20
 • To prevent formation of certain inorganic compounds toxic plant growth / reduce
toxic forms of such elements like Fe, Mn.
• Microbial activity hence release enhances of nutrients e.g. nitrification
(a)

• Topography of the area

• Rainfall intensity/ amount
• Type of soil
• Soil depth
• Vegetation cover
• Farming practices
27.
a)

(b)
• Regular watering
• Addition of calcium into the soil
• Mulching
• Avoid excess nitrogen in the soil
(c)
• Size of fruits
• Degree of ripeness
 • Damage of tomatoes
• Shape of fruits
28.
a)
Macro nutrients are required by the plants in relatively large quantities, but macro
nutrients are required in small quantities
b)
Elongation of apices of roots and shoot,
Strengthens plant cell wall
Help in protein formation
Help in formation of the middle lamella
 Used in cell division
29.
(a) Deficiency of calcium in the wood of the cow
(b)
Muscular twitching
Staggering as the animal moves
Animal become unconscious
Loss of appetite
Cessation of body functions
Dullness
Animal lies with the neck twisted for the head to lie on the shoulder
(c)
Feed animal with diet rich in calcium
Partial milking
Intravenous injection with calcium salts/ calcium borogluconate
30.

31.
(a) For a desirable depth
(b)
• Saves time and costs of production.
• Maintains soil structure
• Minimizes soil erosion.
• Less laborious
• Conserves moisture
• Minimizes root damage.
32.
a)
it is an entry in a financial statement showing the worth of all assets of an
enterprise at the beginning of an accounting period
b)
Partial budget is prepared when minor changes are to be made in an enterprise
Complete budget is spread when major changes are to be made in an enterprise/
starting arrow enterprise.
c)
Issued to the buyer as evidence of cash payments for goods or services rendered
 Used for requisition for the supply of goods/ services on credit
Given to the buyer by the seller as evidence of goods supplied
33.
a)
• Gives a near guideline to income tax assesors
• Provides history of the farm
• Assists in planning and budgeting in various fields
• Help to detect losses theft in the farm
• Assist when sharing losses or profits(dividends)
• Help to settle disputes in the farm among heirs
 • Provides labour information like terminal benefits, NSSF dues, sacco dues
for all employees.

b)
Diversification of enterprises to avoid total loss
Insurance against tosses to maintain high liquidity/for compensation /to access
money easily for any eventuality.
Strategic farming/keeping crops produce and selling when prices are high.
Flexible enterprises-engage in enterprises that can be stopped and changed
 Rationing of inputs use of insufficient inputs such that incase of failure losses are
not too high.
Contracting for marketing-making arrangements with marketing agencies in
advance.
Selection of more certain enterprises/ selection of enterprises that can do well in
an area/section of enterprises with ready market and less price fluctuation to
reduce degree of risk.
34.
a)
• Long vegetation periods (175 – 225 days) without frost
 • Constant temperatures between 18 and 300

• Ample sunshine and fairly dry conditions

• A minimum of 500mm of water between germination and boll formation

• Deep well drained soils with a good content

b)
35.
a)
b)

Regularly wash and disinfect the feeders/ waterers/ perches

Replace old wet litter/ turn litter regularly
Control visitors into poultry house/ use of footbath before entering the house
Avoid pouring water on the litter/ avoid dampness
Isolate sick birds
Treat sick birds
K.C.S.E AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1 2006
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A
 1. Olericulture is growing of vegetables while pomocuhure is growing of fruits
(Mk as whole) 1mk
2.
Movements of animals in large numbers
Decomposition of plants and animals remains by soil micro-organism
Physical breaking of rocks by roots of higher plants
Man’s activities e.g. cultivation, mining and road construction
Mixing up of soil burrowing animals e.g. earth worms and termites
Any 3 x 1 ½ =(1 ½ mks)
3
 Little amount of water is used/economics water use
Reduces incidences of certain leaf diseases/ Fugal discs
Can be used in sloppy areas because there is no risk of surface run off/no risk
of soil erosion
Water under low pressure can be used
Some fertilizers and pesticides can be applied with irrigation water.
Minimizes growth of weeds (any 4 x ½ = (2mks)
4.
Adds nutrients.
Increases microbial activity in the soil
Improves water holding capacity/reduces leaching/ improves capillarity
 Buffers soil PH
Moderates soil PH
Moderates soil temperatures
5.
Type of cop-soil nutrient status
Stage of growth of crop
Expected yield
6.
Lowers soil acidity raises soil ph(modifies ph
Increases the calcium content of organic matter
Improves soil structure through flocculation of soil particles/improves drainage.
 Facilities the availability and absorption of Nitrogen and prosperous
Improves legume nodulation and N fixation
Encourages multiplication of micro-organization in the soil
7.
Free from foreign materials e.g. weeds
Gives rise to vigorously growing plants
Have high germination percentage
Free from pest and diseases attack/healthy
True to type not contaminated any 4x ½ = 2mks)
8.
Easy to determine plant population in a given area
 Ensure high quality produce.
Ensures high production
Facilities optimum use of nutrient moisture and light

Permits use of machines when carrying on subsequent farm operations

Facilities control of pests and e.g. ground

9.
Pollution of the environment
Loss of plant nutrients and soil microorganisms
Siltation of dams and rivers
 Reduction of soil depth
Destruction aid farm structures ( Any 4 x ½ = 2 mks)
10.
Burning pasture during grazing season, cultural method
Moving/physical method
Use of biological agents/ Biological methods
11.
Provide feed during period of scarcity/ distribute available forage for livestock
=through the year
Ensure better and proper utilization of land
Can be sold for money
12.
Top dress with N fertilizers occasionally/ apply manure
Control weed
Practice controlled grazing to avoid denudation
Cut back dry and unpalatable stems to encourage fresh re-growth/ topping
Re- seeding when necessary
Irrigation when necessary
Control of pest (Any 4 x ½ = 2 mks)
13 (a)
GDP- is the sum total of goods and services produced by a country within a period
of one year. (1 x ½ = ½ mk)
16.
To keep check on income and expenditure / profit and loss
To know which activities are financially viable/ weakness and strength of the
business
To obtain knowledge of the total value of the farm/ the value of assets and liabilities
for farm planning
To assess credit worthiness
To provide information for tax purposes
Organizing agriculture field days for the local community
Participating in agricultural exchange programs both locally and internationally
(Any 4 x ½ = 1 ½ mk)
17.
Organizing and participating in annual YFC rallies and camps
Participating and completing in ASK show activities e.g livestock judging
Planting trees/ carrying out agricultural project in schools
Organizing agricultural field days for the local community.
Participating in agriculture exchange programs both locally and internationally.
(Any 4 x ½ = 2 mks)
18.
Adds- organisms matters
Recycles soil nutrients
Helps to control soil erosion
 Improves drainage of swampy areas
Plays an important part in the hydrogical
B- Trapping and killing
Use of scare crows/ scaring
Poisoning/ rodenticide usage 1x1 = ( 1 mk)
21.
(a) The law state that “if successive units of one input are added to fixed units of other
inputs, a point is eventually reached where additional output per additional unit of input will
decline” ( mk as a whole)
(i) At the end of the third unit of fertilizers application
 (ii) This is the least profitable unit of fertilizer application beyond which there
would be a loss
(iii) Marginal returns (MR) at the point of optimum production
MR = Kshs 1200 x 2 = 2400/=
22. (a)
Read the label/ the manufactures instruction
Measure the requirement amount of fungicide
Place it into a container and mix thoroughly
Powder has dissolved completed/ has formed slurry
Pour the mixture into the knapsack sprayer though the sieve
Spray the mixture onto the crop
 (b) Blight (late or early) powdery mixture ( 1 mk)
(c)
Spray following the direction of the wind
Wear protective clothing
Avoiding eating or smoking while handling fungicides
Avoid spillage of the fungicide/ avoid containing the environment
Do not suck/ blow a blocked nozzle Any 4 x Vi = ( 2 mks)
23.
(a) blackjack/ Bidens pilosa
(b)
To avoid competition for nutrients, moisture arid light
 Black jack seeds may contaminate some crops/ farm practice
Blackjack may be an alternate host to some pest e.g aphids which may attack crops
like beans
Black jack seed prick and irritate workers Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
(c)- MCPA
- 2, 4-D

(d) At what stage if growth of maize should the weed controlled using a pest?
- 10 to 15 cm hi
- 2 to 4 week after emergence 1 x 1 = 1 mk
 SECTION C
24.
Clear the place, if bushy
Dig/prepare the site to a desirable tilt/ Fine with
Remove roots and stone from the site
Prepare nursery beds 1- 1.54 wide by any convenient length
Prepare raised or sunken nursery bed depending on moisture content available
Level the Nursery bed ( Any 4 x 1 = mks)
(b)
Make shallow furrow drills/ about 10cm apart
Apply phosphates fertilizers in the furrows/ Drill and mix with the soil
 Sow seeds by drilling
Cover the seed lightly with soil
Apply some mulch after sowing seeds
Water the nursery thoroughly ( any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)
(c)
Remove the mulch as soon as seedling emerge
Water the nursery at least twice a day, preferably morning and late evenings
Remove weeds as they come up
Thin young seedlings if over crowded/ prick seedlings
Control diseases
 Harden off the seedling/ remove shade gradually and reduce frequency of watering
( any 5 x 1 = 5 mks)
(d)
Water nursery thoroughly before transplanting
Dig the planting holes at appropriate depth
Select healthy seedlings
Uproot seedlings carefully with as much as possible to avoid root damage/ use a
garden trowel
Transport seedling carefully to the end field using appropriate means
Transport on a cloudy day or late in the afternoon
Place insecticide in the hole to control soil borne pests
 Place the seedling in the planting holes at the same depth they were in the nursery
bed
Fill the hotels with soil and firm around the seedlings
Apply mulch or erect a shade
Water the seedling thoroughly (Any 5 x 1 = 5 mks)
25. (a)
Availability of adequate funds or capital/ inputs
Training of personnel or availability of advisory services on managerial skills
Loyalty on the part of all farmers, co-operators and officials to support their
organization
Proper and accurate record keeping and accountability for all operations
 Efficiency with which produce from farm are mketed
Honest on the part of personnel with regard to the handling of co-operative finances
Timely payment of farmers dues
(b)
Diversification/ growing a variety of crop or having various enterprises so that if one
fails has something to rely on.
Insurance against losses/ taking insurance policy for farming activities so that in case
of failure the enterprises are covered.
Inventory mketing/ strategic farming keeping farm product and selling at when
prices are favorable
Flexible enterprises engaging in enterprises that can be stopped or started early as
 condition change.
Rationing of inputs using just sufficient inputs such that in case of losses the cost are
not too high
Using more certain husbandry practices using practices that the farmer is sure of and
has used in the pas.
Hedging/ contract mketing making arrangements with mketing agencies in advance
so that changes in price after the arrangement do not change the price of the farmer’s
produce.
Selecting more certain enterprises selection of enterprises that the done well in the
area/ tried though research ( any 7 x 1 = 7mks)
C.
Determination of the farmer’s objectives and preference in order to eliminate those
production possibilities that are unsuccessful
Determination of available resources to the farmer in order to establish his/her
abilities and limitations.
Determination of possible productive enterprises
Determination of tentative budget/ translation of physical plan into a financial
Determination of yield f various enterprises
Development of financial flow in order to establish the capital requirements
Examination of the plan to ensure that is is consistence, workable and desirable
Determination of government policies and regulation to make the plan realistic.
 (Any 8 x 1 = 8 mks)
26. (a)
Ponds/ water pumps
Dams/ weirs
Roof catchments
Rock catchments
Retention ditches/ level terraces
(b)
Continuous cropping without giving the land a rest
Burning
Ploughing along the slopes/ farming on step land
 Deforestation
Ploughing along river banks
Cultivating when the soil is too dry or wet
Overgrazing/ overstocking
Flooding/ application of a large amount of water at high rate
Over cultivating the land to fine tilth/ pulverizing the soil

