SOLUTION - PART I

Solution : Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Solute Solvent
which gets dissolves and is present in the Present in larger quantity, state of solution
smaller quantity Which gets dissolved and is determined by it
is present in the smaller quantity

Types of Solution
Type of Solvent Amount of Solvent

Aqueous Non-Aqueous Concentrated Dilute

Solvent Is water Solvent Is other Large amounts of Small amount of
than water solute in the given solute in a large
solvent. amount of solvent.
Amount of Solute
Unsaturated Saturated Super saturated
Can dissolve more Cannot dissolve Solute is present inexcess
solute more solute andcan be dissolved by
increasing temperature
Amount of solute in two solutions
Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic
Lower concentration Same concentration Higher concentration
of solute of solute
Expressing the concentration of Solutions
Method of Expressing Formula

w w2
Mass percentage — %= × 100
W w1 + w2

v V2
Volume percentage — %= × 100
V V1 + V2

w w2
Mass by Volume percentage — %= × 100
V Vsolution(in ml)

w2
Parts per million(ppm) × 106
(w1 + w2)

Molarity, (M) w2 × 1000

(mol L-1) M2 × Vsolution(in ml)

Molality, (m) w2 × 1000

(mol kg-1) M2 × w1(in g)
Mole fraction, n1 n1 ,
x1 = or x2 =
(x) n1 + n2 n1 + n2

(x1 + x2 = 1)
In case of gases only,
P1 or y2 = P1 ,
y1 = P1 + P2
P1 + P2
(y1 + y2 = 1)
Solubility: Maximum amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a specified
amount of solvent at a specified temperature
Solute

Solvent Solution
Solubility of a solid in a liquid Solubility of a gas in a liquid
• Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents • Many gases like oxygen are soluble in
and non polar solutes in non-polar liquids like water
solvents.
Solute + Solvent Solution Solute + Solvent Solution
• If endothermic the • if exothermic the • Dissolution of gas
Solubility

solubility increases solubility should is predominantly

with rise in decrease with rise exothermic hence
temperature in temperature solubility decreases
with rise in temperature Temperature
• Solids are incompressible hence • As gases are completely compressible ,
pressure has no effect on solubility their solubility increases with increase in
pressure

Gas
Solubility
Solubility

Solid

Pressure Pressure
Vapour pressure of liquid solutions : Pressure formed by the vapor of the liquid
over the surface of the liquid.
Raoult’s law: “For a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour
pressure of each component of the solution is directly
proportional to its mole fraction present in solution
p1 ∞ x1
p1 = p10 x1
p10 is the vapour pressure of pure component 1 at the same temperature
Liquid-Liquid solutions Solid-Liquid solutions
(Components 1 and 2 both are volatile) (Component 1 is volatile)
P1 = P1 + P2 P1 ∞ x1
0 0
Ptotal = x1P1 + x2P2 P1 = P10 x1
0 0
= (1 - x2 )P1 + x2P2
= P10 + (P20 - P10 )x2 Vapour pressure
0
of pure solvent
+ P2 P2
PT = P1
0
P1
Vapour Pressure

P
0
.X 2
2
P 2=
Vapour Pressure

P1 =
P1 .X0
1

0 Mole Fraction of solvent 1

X1 = 1 Mole Fraction X1 = 0 X1
X2 = 0 X2 = 1
 SOLUTION - PART II
Solutions : On the basis of Raoult’s law.
Ideal Non-ideal
• Obey Raoult’s law over the entire range • Do not obey Raoult’s law over the entire
of concentration range of concentration
• ∆mix H = 0 P + PB
III 0
PB Negative deviation Positive deviation
P = A
• ∆mix V = 0 0
To t a l
P II
Vapour Pressure
• ∆mix H = -ve • ∆mix H = +ve
PA B

• ∆mix V = -ve • ∆mix V = +ve

PA
I Vapour pressure of Ideal Vapour pressure of Ideal
Mole Fraction non-ideal solution solution non-ideal solution solution
XA = 1 XA = 0
XB = 0 XB
XB = 1

• A-A and B-B interactions are equal to A-B

Vapour Pressure
Vapour Pressure
interactions
PB PA PA PB

XA = 1 Mole Fraction XA = 1 Mole Fraction

XA = 0 XA = 0
XB = 0 XA XB = 0 XA XB = 1
XB = 1
XB XB
A B
• A-B interactions are • A-B interactions are
stronger than those weaker than those
A-B interaction between A-A or B-B between A-A or B-B

Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure Elevation of Boiling Point

0
600 ∆Tb = Tb - Tb
Vapour Pressure of water

Pure water
500
K × 1000 × w2
400 ∆Tb = b Boiling point of
M2 × w1
300 Solvent Solution
200 1.013 bar
100 or 1 Atm
e nt
0 lv n
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 So utio
l
∆p1 = p1 - p1 0
Mole Fraction of water So
Vapour Pressure

∆p1 p10 - p1
= 0 = x2
p01 p1 0 ∆Tb
Tb
p10 - p1 w2 × M1 Tb
=
p01 M2 × w1 Temperature/K

Colligative Properties
depend on the number
and not nature of solute
particles
Depression of Freezing Point Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
∆Tf = Tf - Tf
0
• Solvent molecules always flow from lower
∆Tf = Tf m concentration to higher concentration of
solution
K × w2× 1000 • The pressure that just stops the flow of
∆Tf = f
M2 × w1 l vent solvent is called osmotic pressure of the
So
uid solution.
1.013 bar Liq ion w2RT
ut
or 1 Atm nt Sol Л = CRT Л V=
ve M2
S ol
n w2RT
ze
Fro or M2=
ЛV
Vapour Pressure

Pure water Solution Pressure, Л

∆Tf Glucose Osmotic

pressure, Л

0
Tf Tf Semipermeable
membrane

Temperature/K

Abnormal molar mass is the experimentally determined molar mass

Association Dissociation
• The experimentally determined molar • The molar mass calculated will be twice
mass is half than the true value the expected value. ....... O H O
+
KCl = K + Cl- 2CH3COOH G(CH3COOH)2 CH3 C C H3C
O H....... O

• Van’t Hoff introduced a factor i, known as the Van’t Hoff factor, to account for the
extent of dissociation or association.
Normal molar mass
i=
Abnormal molar mass
Observed colligative property
=
Calculated colligative property

Total number of moles of particles after association/ dissociation

i=
Number of moles of particles before association/ dissociation

Correction Of the colligative property

Relative lowering of vapour pressure of solvent

p10 - p1 n2
= i. —
p01 n 1
Elevation of Boiling point, ∆Tb = iKbm
Depression of Freezing point, ∆Tf = iKfm
Osmotic pressure of solution, Л = in2RT/V