(c)
Mulching by reducing the speed of run- off and reducing the impact of raindrops
Contour farming by reducing the speed run off
Terracing effective length of the slope and consequently slowing down speed of
 running off
Planting trees/ holding soil particles together hence reducing effects of wind erosion
and reducing the impact of rain drops
Establishing and maintaining vegetated water; by reducing the impact of livestock
on the soil erosion
Establishing trash lines/ sones lines by reducing speed of run- off an effects of wind
erosion
 K.C.S.E AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1 2007
MARKING SCHEME
1.
• Very steep land
• Water logging / marshy area.
• Forested / Bushy area.
 • Rocky / Aridity/Tsetse fly infested areas.
2.
• Wind / Moving water
• Temperature changes
• Moving ice/ Glacier
3.
• Using a sieve / sieve analysis.
• Sedimentation method
4.
• Can be used as a security for credit.
• Encourage long term investments
 • Reduces land disputes
• Motivates the farmer to conserve soil water.
5.
• Improves soil structure
• Controls soil borne pests and diseases.
• Ensure maximum utilization of farm labour.
• Aids in weed control
• Improves soil erosion.
• Security incase of failure of one crop.
• Add nitrogen through N – fixation by Rhizobium bacterial when legumes
are included.
6.
• Crop attacked / mode of feeding .
• Whether field or storage pest.
• Crop parts attacked.
• Stage of crop growth attacked.
• Scientific classification e.g. insects, mite, rodents.
7.
• Important in calcium utilization.
• Necessary in sugar translocation
• Needed in water absorption.
• Aids in translocation of sugar nitrogen and phosphorous.
 • Aids in fruit development.
8.
• Development of infrastructure.
• Housing status of the citizens.
• Increase in recreation facilities.
• Ratio of teachers to students.
• Improvement in the level of technology/ more industrialization.
9
Price of substitutes.
Price expectations in future.
Quality of the commodity
 Tastes and preference of the commodity.
10
Medicago sativa/Lucerne
Leucaena leucocephalal/calliondra.
Artemisia annual/Artemisia.
Calliandra calothyrsusl calliandra
Desmodium species
Kenya white clove/ Infoliuim sempilosum
11
Quantity of forage available for ensiling.
Number of animal to cater for.
 Length of the period of forage scarcity.
Bulkiness of the material.
12
To avoid poisoning of livestock.
Minimize diseases spread.
To ensure the forage is of high palatability.
Minimize competition for nutrients, space light.
To increase the life span of the pasture.
13
Has appropriate depth
The right PH/ Good soil structure.
 Good water logging capacity.
Well aerated/good drainage.
Free from soil borne pests and diseases.
Rich in nutrients in the right proportions.
14
Should be of high purity.
Should be free from pest and disease attack.
Should be appropriate size
Should be mature.
Should be free from any physical damage.
Should be of high percentage of germination.
 Should be suitable to the ecology of the area.
15 (a)
• Over –cultivation, overstocking/overgrazing.
• Deforestation/planting annual crops on steep slopes.
• Burning of the vegetation.
• Ploughing up and down the slope.

(b) V- shaped gullies U-shaped gullies.

16. (a)
There is proper supervision of the farm.
 Reduces costs on traveling
Easy to get extension services.
Allows good farm planning.
It enhances proper pests, diseases and weed control.
Encourages long term investments.
(b)
Landlord can earn income from the land.
People who have no land are able to access to farming.
Idle land is put into agricultural use.
Tenant is able to increase/decrease the size of land leased depending on profitability.
17. (a) Shs. 800
 (b) (i) 120 bags ii) 900

18. a) A1- root stock A2- Grafting

b)A3 Grafting b- Trench layering

19. a) C1 – Maize stalk borer, maize weevil, Aphids

C2 – Maize streak, white leaf blight.

20. a) p2 o5 = 20%
b) 1 ha = 10,000m2 requires 300kg of fertilizer.
5m x 10m2= 50m2 requires x of the fertilizer
 10,000 x = 300 x 50

X = 300x 50= 3
10,000 2

21. a) Single stem pruning.

b) The main stem is capped at 38cm above the ground to encourage more
suckers to grow. Select two strong and healthy suckers and remove the others. The
selected suckers should form a U-shaped to avoid splitting.
22. (a)
Clear the land
 Divide the land into plots of 0.4 ha
Construct /repair bunds /dykes.
Construct/ repair inlet and outlet channels
Flood the field to a height of 7.5 – 10cm above the soil surface.
Carry out primary tillage
Puddle the soil to a fine mud.
Uprooted weeds should be heaped on the bunds.
Level the plots by dragging a wooden board/ jembe.
(ii)
Flood the plots to a depth of 7.5 – 10 cm.
Leave the field flooded for 4 days.
 During transplanting, drain the filed to a depth of 5cm,
Introduce water gradually as the crop establishes.
Maintain the water level at 1/3 the height of the crop
Change water every 2-3 weeks or when it is cold.
Water should allow to flow slowly through the field
Drain the field 2-3 weeks before harvesting.
(b)
Irrigation during the dry season.
Timely pest control.
Timely weed control
Pruning, Coppicing/pollarding/capping.
 Thinning/selective harvesting.
Protection against damage by animals.
Grafting/budding.
Fertilizer/manure application
Construction of micro-catchments
Structures around the trees
Provision of shade/mulch to reduce evaporation.
23. (a)
Competition from cheap/synthetic / products, causing loss.
Change in supply of the produce; leading to price fluctuation
Change in mket demand; leading to price fluctuation.
 Lack of mket information; leading to exploitation by middle .
Inadequate capital; hence poor financing of various mketing functions.
Poor quality of produce; leads to price fluctuation.
Seasonally of produce; leads to price fluctuation.
Bulkiness of most agricultural produce; making it expensive and difficult to
transport.
High perishability; this leads to low quality of produce
Poor storage structure; leading to heavy losses of the produce.
Lack of knowledge in mketing leading to heavy losses.
Government interference through its agents leading to price fluctuation
Acts as a record for future reference.
 Helps in deciding the viability of the enterprise
Assist in securing credit.
Helps to predict the profitability of the enterprise.
Aids in detecting problems easily hence correction is done in good time.
Aids in making management decisions especially when comparing between
enterprises.
Helps in making changes in the farm.
Ensures periodic analysis of the farm business.
Encourage the farmer to be efficient so as to meet the target.
24 (a)
Enables one to grow crops during the dry seasons.
 It’s a method of land reclamation/ allows crop production in arid and semi-arid
areas.
Makes it possible to grow crops in special structures e.g. green house.
Enables one too grow crops that require high amount of water e.g. paddy rice.
It supplements rainfall in case it inadequate in crop produce.
(b)
Topography,
Soil type
Type of crop to be irrigated.
Amount of water available.
Technology available.
Distance of the source of water to the field.
Capital available, skills available
Climate factors of the area.
 K.C.S.E AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1 2008
MARKING SCHEME
30.14 AGRICULTURE (443)

30.14.1 Agriculture Paper 1 (443/1)

1.
• Small size of land.
• Limited capital.
 • Simple/limited tools/or implement.
• Less labour required.
• Maximizes labour available. (2xft=l mk)

2.
• Shortage of farm labour due to bad health/death.
• Low supply of farm produce due to loss of mket.
• Low purchasing power to buy agricultural input/lack of capital by the government and
NGOs to provide credit to farmers.
• Lack of motivation to invest in agriculture.
 • Less time spent on farming activities as people cater for the sick. (2 x !/2 = 1 mk)

3.
• Environmental friendly/no pollution.
• It is sustainable/conserves soil. "
It is easily carried out.
• The produce fetch higher prices in the international market/higher demand in the
international market of the produce.
• Materials used are easily available/cheaper.
• Produce healthy products. (2 x % = 1 mk)
4. Soil structure is the physical arrangement of soil particles and how they adhere to each
other to form an aggregate where as soil texture is the relative proportion of various
sizes of mineral particles in the soil. (1 mk)
5

• Causes water pollution.

11
Interferes with hydroelectric power generation.
• Leads to decline in fish production in dams.
• Reduction of water volume. (2x^2 — 1 mk)
6.
• Fertilizers.
 • Seeds.
• Fuel.
" Pesticides. (2x1/2=sl mk)

7. (a) Specific integrated action/programme to bring about more effective control

and use of land/an organized action taken to improve the structure of land tenure and
land use. ( ½ mk)
 (b) • Land tenure reforms/land ownership.
• Land consolidation.
" Land sub-division/demarcation.
• Land adjudication and registration.
• Resettlement. (3 x 1/2 = 1 ½ mks)

• Addition of organic matter/organic manure.

• Application of fertilizers/soil amendments.
• Irrigation.
 • Drainage.
• Control of weeds/soil bone pests and diseases.
" Carrying out soil and water conservation. (3 X ½ = 1 ½ mks)

9.
• Marketing of coffee/market research and advertisement, pricing, storage and transport
of parchment.
• Offering advisory services to the coffee industry/Ministry of Agriculture.
" Financing coffee research.
• Licencing coffee farmers, millers, dealers and pulpers. (3 x ½ = 1 ½ mks)
10. (a)
• Fixed input is a resource factor of production in which the quantities required do
not vary or change with the level of production (for example:- permanent labour, tractor,
breed of livestock), whereas variable input is a resource factor of" production in which
the quantities required vary or change with the level of production (for example:- seeds,
livestock feeds, casual labour, chemicals) . (1 mk)

(b)
" Journal is a financial book in which daily farm transactions are entered or
 recorded as they occur, while Ledger book is a book of account in which the entries
contained in all the other books of accounts are entered or recorded. (1 mk)
11.
• Hot water treatment.
• Mechanical/chemical scarification.
• Light burning of seeds with hard seed coat.
• Mechanical removal of wings.
• Soaking in water.
• Dressing seeds against pests/diseases.
• Seed. (2 x ½ = 1 mk)
12.

• Acts as a windbreak/controls soil erosion.

• Marks the boundaries in farms.
• May act as a live fence.
• May provide wood fuel, timber, fodder, composting material, fruits.
• Adds beauty/aesthetic value.
• Adds value to the farm. (2xJ/2)=l mk)

13.
 » Stage at which the grass /standing hay is cut/harvested.
• Efficiency in preparation/how well the grass is dried/turned.
• Storage conditions.
• Species of crop used in making hay.
• Length of drying period.
• Prevailing weather conditions during drying period. (3 x J/2 = 1% mks)

14.
• Source of water.
• Nearness to the field.
 • Type of soil.
• Distance from forest/bush/shelter.
• Previous cropping.
" Security.
• Accessibility.
• Topography/slope.
• Direction of prevailing wind. (4x^=2 mks)

15. .
• Physically destroying the insect pests.
 • Spraying seedlings with appropriate insecticides.
• Roguing/uprooting affected seedlings.
• Fumigating the nursery before planting.
• Seed dressing/use of certified seeds. (3 x J/z — VA mks)

16.
• Banana:- suckers.
• Pineapples'.- slips/crowns/suckers.
• Irish potatoes:- stem tuber.
• Pyrethrum:- splits. (4x]/2=2 mks)
17.
• More seeds are used/seed wastage.
• Lack of uniformity in land coverge/uneven land coverage.
» Uneven planting depth/uneven germination/uneven growth.
" Difficult to carry out subsequent operations such as weeding, spraying, harvesting.

• Competition for nutrients, water, light leading to poor performance of the crop.
• Difficult to establish correct plant population.
• Difficult to mechanize. (2 mks)
18.
• The original condition of the land, for example:- fallow/virgin/stubble etc.
• Size of the planting material/type of till required.
• Soil type.
• Type of implement available.
• Moisture content of the soil.
" Skill of the operator.
• Availability of capital.
• Slope of the land/topography.
• Type of crop. (2 mks)
19.
• Determines the type of soil micro-organisms present.
• Determines availability of certain nutrients in the soil.
• Determines the presence of certain pests and diseases in the soil.
• Determines the type of crop to grow/type of weeds found.
• Determines types of fertilizer to apply. (1 mk)
20.
• Irregular watering.
• Calcium deficiency in the soil or young fruits.
• Too much N-in early stages of growth. (2x1/2=l mks)
21.
• Ability to produce large quantities of seeds..
• Weed seeds remain viable in the soil for a long time.
• Easy and succsseful dispersal mechanism of most weed seeds.
• Ability of some weeds to propagate vegetatively.
• Ability to survive even under adverse environmental conditions.
• Ability to complete their life cycles in a short time.
• Elaborate or extensive root system. (3 x 1/2 = 2 mks)
22a) Soil profile 1 x 1 = 1mk
b) A Top soil/horizon A/Zone. A
B Subsoil /Horizon B/Zone B
C Substatum weathered rocks/Horizon /zone C 3 x ½ = 1 ½ mks
c)
• Helps the farmer to choose appropriate crop to grow
• Helps to determine depth of ploughing
• Helps the farmer to determine the kind of foundations for farm structure
(2 x 1 =2 mks)
23a)Smut / head smut (1 x 1 = 1mk)
b) F (1 x ½ = ½ mks
c)Seeds are uniform in size/shape/weight/maturity
NB: Pegged on answer given to b (1 x 1= 1Mk)

D
For anchorage /support
Absorption of water / nutrients from the soil
Photosynthesis/manufacture plant food (2 x ½ = 1mks

e)Plant population
= Planted area
Spacing

9000cmx 6000 / 90 cm x 60 cm
90cm x 30 cm 0.9 cm x 0.3 cm
24 a)Songa /witch weed / striga spp (1 x ½ = ½ )
B
• Maize
• Sorghum
• Sugar cane
• Napier grass
• Millets
• Highland rice 2 x ½ = 1mk

c)It relies heavily on the host crop for its nourishment (1 x 1 = 1mk
d
Crop rotation
Uprooting and destroying
Application of organic manure esp. FYM.

• Use of resistant varieties/tolerant varieties.

• Interplanting cereals with legumes.
• Use of herbicides. (2 x ½ = 1mk)
25, (a) Balance sheet for Mrs. Sanda as at 30th June 2006

ASSETS LIABILITES
Fixed Assets Ksh Long term liabilities Ksh
 Buildings Disc 50,000 16,000 Loan 50,000
ploughs
Working tools 12,000
Land 80,000
Cattle 40,000
Current Assets Current Liabilities
Bank overdraft 24,000
Cash in hand 20,000 Creditors 20,000
Cash in bank 66,000 Total liabilities 94,000
Debtors 16,000 Net worth/owners equity Net 206,000
 Capital/balance
TOTAL 300,000 TOTAL 300,000

(b)
• Whether the farm business is solvent or insolvent.
• For fair taxation.
• For obtaining credits or loans.
• Land value incase of sale.
 • Value of assets and liabilities. 2 x ½ = 1mk

26a)
A source of food supply. This sector supplies food* to the population. It ensures healthy and
strong people who participate in economic development activities/money saved is used on other
economic activities.
It is a source of employment: This sector provides direct employment to over 70% of Kenya's
population. Some are directly employed as farmers or farm workers while others are indirectly
employed in the agro-based industries.
 It is a foreign exchange earner for the country: Agriculture products such as coffee, tea,
pyrethrum, horticultural products, livestock products from Kenya are exported to other countries.
After exporting these they earn the country foreign currency which in turn is used to import other
products such as machinery/saves money which would have been used for buying these
commodities.
 • It is a source of raw materials for industries: Most of agricultural products require
processing before use. Industries such as rice mills, breweries, canning factories and
leather tanning have been set up to process such products.
• It provides a mket for industrial goods: Agriculture sector provides a mket for
industrial goods such as chemicals, tools, and equipment.
 • It is a source of income/revenue: This is used to purchase farms requirements such
as tools, fertilizers, pesticides and machinery/government earns revenue from income
tax from farmers to finance.
• Promotes international relationship: This create jobs and foreign mket.
(10 mks) (b)
• By avoiding cultivating along water sources such as rivers.
• Avoiding cultivation during dry and windy periods.
• Prohibiting settlement of people near river valleys or water catchment areas.
• Prohobiting the excessive use of agrochemicals.
• Practicing soil conservation measures such as terracing, mulching, contour farming.
• Fencing of w7atcr sources.
• By using intcrgrated pest management (IPM) systems.
• By using efficient pesticide application techniques.
• By substituting or use of less toxic or less persistent or less leachable or
biodegradable pesticides.
• By planting vegetation along the river banks to reduce siltation in rivers.
• Maintaining correct/appropriate stocking rate/avoid overgrazing.
• Proper disposal of waste and containers.
• Paper treatment of waste before disposal. (10 mks)
27. (a)
• Improves soil fertility: When legumes are included in the rotation, nitrogen is
fixed/added in the soil.
• Control of pests/diseases: Rotation of crops disrupts the life cycles of certain
pests and diseases.
• Control of weeds: It helps to control weeds which arc specific to certain crops for
example:- striga in cereals/cover crops in a rotation will smother certain weeds.
• Better use of the soil nutrients: Different crops (due to differing root systems) draw
nutrients from varying soil horizons/different crops have different nutrient demands,
therefore when alternated leads to belter nutrient utilization.
 • Control of soil erosion. Crops planted in rows for example:- maize should be
alternated with cover crops to ensure that soil erosion is reduced.
• Improves soil structure: Grass leys established will improve soil structure through
the
roots by binding soil particles together/during the grass ley period organic matter will
accumulate to enrich the soil and improve soil structure.(1 0mks)
 K.C.S.E AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1 2009
MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A ( 30 MKS)
1. Methods of treating water
i. chemical treatment/ chlorination/soda ash/sodium hydrochrolie
ii. filtration
 iii. boiling
iv. Aeration
v. Sedimentation/decantation/use of allumium
vi. Storage for 36 hrs
2. Examples of water pipes.
(a) Metal pipes
(i) Galvanizing iron pipes/steel pipes
(ii) Aluminum pipes
(iii) Copper pipes
(b) Hose pipes
(i) Rubber pipes
 (ii) Plastic hose pipes
3. Disadvantage of communal land tenure:
(i) Encourage soil erosion
(ii) Result in overgrazing/overstocking
(iii) Difficult to control breeding
(iv) No individual security on land ownership
(v) Difficult to acquire loans for agricultural development
(vi) Lack of incentives for permanent /long term development project
(vii) Difficult to carry out sound farm
(viii) Encourage spread of diseases and parasites
4. Site for agro-forest forest trees:
 (i) Farm boundaries
(ii) Homestead
(iii) Terraces
(iv) River banks/water catchments area
(v) Steep slopes/slopes
(vi) Within pasture land
5. Financial documents:
(i) receipt
(ii) invoice
(iii) statements
(iv) purchase order
 (v) delivery note
6. Check dams and erosion control
(i) slow down the speed of run off to reduce erosive power
of water
(ii) reduce the volume of run-offs
(iii) Trap soil sediments

7. methods of budding
(i) T –budding
(ii) Top budding
(iii) Patch budding
8. Reasons for sitting a nursery under shelter:
(i) Reduce damage to seedling by strong weed
(ii) Reduce evaporation /transpiration rate due to strong sun and weed.

9. Burning of vegetation.
(i) Destroy organic matter
(ii) Destroy soil structure
(iii) Kill useful soil micro organism
(iv) Exposes soil to agent of erosion
(v) Causes nutrient imbalance/loss of volatile nutrients/accumulation of ;
(vi) Destroy soil water
10. Forms of Nitrogen
(i) Nitrate form /Nitrate ions/ no3
(ii) Ammonium form/Ammonium ions/NH4

11. Wilting of sorghum

(i) To avoid prussic acid/hydrogenic acid poisoning
12. Role of soil micro-organism
(i) Decomposition of organic matter to release plant nutrients
(ii) Some fix nitrogen /sulpher into soil
(iii) Some produces toxic substances that help control soil borne diseases
13. Hybrid and composite
Hybride is bred by crossing in bred varieties /inbread line under controlled
pollination
Composite: is bread by crossing a number of varieties under uncontrolled
pollination

14. Optimum temperature

(i) Enhance seed germination/ emergence
(ii) Promote soil microbial activities
(iii) Improves quality of crop products
 (iv) Enhances vigorous growth and development
(v) Enhances --- yields

15. Harmful effects of strong wind

(i) Result in soil erosion/loss of plant nutrients
(ii) Result in loading of crops/shedding of leaves
(iii) High evapotraspiration rate causing wilting of plant
(iv) Spreading of diseases/weed seeds/ pests

16. How cover crops conserve soil moisture

(i) Reduce surface run off s/ increase water infiltration into the soil
 (ii) Reduce evaporation rate
17. Reasons for
(a) Pricking out
(i) Reduce competition light, space and nutrition
(ii) To enable the seedling to grow healthy and strong
(b) Root trimming
(i) Encourages development of short, dense and strong rooting system
for faster establishment after transplanting
(ii) To facilitate/ease lifting of seedlings/minimize root damage during
transplanting
18. Control of damping off diseases
(i) Reduce/remove shade
(ii) Thinning to reduce overcrowding
(iii) Reducing amount of frequency of watering
(iv) Spraying with copper fungicides/appropriate fungicides

19. Effects of pests with both piercing and sucking mouth parts.
(i) Suck plant sap causing wilt
(ii) Some inject toxic saliva/secretion, which may cause distorted growth
/death of plant
(iii) Lowe quality of crops production
 (iv) Transmits /introduces disease agents
(v) Inflicts wounds opening which provide entry for secondary infections
(vi) Lower crop yields

20. Natural factors that influence soil erosion

(i) Amount of rainfall/ rainfall intensity
(ii) Slope/ topography
(iii) Type of soil
(iv) Size of water shed/ catchments
(v) Length of the slope
(vi) Vegetation cover
 (vii) Wind velocity/ strength of the wind
(viii) Soil depth
21. Opportunity cost is zero
(i) When there are no alternative/choices in enterprises
(ii) When production resources are not limited/are abundant free
Section B
22. (a) Smut/maize smut/Ear smut
(b) Sugarcane, Wheat, Sorghum, Barley, Oat, Millets
(c) Control for smut
(i) Plant certified seed
(ii) Crop rotation/ close season
 (iii) Field hygiene/destroy crop residues
(iv) Roqueing
(v) Hot water treatment
(vi) Use of resistant
23. (a) To compare porosity/drainage water holding capacity of different soils
(b) Identification of soil samples
A-Sandy soil
B- Loam soil
(c) Improve soil structure of soil sample C
(i) Adding organic matter/ manure
(ii) Liming
 (iii)Sub soil
(iv)Draining away excess water
24. (a) Ridging
(b) Tertiary operation
Soil is dug in a continuous line, and heaped on the sides to form a bund/ridge/
(c) Advantages of on ridges
(i) Promote tuber/root expansion/development
(ii) Facilitate harvesting of root crop
(iv) Conserve soil and water
(v) Facilitates drainage in water logged soils
 25. Functions of ingredients
(a) Wood ash
(i) Improves level of phosphorus and potassium in the manure
(ii) Modifies soil PH to enhance microbial activities/reduce acidy
(b) Top soil
(i) Introduces micro- organism necessary for decomposition of organic
material
26. Define nutrient elements
(a) Calcium (b) Nitrogen
(c) Potassium (d) phosphorus
27. (a) practice during harvesting of tea
(i)Use of plucking sticks
Help to maintain a uniform level plucking table
(ii) Use of woven baskets
Facilitate air circulation/aeration to prevent fermentation of tea
(b) (i) Staking
(ii) Reasons for staking
(a)Enhance production of clean fruits/improves quality of fruits
(b) Help in controlling diseases
(c)Facilitates spraying/harvesting of the crop
(d) Prevents infestation by some borne pests
 SECTION C
27. (a) Production of beans
(i) Varieties common in Kenya
(a) Rose coco, GLP2, Mwezi moja,Canadia Wonder/GL,p24 ,K74
Wairimu/Red haricot, Mexican 142, Mwitemania

(ii) Selection and preparation of planting material

(a)select varieties suited to the local ecological conditions
 (b) select dry and mature seeds
(c)select sound seeds which are free from physical damage and wrinkles
(d) Dress seeds with appropriate chemicals to control soil borne pests and
diseases/seeds should be dressesed against soil borne and diseases
(e)Obtain seeds from a reputable source/certified seeds
(f) Seeds should be inoculated with right strain of bacteria if necessary

(iii) Planting and weeding

 (a) Plant at the beginning of rains
(b) Make shallow furrows /holes at a depth of 3-5 cm using appropriate tools
(c) Applying phosphoric fertilizer during planting
(d) Spacing is 30cm-50cm by 10-15 cm depending on the variety
(e) Shallow weeding is done to avoid root damage
(f) Weeding should be done when the field is drying to avoid spread of flowers
(g) Weeding should be done when the field is dry to avoid spread of diseases
when conditions are wet

28.(b)Safety precaution when using herbicides

 (i) One should wear protective clothing such as masks, gloves, overlalls, and boots
(ii) Avoid inhaling of herbicides by not smoking while spraying /spray along the
direction of the wind
(iii) Avoid sucking or blowing the nozzle
(iv) Immediately after handling chemicals the user must wash thoroughly to remove
chemical traces
(v) Herbicides should be stored in a safe place away from food and out of reach of
children
(vi) Equipment used in herbicides application should not be washed in water source
used by human and animal to prevent pollution
 (vii) Empty container and left over should be properly disposed off in such a way
that they will not pose danger to people a, animals or environment
(viii) Avoid herbicide drift to unintended crops/field/water source

(ix) Avoid Chemicals spillage in places that are unintended /where it may cause
danger to animal and human
(x) Equipment used should be washed thoroughly to avoid damage to to
crops/animal in subsequent operations
(xi) Avoid eating or handling food before washing

29.Explain Five Advantages of mulching in crop production

(a) Advantages of mulching
(i) Has an insulating effect thus modifies/regulates soil temperature
(ii) Prevents water evaporation therefore moisture is retained in the soil for the plant
use
(iii) Controls soil erosion by intercepting rain drops before they hit the soil reducing
the spread of runoff and increasing rate of water infiltration.
(iv) Organic mulch decomposes into humus there by improving soil structure/water
holding capacity/drainage
(v) After decomposition it improves soil fertility by releasing nutrients

(vi) Controls weeds by covering the soil and suppressing their growth
 (vii) After decomposition organic mulch buffers soil PH /increase action
Exchange capacity

30. Describe five role of Agricultural based women groups

(b) Role of women groups:
(i) Loaning members to finance their farming activities
(ii) Enlighten members on improved/modern farming
techniques/emerging issues
(iii) Establish income generating activities for members
(iv) Assist in mketing agricultural produce for the members
(v) Buy farm inputs in bulk and sell to members at a low price
 (vi) Collectively assist members in their farm operation
(vii) Guarantees members for loan
(viii) Gathering information on intended projects
(ix) Act as agent of change in the community

30(c) Describe land preparation and planting in carrot production (5mks)

(i)Clearing the bush using appropriate tools
(ii) Primary cultivation using appropriate tools/ deep cultivation
(iii) Secondary cultivation/ hallowing to a fine tilth
(iv) Make drills 30 cm apart and I cm deep
(v) Apply phosphatic/ DSP/DPA/Mp
(vi) Sow seeds along the drills
(vii) Cover and firm the seeds with soil
(viii) Apply at due rate of 90 kg of DSP/DAP
(IX) Remove all perennial weeds
(x) Plant at due. Onset of rains /when soil has enough moisture.
K.C.S.E AGRICULTURE
 PAPER 1 2010
MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A (30 mks)

1. Disadvantages of intensive system of farming.

i) Requires high initial capital/Expensive
ii) Is labour expensive
iii) Requires high level of management/skilled labour (2 x 1/2 = 1 mk)
2. 4 methods of farming.
i) Shifting cultivation
ii) Nomadic pastoralism
iii) Organic farming
iv) Mixed farming
v) Agroforestry (4 x 1/2 = 2 mks)

3. a) Nitrogen fixation
- Process in which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to nitrates for plant uptake.
(1 x 1 = 1 mk)
 b) Phosphorous fixation
- Process in which phosphorous combines with other elements to form compounds
that cannot be absorbed by plants. (1 x 1 = 1 mk)

4. 4 reasons for keeping livestock health records.

i) Help in calculation of treatment and health costs
ii) Help in culling/selecting livestock
iii) Help in future diagnosis treatment and control measures
iv) Help determine the common diseases and parasites/prevent diseases and parasites
v) Help to support livestock insurance claims (4 x 1/2 = 2 mks)
5. Relationship between scarcity and choice.
- Scarcity is where production resources are limited in supply relative to demand;
therefore a choice has to be made on which enterprise(s) to allocate the limited
resources. (2 mks - mk as a whole)

6. 2 reasons for land fragmentation.

i) Buying/selling/paying debts/compensation
ii) Inheritance
iii) Settlement and resettlement
iv) Gift/donations
v) Shifting cultivation (2 x 1/2 = 2 mks)
7. Advantages of individual tenure system.
i) Easy to acquire credit.
ii) Land disputes are minimized
iii) Long term investment is encouraged
iv) Incentive to conserve and improve land

v) Easy to plan and make decisions

vi) Easy to sell/lease whole or part of the land. (4 x 1/2 = 2 mks)

8. 4 features for choosing powers

 i) Durability
ii) Strength/ability to withstand pressure/thickness of the wall of the pipe
iii) Diameter/size of the pipe
iv) Workability/manoeverability of the pipe
v) Colour (4 x 1/2 = 2 mks)

9. reasons for treating water.

i) Remove chemical impurities/softening of water
ii) Kill disease causing organisms/kill germs/pathogens
iii) Remove bad smells and taste
iv) Remove impurities of solid particles (4 x 1/2 = 2 mks)
10. Statutory Boards
i) Kenya Sugar Board/Authority (KSB/KSA)
ii) Kenya Tea Development Authority/Agency/Tea board of Kenya (KTDA, TBK)
iii) National Cereals and Produce Board (NCPB)
iv) Coffee Board of Kenya (CBK)
v) Pyrethrum Board of Kenya (PBK)
vi) Cotton Lint and Seed Marketing Board/Cotton Board of Kenya (CLSMB, CBK)
vii) Horticultural Crop Development Authority (HCDA)
viii) Kenya Sisal Board (KSB) (4 x 1/2 = 2 mks)
11.four marketing functions of KCC
i) Buying and assembling milk/collection
ii) Processing milk
iii) Market research
iv) Advertisement/promotion of milk/milk products
v) Strategic storage of milk products
vi) Distribution of milk/transportation
vii) Selling milk
viii) Marketing and packaging
ix) Risk bearing
x) Financing - related to mketing function
 xi) Grading/standardization
Rej: Marketing alone (4 x 1/2 = 2 mks)

12.
i) Increases seed soil contact
ii) Compacts soil/seed to protect it against agents of erosion
iii) Crushing large soil clods
iv) Soil levelling (2 x 1/2 = 2 mks)

b) Levelling
i) Ensures uniform depth of planting/uniform germination/uniform fertilizer application
 ii) Ensures uniform water level in paddy
iii) Rice fields
iv) To remove depression which collect water leading to rotting of seeds.(2 x 1/2 = 1 mk)

13. 3 activities in clearing land

i) Tree felling
ii) Stumping/removal of stumps/destumping
iii) Slashing/mowing (3 x 1/2 = 11/2 mks)

14. 5 Advantages of zero grazing

i) Requires little land
 ii) Quick accumulation of manure
iii) Easy to control diseases and parasites
iv) Less wastage of feeds
v) Has high stocking rate
vi) High milk yield
vii) Efficient use of fodder (5 x 1/2 = 21/2 mks)

15. 4 factors determining stage of crop harvesting.

i) Intended use of the crop
ii) Chemical concentration of the produce/stage of maturity/change in colour
iii) Prevailing weather conditions
 iv) Market demand for the produce/mket price (4 x 1/2 = 2 mks)

16. a) Growth Cycle

i) Annual weeds
ii) Biennual weeds
iii) Perennial weeds (2 x 1/2 = 1 mk)

b)
i) Broad leaved weeds
ii) Narrow leaved weeds (2 x 1/2 = 1 mk)
SECTION B (20 mks)
17. a) Weed
- Couch grass/Digitaria scalarum (1 x 1/2 = 1/2 mk)

b) Why its difficult to control.

- Presence of underground stems/rhizomes which are difficult to control/underground
storage structure (1 x 1 = 1 mk)

c) 4 control
i) Uprooting
ii) Cultivation
 iii) Slashing
iv) Use of herbicides
v) Mulching
Rej: Rogueing (4 x 1/2 = 2 mks)

18. a) Soil Sample with highest acidity

- Sample S1 (1 x 1/2 = 1/2 mk)
b) Lowering pH
i) Application of acidic fertilizers: Accept S/A; ASN; DAP; MAP
Rej: Nitrogenous fertilizers
ii) Application of sulphur (2 x 1/2 = 1 mk)

c) Soil sample suitable for tea growing

i) S2
ii) S3
iii) S4
19.
i) Extraction to remove seeds from pods/fruits
ii) Drying to reduce seed moisture content
iii) Testing to verify seed quality
iv) Treatment to break dormancy/helps improve germination/soaking in water
v) Seed dressing to control pests and diseases
vi) Seed innoculation to improve nitrogen fixation
vii) Washing/cleaning to remove mucilage (4 x 1 = 4 mks)
No procedure

20. a) i) Correct pruning

-B
NB: Wrong identity
Wrong reason (1 x 1/2 = 1/2 mk)

ii) Reason
- Slant cut is a few centimetres above the bud/leaf (1 x 1 = 1 mk)

b) 2 how pruning controls diseases

i) Removes diseased parts
ii) Creates unfavourable conditions/environment for disease agents
iii) Facilitates penetration of chemical sprays. (2 x 1/2 = 1 mks)
 21. KABURU FARM CASH ANALYSIS FOR JANUARY 2009 • No mks for title
RECEIPTS (SALES AND RECEIPTS) EXPENDITURE(PURCHASESAND
EXPENSES)
Date Description Total Cash Livestock Crop Date Description Total Crops
Livestock
Ksh Ksh Ksh Ksh Ksh Ksh Ksh
01/1/09 Cash in hand 30,000 30,000 15/1/09 Seeds for planting 7,500 7,500
05/1/09 Livestock 80,000 80,000 20/1/09 Paid KFA for 16,400 16,400
sales fertilizer
08/1/09 Crop sales 50,000 50,000 25/1/09 Bought livestock 50,000 50,000
feed
31/1/09 Cash for 120,000 120,000 30/1/09 Paid wages 56,000 56,000
milk delivery to KCC for planting & weeding
 31/1/09 Transport 9,000 9,000 charges for milk
delivery
TOTAL 280,000 30,000 200,000 50,000 TOTAL 138,900 79,900 59,000
Closing balance/
cash at hand 141,000
TOTAL 280,000 TOTAL 280,000
NB: Check for double entry

21. • Correct labelling of expenditure and receipt columns 1 x 1/2 = 1/2 mk

• Correct entries by dates 9 x 1/2 = 41/2 mks
 • Balancing 1 x 1/2 = 1/2 mk
Closing balance
Cash at hand i.e 141,000

22. a) Figures 18:46 on a fertilizer bag mean

i) 18% Nitrogen (NO
ii) 46% phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5)
iii) 10% Potassium oxide (K2O) (3 x 1/2 = 11/2 mks)

b) Filler material
= 100 - (18 + 46 + 10)
 = 100 - 74
= 26kg or 26%
Ignore working
Mk answer only i.e 26
Unit must be therefore a score. 1 x 1 = 1 mk

SECTION C (40 mks)

23. a) 8 Factors that encourage soil erosion.

i) Lack of ground cover exposes soil to agents of soil erosion/removal of cover crops
ii) Steep slopes increase the speed of surface run-offs hence erosive power of water
iii) Light/sandy soils are easily carried away by agents of soil erosion.
iv) Shallow soils are easily saturated with water and carried away
v) High rainfall intensity on bare ground/leads at detachment of soil hence run off
vi) Frequent cultivation/over cultivation pulverizes the soil making it easy to detach and
carry away.
vii) Overstocking leads to overgrazing which destroys ground cover exposing it to agents
of erosion.
viii) Burning/deforestation destroys vegetation cover and exposes soil to agents of erosion.
ix) Ploughing up and down the slope creates channels which speed up and increases the
 erosive it to agents of water.
x) Cultivation of river banks destroys riverine (Viparia) vegetation & destroys soil structure
exposing it to agents of erosion.
xi) Cultivating the soil when too dry destroys soil structure making it easy to be eroded.
xii) Long slopes increases volume speed of run off hence increasing erosive power of water.
Question if filter not qualified = No mk
Factor & effect
xiii) High rainfall amount increase saturation of soil hence increase in soil erosion.

b) i) Mulching to conserve moisture

ii) Erection of shade to minimize evapotranspiration
iii) Weed control to reduce competition with seedlings for nutrients, light, space etc
iv) Pest and disease control to ensure healthy and vigorously growing seedlings
v) Pricking out/thinning to minimise competition for growth elements
vi) Fertilizer application to supplement nutrients in the soil
vii) Watering to ensure adequate moisture supply
viii) Hardening off/removing shade/reducing watering to acclimatize the seedling to
conditions in the field.
ix) Removal of mulch immediately after germination
NB: Correctly stated (7 x 1 = 7 mks)
c) 5 soils factors that determine a crop growth in an area.
i) Soil drainage/rate of water infiltration and percolation through the soil
ii) Soil structure/arrangement of soil particles or aggregates/water holding capacity
iii) Soil nutrient content/variety and quantity of mineral nutrients in the soil/Soil fertility
iv) Soil profile/soil depth/depth and arrangement of soil horizons in relation to the rooting
systems of the crop
v) Soil pH/chemical properties of the soil/degree of acidity or alkalinity of the soil solution
vi) Soil borne pests and diseases/the prevalent pests/diseases in the soil
vii) Water holding capacity
 5 correctly stated (5 x 1 = 5 mks)

24. a) 5 effects of high temperature

i) Increases incidences of some pests/parasite and diseases
ii) Improves quality of certain crops e.g fruits, pineapples, papaws’
iii)Lowers quality of certain crops e.g pyrethrum
iv) Increases rate of evapotranspiration/wilting in plants
v) Increases rate of growth for early maturity in crops
vi) Limits distribution of exotic livestock breeds
vii) Lowers production in livestock
viii) Influences design of farm buildings and structures
ix) Lowers labour productivity (5 x 1 = 5 mks)

b) 4 precautions observed in cotton harvesting

i) Sisal bags/gunny bags should not be used to prevent mixing of lint and sisal fibres which
causes ginning problems
ii) Hands should be cleaned to avoid staining of the lint
iii) Picking should be done when the lint is dry to prevent fibres from sticking together
iv) Use clean containers for picking
v) Use different containers for AR (Safi) and BR (fifi) gardens of cotton to ensure
 quality/separation
vi) Picking should be done immediately the bolls open/split to prevent staining by dust/dirt
vii) Avoid picking leaves & twigs to avoid (containers)
1 x 4 = 4 mks

b) Sugar cane harvesting

i) Harvest at the correct age / 13 -22 months for plant crop/ 12 - 18 months for rotation
ii) Take sugar can samples of testing to determine maturity.
iii) Cut the mature cane at the base/near the ground
iv) Cut off the green tops
v) Strip off green leaves/burn the cane
vi) Deliver the cane to the factory within 48 hours/immediately after cutting
vii) Use a cane harvesting machete. (6 x 1/2 = 3 mks)

c) 8 factors considered in farm planning

i) Risk and uncertainties: enterprises should be analysed to determine the risks and
uncertainties involved.
ii) Security: enterprises which require more security should be sited near the farm
house/provision of adequate security
iii) Land size: a large number of enterprises can be established on a large scale compared to
 a small scale farm.
iv) Current trends in labour mket: to determine availability and cost of labour especially
during peak period.
v) Farmers objectives and preferences: to ensure the farmer who is the operator has a sense
of ownership of the plan and brings about motivation
vi) Current mket trends and prices of outputs: to ensure consideration of enterprises with
high profits returns.
vii) Availability and cost of farm inputs: to identify enterprises that are affordable and
whose inputs are readily available.
viii) Government policy/regulation: to seek permission for enterprises undertaken on quota
 system e.g coffee growing and avoid enterprises and farming systems prohibited by
the government
ix) Environmental factors: soil, climate and topography should be analysed to determine
livestock crop enterprises that are suitable to the local ecological conditions.
x) Communication and transport facilities and facilitate movement of outputs to the market
and supply of inputs. Also helps in conveying improved methods of farming and market
trends.
xi) Availability of capital: to acquire farm inputs

xii) Possible production enterprises: should be identified and analysed so that suitable and
 profitable enterprises are selected
- Wrong factor
Award for explanation
1/2 mk - stating the factor = 1/2 x 8 = 4

25. a) 6 physical methods of controlling crops pests

i) Trapping/picking and killing the pests
ii) Use of lethal temperature to kill the pests
iii) Flood the suffocate and kill the pests
iv) Use of physical barriers e.g fences, rat guards, etc to keep the pests away from the
 crop/produce
v) Proper drying to make penetration difficult
vi) Use of explosive to destroy breeding grounds and the kill the pests
vii) Suffocation: carbon dioxide build up to suffocate pests in stores especially cyprus bins.
(6 x 1 = 6 mks)

b) Field management of bulb onions

i) Weed control through shallow cultivation to avoid damage to the shallow inion roots
ii) Remove excess soil around the roots gradually to facilitate bulb expansion
iii) Water regularly at the early stages to ensure adequate moisture supply
iv) Top dress with nitrogenous fertilizer at appropriate rates
v) Control pests e.g thrips using appropriate pesticides
vi) Control diseases e.g rusts, mildews using appropriate method. (4 x 1 = 4 mks)

ii) Harvesting of bulb onions

i) Is done 4 -5 months after planting/when leaves wither/turn brown
ii) Cut break and bend this tops at the neck
iii) Harvesting is done by lifting/pulling/digging out the crop
iv) Leave the bulbs on the ground/undershade to dry for 3 days and turn frequently to
ensure uniform drying.
3 x 1 = 3 mks

c) 7 factors influencing seed rate

i) Intended use of the crop e.g fodder maize requires high seed rate than grain maize.
ii) Germination percentage - high speed rate is required for seeds with low germination
percentage
iii) Method of planting: Broadcasting requires high seed rate than row planting.
iv) Number of seeds per hole: two or more seeds per hole requires more seed rate than one
seed per hole.
v) Soil fertility: poor/infertile soils require low seed are because crops are widely spread
 compared to fertile soils.
vi) Growth characteristics of the crop: tall/tillering/indeterminate varieties require low seed
rate compared to short/less tillering/determinate varieties
vii) Spacing: High sped rate is required in closer spacing than wider spacing
viii) Seed purity: Impure seed/containing chaff and foreign materials will lead to high seed
rate compared to pure seed
ix) Pure/mixed stand
High seed rate for pure stand and low seed rate for mixed stand.
1
/2 mk for stated factor = 1/2 x 7 = 31/2 mk
1
/2 mk for explanation given = 1/2 x 7 = 31/2 mk
 K.C.S.E AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1 2011
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A (30 mks)
1. (a) Field Management practices
 Thinning Gapping(2 x ½ ) (1 mk)
(b) (i) Thinning:
- Removes the excess seedlings from the field.(1x16) ( ½ mk)
(ii) Gapping:
- Replaces seedlings/seeds that died/failed to germinate.(lx1/2) (14 mk)

2. (a) Variable costs

Wages for casual labour
Costs of feeds and water
Costs of drugs/chemicals and treatment
 Cost of Electricity.(2 x 1/2) (1 mk)

(b) Fixed costs

Land rent/house rent/depreciation of building
Salaries of regular/permanent labour
Depreciation of machinery
Interest on borrowed loan
Cost of equipment. (2x'/2)(1mk)

3. Disadvantages of monocropping
High risk of total loss incase of crop failure.
Under utilization of some soil nutrients
Build up specific of crop pests/diseases/weeds.
Only specific mineral nutrients are absorbed/exhaustion of certain minerals
poison the soil and once exhausted the soil becomes infertile.
Results in soil erosion in crops with poor ground coverage.
Faster spread of pests and diseases
leads to destruction of soil structure
loss of soil fertility. (4 x V2 ) (2 mks)
4. Reasons for early land preparation.
Allows time for organic matter to decompose and form humus.
Facilitates timely subsequent operations.
Allows time for weeds to die/be dehydrated.
Allows weathering of soil clods before subsequent operations.
Minimises competition for labour
Allows time for pests and diseases causing organisms to starve and die.
Allows time for soil aeration/gaseous exchange
 Allows time for water infiltration.
(3 x ½ ) (1 ½ mks)

5. How crop rotation controls weeds.

Crops associated with specific weeds are alternated with crops of different families to
remove the appropriate host and break the life cycle of weeds. Alternating with cover
crops smothers the weeds.(2x1/2) (1mk)

6. Qualities of a mother plant.

Disease/pest resistant/tolerant.
 Healthy/free from pests/diseases.
High yielding.
Well adapted to the environment/local ecological conditions.
Fast growth
Early maturity. (4 x 1/2) (2 mks)

7. Factors on choice of labour. Availability of the labour. Size of the enterprise/amount of

work. Financial ability of the farmer/cost of the labour. Type of enterprise/type of work
(1 ½ mks)
8. (a) Balance sheet
 Showing the financial position of the farm business at a particular period of the
year/ shows values of assets and liabilities/shows net worthy/net deficit/shows
solvency and insolvency/shows value. (1 x }/2 )

(b) Inventor
Recording all the assets owned by the farm business. (1 x ]/2) (1/2 mks)

(c) Cash book

Recording all transactions involving receiving and paying out of cash on the
farm business.(lx1/2 mks)
9. Functions of A.S.K
Holding competitive agricultural shows/competitive trade fairs and exhibitions of
livestock, crop and farm produce
Encouraging breeding and importation of pure breeds and improvement of
indigenous livestock.
Encouraging and assisting in official milk recording
scheme. Organising the running of Youns Farmers Clubs.
Organising the National Ploughing Contest.
Publishing the kenya Stud Book.
 Publishing the monthly journal; "The Kenya Farmer".
Awarding bursaries for local and overseas studies/tours for its members.
(4 x 1/2) (2 mks)

10. Leaching:-
Washes dissolved mineral nutrients to the lower soil horizons beyond the reach
of plant roots. ½ MKS

11. Reasons for imposing quarantine

 To test them for purity to prevent entry of noxious/foreign weeds into the country.
To test them for purity to prevent entry/spread of pests and diseases into the country.
Quality control (2x1/2) (Imk)

12. Methods of controlling bean anthracrose disease.

Use of certified seeds

Use of appropriate fungicides/chemicals eg.
dithioearbonate Crop rotation
 Use of resistant varieties eg. Banja 2, Mexican 142, K74, Wairimu
Field hygiene/destruction of infected crop residues.
Rogueing.(4 x 1/2 ) (2 mks)

13. Post harvest practices

Threshing/shelling
Drying
C l aning/Winnowing
Sorting/grading Dusting
 Package/bagging/packing
Processing
(4 x ½ ) (2 mks)

14. Non-competitive markets

Monopoly/monopolistic markets
Oligopoly/Oligopolistic markets
Monopsony/monopsonistic markets. (2 x 1/2 ) (1 mk)

15. Settlement schemes

 Jet schemes
Haraka schemes
Shirika schemes
Lari settlement scheme
The squatter's settlement scheme
Harambee schemes
Ol-kalaou salient schemes, (2 mks)

16. (a) Poisonous

Thorn apple/Datura stramonium
 Sodom apple/Solanum incamim(1 x ½ ) (1/2 mk)
(b) Taints milk when eaten

Onions
Mexican marigold/(Tagetes minuta) (1/2 mks

17. Agricultural support services

Credit services
Mketing services
 Agricultural machinery services/tractor hire services
Agricultural research services Farm input supplies
services. (4 x 1/2}' (2 mks)

18. Methods of harvesting trees

Coppicing/cutting back
Lopping/side pruning
Pollarding
Thinning
Felling trees.(3x1/2) (1 ½ mks)
19. Maintenance practices for trees
Protection when young/seedlings
Pruning
Training
Grafting/top working
Watering
Weed control
Pest/disease control
Shading/mulching
 Manuring Gapping (3 x 1/2 ) (1 ½ mks)

SECTION B (20 mks)

20. (a) Chitting/Sprouting (1 x 1)(1 mk)

(b) Procedure of chitting

Arrange the setts/tubers in a store/chitting box with the rose-end facing
upwards. Tubers are arranged 2-3 layers deep.
Allow diffuse light through the store.
 Dust (spray)the setts/tubers with an appropriate insecticide/fungicides to control
pests/aphids/ tubermoths/fungal infection.
Sprinkle some water on tubers if the conditions are dry.
(3x1) (3 mks)
21 (a) To demonstrate the presence of living organisms in the soil. (1x1) (1 mk)
(b) Observation
Flask C
Lime water turns white/milky/white precipitate.
(Ix1/2) (1/2 mk)
 Flask D
No observable change/lime water remains clear. ( ½ mk)
(c) Reasons for the answers in (b) above

Flask C
Lime water turns white because living organisms exhaled carbon (IV) oxide which
reacted with calcium hydroxide to form a white precipitate (calcium carbonate) (1 x 1)
(1 mk)
Flask D
The heating of the soil killed the soil living organisms and no respiration
occurred to produce carbon (IV) oxide. (1 mk)

22. (a) The law illustrated

Law of diminishing returns. (1 x) (mk)
(b) Phase II
Each additional unit of fertilizer input leads to a lower increase in
total output of maize than the previous unit of fertilizer input. (1 x 1)
(1 mk)
Phase III
 Each additional unit of fertilizer input leads to a decrease in total
output of maize. (1 x 1) (1 mk)

(c) Importance of the law

Helps the farmer to identify the level of optimum fertilizer application in
the production of maize/to determine the highest level of maize output.

(1 x 1) (1 mk)
23.
Profit and Loss account of Makueni Farm for the year ending 30th June 2008
Purchase and Expenses Sales and Receipts
Ksh. Cts Ksh. Cts
Opening Valuation 80,000 00
Rent received 10,00000
Tractor repairs 30,000 00 Egg Sales 60,000 00
Tax paid 40,00000 Maize sales 55,00000
Interest on loan 20,000 00 Debts receivable 100,000 00
Purchase of inputs 90,000 00 Closing Valuation 90,000 00
Total 260,000 00
Net Profit 55,00000
Total 315,000 00 Total 315,0'00 00
 Award of mks
Title - Profit and loss account for the year ending - mk
Purchase & expenses column (1 x) mk
Sales & receipts column (Ix) mk
Correct entries in each column (2 x) 1 mk
Correct profit/Balance (1 x) mk

24. (a) Paddocking/rotational grazing

 (Ix1/2 (1/2 mk)
(b) Advantages
Reduces build up of parasites and diseases/prevent spread of parasite
and diseases. Allows pasture to regrow before being grazed again.
Manure is evenly distributed in the field Excess pasture can be
conserved
Allows management practices on ungrazed portions e.g. reseeding,
fertilizer application/weed control/irrigation/pests and disease control
topping/cutting back . Ensures maximum utilization of pastures.
(5 x ½ )(2 }/2 mks)
25. (a) The weed
Wild oat/Avena fatua/Avena sterilis/Athena (1 x 1/2 ) (1/2 mk)

(b) Harmful effects

Competes with crops for nutrients/light/space/water
Acts as an alternate host for pests/diseases
Lowers quality of produce/gets mixed up with the produce
Increase cost of production
Lower yields/quality
Increase cost of production
 Lower yields/quantity
(2x1) (2 mks)

SECTION C (40 mks)

26. (a) Water treatment to remove solid impurities.

At intake, water is passed through a series of sieves with different sizes of holes to
trap large solid parties e.g. leaves, grass, sticks, polythene, stones. Aluminium
sulphate (alum) is added to water in the mixing chamber to coagulate solid particles
suspended in water.
 Water is passed to a large circular coagulation tank where coagulated solid
particles settle.
Water is then passed through a filtration tank where all the remaining
solid particles are removed.
The layers of sand and gravel in the filtration tank allow water to seep
through very slowly and leave all the solid particles behind.
(5x1) (5 mks)

(b) Farm records that should be kept by a dairy farmer

 Feed records:- They show the type of feeds and quantities given to animals at a
given time.
Breeding records:- Show details of breeding patterns for various animals on
the farm/date of service/ pregnancy diagnosis/expected calving date/ sex of the
calf/ the sire used.
Labour records:- Show details of human resources/efforts on the farm/the number
of workers/their grades/salaries/responsibilities/performance on the farm.

Health records:- Show incidences of disease/animals attacked/treatment given/

response to treatment/control measures taken/cost of treatment.
Milk production records:- Show the total milk yield from the heard and individual
cows.
The quality of milk in terms of butter fat content is also shown for each cow on
the farm.
Milk mketing records:- Show the quantity of milk sold/the price per litre/kilogram.
Also show the revenue earned from milk per given period of time/day/month/year.
Inventory records:- Show all the assets/buildings/ machinery/land/ livestock any
consumable good owned by the farmer on the farm.
 (5x1) (5 mks)
(c) Cabbage Production
(i) Seedbed preparation Land should be prepared early when dry. Primary
cultivation should be done. Secondary cultivation should be done. Land is prepared to
medium tilth Holes are dug at a depth of 10 cm Spacing of 0.9 cm x 0.6 cm for large
varieties or 0.6 m x 0.6 m/60 cm x 60 cm for smaller varieties should be done.
(3x1) (3 mks)

(ii) Transplanting of seedlings

Transplant at beginning of the long rains/when soil has enough moisture.
Nursery is first watered so that seedlings can be lifted with ease.
Only healthy and vigorous seedlings should be selected.
Lift the seedlings with a lump of soil attached to the roots/lift seedlings with
garden trowel.
Add about 15 gm/1 teaspoonful of phosphatic fertilizer to the planting hole/well
rotten manure.
Place and mix well with the soil.
Place seedlings in planting holes at the same depth it was in the nursery.
mix with soil.
Firm the soil around the base of seedlings
 Water the seedlings as appropriate/if necessary
Apply mulch around seedling/erect shade if necessary.
Transplant the seedlings carefully.
Transplanting should be done on a cloudy day or late in the evening when it is
not too hot.
Place and firm the soil around the base of the seedling.
Seedlings are transplanted at 4-6 weeks of age/at 4-6 leaves stage/at height
of 10-20 cm. (7 x 1) (7 mks)

27. (a) Effects of pests on maize in the field.

Some pests transmit crop diseases e.g. leaf hoppers.
Some pests eat the growing points causing retarded growth e.g. livestock, stalk
borers/wild animals ,cutworms.
Some pests attack the fruits lowering their quality/quantity e.g. birds, bollworms -
Some pests eat the foliage/leaves reducing the surface area for photosynthesis.

Some pests damage crop roots/stems causing wilting and death to the plants e.g.
termites, rodents/wild pigs/stalk borer.
Some pests pierce and suck sap from the plant depriving the plant of food
e.g. aphids.
Some pests injure and cause wounds on the plant exposing it to secondary
infections.
Some pests unearth germinating seeds reducing plant population hence lowering
quantity eg. monkeys, rodents,chicken. (6x1)(6 mks)

(b) (i) Procedure of harvesting pyrethrum

Pick flowers selectively.
Pick flowers with horizontal petals (ray florets) with 2-3 rows
of disc florets open.
Use forefingers and the thumb.
Pick by twisting the heads so that no stem is left attached.
Put the picked flowers in woven basket. (4x1)(4 mks)

(ii) Precautions observed during harvesting of pyrethrum.

Picking starts 3-4 months after planting to maintain quality.
Picked flowers are put in woven baskets to allow ventilation and avoid
fermentation of flowers.
Wet flowers should not be picked because they heat up and ferment
Picked flowers should not be compacted to avoid heating up and fermenting.
A suitable picking interval 14-21 days is maintained to avoid harvesting over
blown flowers.
Break the flower stalks to maintain quality. (3x1)(3 mks)

(c) Cultural Methods

Contour farming; Cultivation and planting done across the slope helps in
holding water thereby increasing infiltration and reducing runoff
Mulching covers the soil thereby reducing splash erosion/reduce speed of runoff.
Strip cropping: alternating strips of crops that give good soil cover with those that give
little soil cover controls movement of soil particles thereby helping in control of erosion.
Vegetated waterways; vegetation in waterways slows down run off/traps eroded soil
particles thereby preventing further erosion.
Afforestation/reafforestation; trees protect soil from splash erosion by
atomising raindrops/encourage water infiltration/protect soil from winds which could
detach and remove soil particles.
Inter cropping crops which do not cover soil with crops that have good ground cover
should be planted together to prevent splash erosion/surface runoff.
Minimum tillage so as to maintain good soil structure/have a seed bed with rough surface
such that soil particles are not easily detached/encourage water percolation.
Cover cropping; establishing a crop that spreads over the surface of soil thereby protecting
soil from effects of raindrops.
 Grass strips/filter strips are left between cultivated/cropped strips of land to
reduced speed of water and filter out eroded soil. (7x1)(7 mks)

28. (a) Biotic factors that influences crop production.

Nitrogen fixing bacteria: - convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates for plant uptake.
Pollinators:- transfer pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of
the same flower or different flower.
Decomposers:- organisms which breakdown organic plant and animal remains
to release nutrients for plants/aerate soil.
Pests:- attack crops by eating plant parts, piercing and sacking sap and
introduce/spread disease causing micro-organisms.
Pathogens:- they cause crop diseases.
Predators: - reduce pest population.
Weeds:- complete for nutrients, space, light, moisture/suppress growth/spread
vests and diseases. (5x1) (5 mks)

(b) Preparation of stem cutting

Select shoots from mother plants that are high yielding/healthy
Select healthy and vigorously growing shoots;
That have grown unchecked for 6 months.
Obtain cuttings from the middle part of the shoots.
Using a sharp knife make cutting 2.5 - 4 cm long; with a single leaf.
Make the a cut close to the axial bud/leaf.
The cut/slant should face away from the bud.
Put the cuttings in water before planting to prevent dehydration.
The cutting should have a single leaf/bud.
Make a slauting out
Cutting should be 2.5 - 4 cm long.
(9x1) (9 mks)
(c) Properties of N Fertilizers.
Highly soluble in soil water therefore should be applied in an already established crop.
Have short residual effect thus should be applied frequently.

They have a scorching effect/burning effect therefore should not come into contact
with the plants.
The fertilizers are hygroscopic/absorb moisture from atmosphere therefore it
should be stored under dry conditions.
The fertilizers are corrosive therefore they should not be handled with bare
hands/stored in easily corroded containers.
They are easily leached therefore they should be applied to a vigorously growing
crop/already established crop.
The fertilizers are volatile therefore they should be applied on moist soils.

(6x1) (6 mks)
 K.C.S.E AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1 2012
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A (30 mks)
1. A)Bulbs leaves
b) Roots
c) Berry /berries/cerries/fruits 3 x ½ = 1 ½ mks

2. Biotic factors.
• Pests .
• Decomposers.
• Pathogens
• Nitrogen fixing bacteria.
• Pollinators
• Weeds
• Predators 4 x ½ = 2 mks

3. Methods for controlling Crop Pests.

• Chemical
• Biological
• Cultural
• Physical/mechanical
• Legislation 4 x ½ = 2mks

4. Methods of harvesting water.

(a) roof catchment.
(b) rock catchment
(c) Weir/Dam
(d) Retention ditches/level terraces 4x½
(e) micro-catchment.
(f) water pans/ponds

1. Records kept by poultry farmers

Egg production /weight gain Health record
Labour records Mketing records 4 x ½ = 2mks
Feeding records Inventory records

6. Disadvantages of using organic manures.

- Low nutritive value per unit volume/weight.
- Likelihood of spread of disease/pests/weeds.
- Bulky/difficult to store/transport/apply.
- Looses nutrients if poorly stored.

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- Difficult to quantify the amount of nutrient per unit volume/weight. 4 x ½ = 2mks

7. Classification of pastures.

• Pasture stand: Pure/mixed.

• Pasture establishment/natural/artificial.
• Ecological zone/altitude. (2 x 1 = 1 mk)

8. Disadvantages of organic mulch.

• Expensive to transport and apply/bulky.
• Could be a fire risk.
• Provides breeding ground/hiding place for pests.
• Intercepts light showers of rainfall.
• Can spread pests, weeds/diseases. (4 x 1 = 2 mks)

9. Advantages of crop rotation

• Ensures maximum utilization of nutrients.
• Controls build-up of pests/diseases/weeds
• Controls weeds that are specific to particular crops.
• Improves soil fertility when leguminous crops are included.
• Controls soil erosion when cover crops are included.
• Improves soil structure if grass lay included. (5 x 1 = 2 mk)

10. Earthing up
• improves tuber formation/expansion/roots/pods formation
• Improves drainage around the
crop 9 Conserves water/soil
• Facilitates harvesting of tuber crops
• Root protection (2 x /2 = 1 mks)

11. Harmful effects

• Lower crop yields.
• Lower quality of crop products
• Some harbour crop pests/diseases
• Some reduce labour efficiency
• Increase the cost of production.
• Suppress growth of crops through competition for light, space, etc.
• Some have allopathic effects on crops
• Some are parasitic to crops
• Some weeds block irrigation canals/channels (4 x \- = 2 mks)

12. Advantages of shifting cultivation.

No pest and disease build-up.
Low capital requirement.

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Pyramid Consultants P.O Box 67593 – 00200 Nairobi 0722614502 / 0733494581
 • No land disputes as land ownership is not individualised.
Soil structure is maintained (3 x 1= 1 mks)
• Gives time of land to regain fertility

13. Advantages of Zero-grazing

• Quick accumulation of manure.
• Animal produce high yield due to less wastage of energy.
• Its easy to control diseases/parasites.
» Requires little land.
• Allows higher stocking rate.
• Animal use feeds without wastage. (5 x -1- =2 \ mks)

14. Harvest time.

• Mket price.
• Weather conditions.
• Mket demand.
• Purpose/intended use.
• Concentration of required chemicals. (4 x 1=2 mks)
• Taste and preference/form required

15. Land Reforms.

• Land consolidation,
• Land adjudication and registration/issue of title deeds.
• Land settlement and resettlement.
• Tenancy reform.
• Redistribution of land.
• Improved land legislation. (4 x1 = 2 mks)
• Sub-division of land

16. Number of Secondary cultivations

• Type of crop to be established/ size of seed.
• Moisture content of soil
• Type of soil
• Conditions of land after primary cultivation.
• Amount of organic matter on the surface.
• Vulnerability to soil erosion (4 x Y = 2 mks)

SECTIONS (20mks)
17. (a) Gabion/porous dam (1 mk)
(b) • Slows down the speed of water thus reducing its erosive power.
• It traps the detached soil particles. (2x1 = 2 mks)

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 18. (a) As the price of the commodity increases the quantity demanded decreases
and vice versa. (1x1 = 1 mk)

(b) • If there is an increase in the income of consumers.

• Effective advertisement/sales promotion.
• Increase in the price of a related/substitute.
• If there is an increase in population.
• Change in taste and preference.
• If the quality of the commodity goes up. (3x1 = 3 mks)

19. (a) Oxalis/oxalis latifolia.(1 mk)

(b) Broad-leaved weed.(1 mk)
(c) Presence of underground bulbs.(1 mk)

20. (a) Alley cropping/hedge row.(1 mk)

(b) • Source of fodder when tree foliage is cut and fed to livestock.
• Improves soil fertility through nitrogen fixation/nutrients cycling.
• Facilitates soil and water conservation when roots bind soil particles.
• Smothers weeds
• Source of mulching material/wood fuel/compost manure (3x1 = 3 mks)

21. (a) Cutworm. (1 mk)

(b) • Early planting for crop to establish early and outgrow the pest.
• Application of appropriate pesticide to kill it.
• Field hygiene to prevent transmission from previous crop residues.
• Physical killing and destruction (2 mks)

22. (a) Soil capillarity (1 mk)

(b) The smaller the size of the particles the greater the force of capillary, (1x1 = 1 mk)
(c) Soil labelled L. (1x1 = 1 mk)

SECTION C (40 mks)

23. (a) Five factors to consider in farm planning.

• Environmental factors/climate/soil type; because these will determine the specific

enterprises that are possible in an area.
• Size of the farm; as this will determine the size/number of enterprises that are possible.
• Farmer's objectives and preferences; so that the farmer will have a sense of ownership
of the farm plan for motivation.
• Government regulations or policy; to ensure that laws are not flouted.
• Availability and cost of farm input/cost of labour/cost of production/capital availability;
to select an enterprise that is affordable.

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Pyramid Consultants P.O Box 67593 – 00200 Nairobi 0722614502 / 0733494581
 • Security of enterprise so as to ensure safety.
• Trends in the labour mket; to ensure labour availability throughout.
• Existing mket conditions and price trends; so that whatever is produced is sold
at appropriate prices.
• Communication and transport; to ensure that produce reach mkets and inputs are easily
accessed.
• Possible production enterprises; so as to choose the most profitable and convenient.
(5 x 2 = 10 mks) (Factor 1 mk,
Explanation 1 mk)

(b) Transplanting of tomato seedlings.

- Should be done when seedling are pencil size thick/ one month to one and half month old.
- Nursery should be watered before to ease lifting of seedlings.
- Use garden trowel/ensure that seedlings are lifted with lump of soil around roots.
- Apply appropriate pesticide in the planting holes to control pests and diseases.
- Apply phosphatic fertilizers/manures in the planting holes.
- Mix pesticides/manure/fertilizer with soil thoroughly
- Lift only healthy and vigorous seedlings from the nursery.
- Plant one seedling per hole at the same depth as was in the nursery.
- Transplanting is preferably done in the evening or on a cloudy day.
- Mulch the transplanted seedlings if necessary.
- Provide temporary shade to the transplanted seedlings.
- Water the seedlings as necessary.
- Place soil around the seedlings and firm
- Holes are dug at a spacing of 60 - 100 cm x 50 - 60 cm.
- Transplant at the onset "of the rains/when soil has enough moisture.
- Transport seedlings carefully/use a wheelbarrow.
- Planting holes are dug at a depth of 15 cm.

(10x1 = 10 mks) (Maximum 10 mks)

24. (a) Siting a vegetable nursery.

- Near a water source for easy watering.
- In a well sheltered place to prevent strong winds which can uproot seedlings and
cause excessive evaporation.
- Security so as to protect from theft and destruction by animals/birds.
- On a gentle slope to prevent erosion through run-off and to prevent flooding.
- Type of soil, should be well drained and fertile.
- Previous cropping, avoid an area where same crop family had been planted to avoid pest
and diseases attack/build up.
- Near the seedbed/main field to minimise damage to seedlings during transplanting.
- Accessibility for easy movement.
- Away from shading effect to allow proper access to light. ,,_;

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 (5x1=5 mks) (b) Selecting seeds for planting.

- Adaptability: should be adapted to local ecological condition.

- Physical deformities/damages: should be free from physical deformities/damages.
- Health - should be free from pests/disease.
- Viability/germination percentage: - should have high viability/germination percentage.
- Parent plant - should be from high yielding/healthy parents/high quality/early
maturing/dis ease resistant.
- Purity - should be clean / free from impurities.
- Maturity - should be of correct maturity stage.
- Age/storage period: - seeds stored for long periods have low viability/germination
percentage hence should not be selected.
- Size of the seed, should be of correct size. (6x1=6 mks)

(c) Environmental factors.

(i) Temperature
- Affect quality of certain crops e.g. pineapples, pyrethrum.
- Influence rate of the physiological processes in a crop.
- Cause increase in incidences of diseases.
- Low temperatures cause frost injury.
- High temperature increase rate of evapotranspiration hence wilting.
- Influences distribution of crops. (4x1=4 mks)

(ii) Wind

- Strong winds increase the rate of evaporation/evapotranspiration/wilting.

- Influences amount of rainfall in a given area.
- Help in pollination of crops.
- Strong winds have a cooling effect which influences rate of physiological
processes,
- Strong winds may cause soil erosion.
- Strong winds may cause lodging of certain crops/destruction of crops/crop
structures.
- Winds can spread diseases/pests/weeds.
- Wind helps in seed dispersal.
- Wind is used in cleaning/winnowing grains. (5x1=5 mks)

25, (a) Purchase Order.

- Quantities of the goods.
- Type of goods required.
- Date of order
- Date within which the ordered goods should be delivered.
- Person who orders the goods.
- Person who authorized the order.

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 - Purchase order serial number, (5x1=5 mks)
- Total amount involved/total cost involved/total cash.
- Name of supplier.
- Cost of goods per item.

(b) Harvesting of tea.

- Leaves are picked selectively for the highest quality.
- Pluck top two leaves and the bud.
- Use a plucking stick to maintain the plucking table.
- Pluck at 5 - 7 days intervals in rains and 10-14 days in dry periods.
- Put plucked tea in woven baskets to facilitate air circulation/ prevent
fermentation.
- Do not compress the leaves in the baskets to prevent heating up/ browning.
- Put plucked tea iri cool and shaded place.
- Deliver to the factory on the same day. (6x1=6 mks)

(c) Importance of Irrigation.

- Irrigation increases crop yields and ensures a steady supply of food throughout the year.
- Maximises the utilization of resources e.g. in places where the soil is fertile but the
water/rain is inadequate.
- Important for the reclamation of arid and semi-arid land.
- Provides a regular, reliable and adequate supply of water in areas with little or no
rainfall.
- source of employment in areas where it is used extensively.
- Promotes crop production for the export mket and therefore contributes to a
country's revenue.
- Allows production of paddy rice.
- Allows growing of crops in green houses.
- Facilitates fertigation in crop production.
- Controls pests. (5x1=5 mks)

(d) Role of magnesium

- Important in chlorophyll formation.

- Promotes the formation of fats and oils in crops e.g. soya beans, sunflower, ground . nuts.
- Aids in the absorption and translocation of phosphorous.
- Enhances the nitrogen fixing power of the legumes.
- Activates the synthesis and translocation of carbohydrates and proteins in plants.
- Activates enzymes.(4x1=4 mks)

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 K.C.S.E AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1 2013
MARKING SCHEME
1. Reasons for inter-cropping
SECTION A (30 mks)
• Conserve soil/water (cover cropping);
• Maximise production;
• Maximise utilization of nutrients in the soil;
• Control weeds;
• Control pests/diseases;
• Diversification’/spread risks
• Maximise labour utilisation/save costs on labour.
• Improve soil fertility if legumes are included.
• Maximise utilisation of land.

2. Advantages of intensive farming

• Increases production per unit area;
• Farm supervision is easy;
• Maximises utilization of available land;
• Ideal for densely populated areas/small land holdings;
• Utilizes technology to increase production.

3. reasons for early land preparation

• Allow time for weeds to dry and decompose;
• Allow for proper soil aeration;
• Allow timely planting / subsequent operations;
• Allow time for soil clods to disintegrate/soften.

4. reasons for deep ploughing

• Facilitates aeration;
• Facilitates drainage;
• Breaks hard pans/facilitates water infiltration;
• Bring up previously leached nutrients;
• Facilitate development of deep rooted crops;
• Expose lower soil layers to weathering;
• Expose soil borne pests and disease agents.
• Remove deeply rooted weeds.

5. Conditions for purely competitive market

• Large number of sellers;
• Large number of buyers;
• Homogeneous product;
• Same price for the product;
• Free entry and exit from the market;
• Buyers and sellers have perfect knowledge of market trends.

6. Grading - is the sorting of the produce into different lots, each with the same
characteristics/ mket quality while Standardization is the establishment of
uniformity in the quality and quantity of the product. Mk as a whole 2 mks

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7. Benefits of agroforestry to a maize crop.
• Leguminous trees fix nitrogen into the soil;
• Trees act as windbreaks;
• Trees stabilize soil against soil erosion;
• Leaf litter decompose to form humus/recycle nutrients;
• Trees improve and act as water catchment areas/conserve water.

8. Intensive hedgerow:- trees or shrubs are planted between rows of crops.

Border planting:- trees or shrubs are planted on the borders of the farm.
Mk as a whole 2 mks
9. (a) Mixed cropping:- Is the growing of two or more crops on the same field but on
different sections.
(b) Monocropping:- Is the growing of only one type of crop.
(c) Intercropping:- Is the growing of two or more crops in the same field at the same
time.

10. Advantages of timely planting

• Disease and pest control;
• Benefit from nitrogen flash;
• Weed control;
• Maximises rainfall utilization by the crop;
• Crop matures early when mket prices are high/high demand.

11. Advantages of row planting

• Field operations can be mechanized;
• Easy to establish plant population;
• Low seed rate than broadcasting;
• Facilitates cultural practices/accept specific practices;
• Ensures proper spacing
• Ensures uniform germination of seeds.

12. Importance of a nursery

• Many seedlings can be produced in a small area;
• Facilitates timely routine management practices;
• Provides best conditions for growth of seedlings;
• Small seeds and delicate seedlings grow into healthy and vigorous seedlings to
facilitate transplanting;
• Reduced growth period in the field;
• Excess seedlings can be sold for income;
• Facilitate selection of healthy and vigorous/true to type seedlings for transplanting.

13. Monopoly:- Mket dominated by only one seller;

Monopsony:- Mket dominated by only one buyer.
Mk as a whole 2 mks
14. (a) Cassava: - stem cuttings/stems
(b) Sisal: - Bulbils
- Suckers
(c) Pyrethrum: - Splits
(d) Sweet potatoes: - Vines/stem cuttings

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15. Characteristics of a good vegetable seedling
• Free from disease/pest/healthy;
• Vigorous growing;
• Free from physical deformities;
• High yielding;
• Correct stage of growth/height 10 - 15 tall/4 - 6 true leaves.

SECTION B (20 mks)

16. (a) Sprinkler/overhead irrigation.

(b) • Cleaning after use;
• Unblocking blocked nozzles;
• Lubricating rotating parts;
• Repairing/replacing broken/worn out parts;
• Proper storage after use;
• Oiling to prevent rusting;
• Tighten loose nuts.

(c) Drip irrigation does not wet the foliage hence controls fungal diseases

17. (a) Health record;

(b) • Selection/culling;
• Show health status;
• Determination of treatment costs;
• Show prevalence diseases;
• Trace history of disease for effective treatment eg. drugs used, action taken;
• Show schedules for routine practices e.g. vaccination, deworming, etc..

18. (a) Ledger

(b)

POULTRY
DR CR
Date Particulars Foli Amount Date Particulars Folio Amount
o
10/1/ Bought 5 1 10,000.0 10/1/11 Sold 100 1 20,000.0
11 bags of 0 trays of eggs 0
layers mash

Date – ½
Particulars – 2 x ½
Amount - 2 x ½
Folio – ½

19. (a) A - Increasing returns production function curve.

B - Constant returns production function curve.

(b) The Law of diminishing returns.

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 If successive units of one variable input are added to fixed quantities of other inputs, a
point is reached where additional (marginal/extra) product per additional unit of
inputdeclines.
(c) (i) B
(ii) Other factors influence / limit agriculture production.

20. (a) Macro-nutrients:

- Calcium;
- Nitrogen;
- Phosphorous;
- Carbon;
- Sulphur;
- Magnesium. Mk as a whole 1 mk
(b) Micro-nutrients:
- Copper;
- Molybdenum;
- Zinc;
- Iron. Mk as a whole 1 mk
(c) Fertilizer elements:- Nitrogen, Phosphrous & Potassium.
Mk as a whole 1 mk
(d) Liming elements:- Calcium; Magnesium and Sulphur.
Mk as whole 1 mk

SECTION C (40 mks)

21.(a) Cultural soil and water conservation

• Grass/Filter strips:- reduce speed of flowing water/filter soil;
• Cover cropping:- prevents surface flow/reduces impact of rain drops/prevents
evaporation/ volatilization;
• Contour farming:- creates ridges of soil which hold up water/reduce speed of run-off;
• Mulching:- reduces impact of rain drops/prevents evaporation/surface run-off;
• Rotational grazing:- allows grass to recover for soil and water conservation;
• Crop rotation:- maintain soil cover for protection against erosion/improves soil
structure thus increasing infiltration;
• Inter cropping:- provides adequate cover on the soil;
• Strip cropping:- the different strips reduce speed of run-off/filter soil;
• Grassed/vegetated waterways:- slow the speed of water/trap eroded soil;
• Afforestation/Re-afforestation; Act as water catchments/stabilizes soil/canopy
intercepts raindrops/wind;
• Agroforestry - stabilises soil/canopy intercepts raindrops/act as water catchment/wind;
• Use of manures/fertilizers; Promotes vegetative growth which covers soil against
evaporation and erosion;
• Correct spacing of crops; Ensure adequate soil cover.
8 x 1 8 mks
(b) (i) • Shortage of labour;
• Lack of motivation to invest in agriculture
• Increased cost of living leading to low investment in agriculture/lack of
resources for Agricultural production.;
• Government and NGOs are spending a lot of time and resources
controlling the disease instead of investment in agriculture.

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 • Lack of mket for agricultual produce.
4 x 1 4 mks
(ii) • Establishment of national food security policy to supply free farm input to
farmers to improve production;
• Facilitate soil conservation;
• Imposes laws to regulate quality of agriculture products;
• Imposes laws to regulate production and sale of agricultural produce to ensure
sustainability;
• Imposes high taxes on imported agricultural products;
• Providing subsidies on agricultural inputs, e.g. fertilizers;
• Establishment of government agencies to supply inputs and mket agricultural
products;
• Construction of bulky handling and storage facilities for agricultural products;
• Funding research into new and improved agricultural production technologies;
• Ensures control of parasites/diseases/weeds is done effectively;
• Provision of extension services/education.
4 x 1 4 mks
(iii) • Improper timing of routine practices;
• Lack of agricultural skills
• Low production of low quality ;
• Inappropriate decision - making e.g. disease observation and control;
• Delayed adoption of new and improved production technologies.
• Lack of knowledge to apply / types and / of inputs;
• Inability to collect mket information.
4 x 1 4 mks
22. (a) Physical Pest Control
• Use of lethal temperature to kill the pests;
• Proper drying of produce to make it hard for pest to penetrate;
• Flooding drowns and kills pests;
• Suffocation to kill the pests in air tight containers;
• Physical killing of the pests /trapping and killing;
• Use of scarecrows /scaring away the pests;
• Use of physical barriers to prevent infestation by the pests;
• Use of electromagnetic radiation to kill the pests.
7 x 1 7 mks
(b) Factors for competitive ability of weeds
• Some produce large seed quantities to enhance survival chances;
• Some remain viable in the soil for a long time to await favourable conditions to
germinate
• Some are easily and successfully dispersed to enhance chances of survival;
• Some have ability to propagate vegetatively into new plants;
• Some have extensive root system to enhance survival in drought conditions;
• Some have adaptations to survive where water/nutrients are limited through water and
food storage modifications
• Some have a short life cyle which is completed early before adverse climatic conditions
set in;
• Some irritate animals as a protective measure against grazing, trampling/some are
tolerant to pests and diseases.
• Some are heavy feeders they make food faster than crop establishes.
• Some weeds have allelopathic effects which suppresses growth of other plants
enhancing their survival. 8 x 1 8 mks

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 (b) Harvesting of Coffee
• Pick red ripe berries/cherries;
• Spread the berries on sisal mats and sort them out into Grades 1, 2 and 3 (Mbuni)
• Deliver grades 1 and 2 to the factory for pulping same day;
• Dry grade 3;
• Deliver grade 3 to factory at the end of harvesting season;
• Picking interval of 7 - 14 days.
5 x 1 5 mks

23.(a) Stem cuttings for Napier grass

• Select cuttings from a desirable variety;
• Select cuttings from healthy and high yielding mother plants;
• Make cuttings with 2 - 3 nodes;
• Place cuttings in planting holes in a slanting manner;
• Cover two nodes underground and one node above the ground.
5 x 1 5 mks
(b) Production of onions
(i) • Clear the land;
• Prepare the land early;
• Plough/dig deeply and eradicate all weeds;
• Harrow to a moderate tilth/fine tilth/appropriate tilth.
3 x 1 3 mks
(ii) • Thinning in directly planted crops to reduce competition;
• Weeding should be done carefully so as not to damage shallow roots.
• Remove excess soil from root region.
• Do not compact the soil around the bulb;
• Top dress with nitrogenous fertilizer/CAN at a rate of 250 Kg per ha three
months after planting;
• Spray with appropriate pesticide/chemical to control pests especially thrips;
• Spray with fungicides or practice crop rotation to control fungal diseases;
• Watering during dry spell/season.
4 x 1 4 mks
(iii) • Harvest after 5 months;
• Harvest when leaves start drying;
• Break or bend the tops at the neck to hasten withering;
• Dig up the bulb and leave them to dry under shade;
• Turn daily to ensure uniform drying;
• Store in slatted boxes;
• Leave bulb to dry under shade.
3 x 1 3 mks
(c) reasons for land Consolidation
• Proper supervision
• Saves time and travel costs between plots;
• Easy to offer extension services on the actual and on-spot inspection of land;
• Encourages sound farm planning and adoption of crop rotation programmes;
• Encourages soil conservation and land improvement;
• Encourages mechanization due to enlarged holdings;
• Encourages construction of permanent structures/undertake long term project
investments;
• Enhances weed, pest and disease control.
5 x 1 5 mks

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 K.C.S.E AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1 2014
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A (30 mks)
1. Advantages of organic farming
(i) Products are free from chemical residues
(ii) It is environmentally friendly
(iii) Livestock and farmer do risk effects of poisonous chemicals
(iv) Ozone layer is preserved
(v) It uses locally available material / its cheap
(vi) It maintain soil structure 4x1/2 =
2mks

2. Factors that can increase seed rate in crop production

(i) Seed impurity
(ii) Low germination percentage
(iii) Close spacing
(iv) More seeds per hole / broadcasting
(v) Early planting / dry planting 4x1/2 = 2mks

3. Roles of organic matter in sandy soil

(i) It improves soil capillarity
(ii) It improves soil water holding capacity
(iii) It binds soil particles
(iv) It improves soil microbial activities
(v) Modifies soil temperature
(vi) It provides nutrients on decomposition
(vii) It buffers soil pH 4x1/2 = 2mks

4. Reasons for minimum tillage

(i) It conserves soil moisture
(ii) It maintains soil structure
(iii) It saves cots on land preparation
(iv) It ensures minimum disturbance to plant roots
(v) Controls soil erosion
(vi) Reduces soil compaction by tillage implements
(vii) Prevents loss of nutrients by volatilization 4x1/2 = 2mks

5. Crop rotation
(a) Is the growing of crops of different families on the same piece of land
in an orderly sequence 1mk

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 Mulchins
(b) Is the covering of ground around a growing crop with organic material or
artificial sheets. 1mk

6. Reasons for inverting soil during primary tillage

(i) To bury organic matter /weds intothe soil
(ii) To expose soil to agents of weathering
(iii) To expose pets/disease agents to predators / strong sun
(iv) Ring up leached up nutrients to the surface
(v) To encourage water irrigation 4x1/2 =
2mks

7. Cultural ways of controlling couch grass

(i) Mulching
(ii) Cover cropping
(iii) Crop rotation
(iv) Timely planting
(v) Proper spacing
(vi) Flooding
(vii) Clean seedbed 4x1/2 =
2mks

8. Vegetative parts that can be used to propagate pineapple

(a)
(i) Crowns
(ii) Suckers
(iii) Slips 3 x ½ 1 ½ mks
(b) Disadvantages of vegetative propagating pineapples
(i) Transmits disease
(ii) Propagates genetic / varietal defects
(iii) Uniformity in growth
(iv) It is laborious / bulky
(v) Vegetative materials cannot be stored for long 3x½ 1
½ mks

9. Sources of underground water

(i) Springs
(ii) Bore hole
(iii) Wells 3 x ½ 1 ½ mks

10. Define
(a)Pollarding – cutting back the crown and the top branches of a tree 1 mk
(b) Coppicing – cutting down half a meter from the ground 1 mk
(c) Lopping – cutting one or more branches from the stem 1 mk

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11. Information included in a receipt when a farmer is selling eggs
(i) Date
(ii) Quantity of eggs
(iii) Price
(iv) Amount / total
(v) Buyers name
(vi) Name of the farm / farmer
(vii) Signature
(viii) Service number
(ix) Mode of payment whether cheque / cash 5 x ½ = 2 ½ mks
12.
(a) (i) stabilize river bank
(ii) slow down speed of surface runoff
(iii) trap soil / debris in surface runoff
(iv) reduces risk of flooding 2 x ½ 1mk
(b) Steep slope
(i) Reduce speed runoffs
(ii) Trap soil in erosive water
(iii) Tree routs bind and stabilize the soil / maintain soil structure 2
x ½ 1mk

13. Disadvantages of plastic pipes

(i) Can be gnawed by rodents / easily damaged
(ii) Become brittle on exposure to strong sun
(iii) Can burst of high pressure 3x½ 1 ½ mks

14. Causes of blossom endrot in tomatoes

(i) Irregular watering
(ii) Lack of calcium
(iii) Excessive nitrogen application 3x½ 1 ½ mks

15. Define preference and choice as used in agricultural economics

The act of deciding on how to allocate available scarce resources to alternative lines based
on the farmer inerest.

SECTION B (20 mks)

16. Distinguish between straight and compound fertilizer

(a) Straight fertilizers supply one of the fertilizer elements eg N, P or K while
compound fertilizers supply two or the three fertilizers elements
1mk

(b) 100 kg supply 20kgN 1ha require. 200kg CAN

200 kg supply
Farmer applied 40 x 5 = 200kgN 100kg CAN supply 20kg

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 4mks
17. Identify the type of erosion
(a) Splash erosion / rain drop erosion 1mk
(b) How does the type of erosion state above occur
1mk
- Soil is detached; by the impact of rain drops
(c) How does cover cropping help to control the type of erosion shown above
(i) Reduces impact on rain drop
(ii) Prevents movement of soil
(iii) Plant roots ind soil particles

18. (a) per capita income = 2mks

(b) which of the two countrie s is more developed economically 1mk

B
(C) reason for your answer in (b) above 1mk
B has a higher per capita income

(d) How can agriculture increase the gross domestic product of a country 1mk
By creating employment / developing industries / increasing production

19. Identify the weed labelled A 1mk

(a) Black jack (bidens pilosa)
(b) Control measure of weed labelled A 1mk
(i) Uprooting
(ii) Slashing
(iii) Cultivation
(c)Which category of herbicide will be most suitable to control the weed
labeled A and B
(I) A contact herbicide
(II) B system herbicide
(d) Give a reason your answer on weed B in (c) above
Has underground propagation structures

SECTION C (40 MKS)

20. Describe the various risks and uncertainities in crop farming

(i) Technology uncertainty i.e farmers may not be sure of the effectiveness of
new production technology
(ii) Price uncertainty due fluctuation of commodity prices
(iii) Personal injury or sickness which may affect the farmer’s ability to work

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 (iv) Government policy which may change with time and make a farmer to incur a loss
(v) Demand for a commodity uncertainity may result in a loss when the market
demand is low
(vi) Yield uncertainity ie the farmer cannot accurately project how much to expect
(vii) Theft of crop
(viii) Fire risk
(ix) Political instability
(x) Labour uncertainity
(xi) Natural catastrophes
(xii) Pest and diseases
(xiii) Obsolescence 10mks

(b) State the function of young farmers clubs in Kenya

(i) Participations in exhibitions and competitions at ASK shows
(ii) Involvement in agricultural projects at club level
(iii) Participating in YFC annual rallies
(iv) Involvement in workshops & seminar related to agriculture
(v) Participating in national tree planting activities
(vi) Participating in national ploughing contests

(c) Give the reasons for land registration in Kenya

(i) Registered land can be used to secure credit facilities
(ii) Registration minimizes land disputes
(iii) Security tenure ensures long term investment projects
(iv) Enables occupant to lease or sell part of the land
(v) Encourages undertaking soil conservation measures

21. (a) five ways in which the Kenyan government can improve maize production
(i) Provision of extension services to advise farmers on modern maize production
techniques eg irrigation
(ii) Provision of subsides on farm inputs e.g fertilizers to reduce the cost of production
(iii) Provision of credit facilities eg. Through AFC to finance maize farming operations
(iv) Imposing high taxation on imported maize and maize products to discourage
importation and protect local farmers
(v) Quality control to ensure production of high quality maize that can attract foreign
markets
(vi) Supporting research into new and improved varieties of maize for high yields
(vii) Farm input supplies
(viii) Provision of mket services
(ix) Provision of drying and storage facilities
(x) Provision of hire tractor services.

(b) reasons for pruning in crops 10mks

(i) make the plant take a desired shape
(ii) to remove diseased parts to prevent disease spread

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 (iii) to control cropping to ensure production of high quality
(iv) to ease penetration of sprays to minimize wastage
(v) to control pests / diseases by eliminating the micro-climates
(vi) to facilitate light penetration and optimize photosynthesis process
(vii) to remove dead / broken parts
(viii) To remove old / unproductive parts on which resources are waisted
(ix) To promote lateral growth eg in tea
(x) To facilitate management practices e.g weeding harvesting etc 10mks

22. (a) supply and demand curves

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 (i) Heading 1mk
Correct plotting 2 x 1 = 2 mks
Smooth curves 2 x 1 = 2 mks
Curve identity ½ x 2 = 1 mk
Scale ½ x 2 = 1 mk
Total 07 mks

(ii) Price at which 120kg of tomatoes were supplied in the mket 1mk
Kshs 13.40 10 cents (13.30 – 13.50)

(iii) Kg of tomatoes bought at a mket price of 13/= 1mk

140 kg 1kg (139 – 141)

(iv) The equilibrium price for tomatoes on the mket 1mk

Kshs 13.80 10 cents (13.70 – 13.90)

(b) describe the production of maize under the following subheadings

(i) seed preparation
- bush clearing
- carry out primary cultivation
- carry out 20 cultivation
- early land preparation during the dry season
- deep ploughing to remove perennial weeds
- harrow to medium tilth
- carry out soil and water conservation measures any 4x1 = 4mks

(ii) planting maize

- plant at the onset of rains / dry plant
- space according to variety / 75-90 cm x 20-30 cm
- plant one or two seeds per hole
- planting depth 2.5-10cm depending on the moisture content
- plant manually or use planters
- use phosphatic fertilizers / organic fertilizers 3 x 1 = 3mks

(iii) harvesting maize

- harvest after 3-9 months
- harvest when the whole plant dries / according to mket demand
- harvest manually by hand or use combine harvesters
- cut and stock the maize if harvesting is manual
- remove the cobbed maize from the husks 3 x 1 = 3mks

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