Human

Sixth Edition
Chapter 3, Part B
Biology Structure and Function
Concepts and Current Issues
of Cells
Michael D. Johnson

Lecture Presentation
Suzanne Long
Monroe Community College

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cytosol
Semifluid gel material
inside the cell Nucleus
Information
Peroxisome center for the
Destroys cellular toxic waste cell. Contains
DNA
Centrioles
Microtubular structures
involved in cell division

Cytoskeleton
Structural framework of
the cell

Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Primary site of
macromolecule
synthesis other than
proteins

Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Primary site of
protein synthesis by
ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Refines, packages, and
ships macromolecular
products
Secretory vesicle
Membrane-bound
shipping container

Ribosomes Mitochondrion
Site of protein synthesis Produces energy
for the cell
Plasma membrane
Lysosome
Controls movement of
Digests damaged organelles
materials into and out of cell
and cellular debris
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.14
Nucleus

• Functions
– Contains the genetic information of the cell
– Controls the cell
• Structural features
– Double-layered nuclear membrane
– Nuclear pores
– Chromosomes/chromatin
– Nucleolus

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 Nuclear
pores
Nucleolus
Nuclear
Nuclear membrane
membrane

A transmission electron micrograph (X 6,000) of

the nucleus of an animal cell

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.15

Ribosomes

• Site of protein synthesis

• Location
– Free: floating I cytoplasm
– Bound: attached to outer surface of
endoplasmic reticulum

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

– Rough ER
• Has ribosomes on surface
• Protein manufacturing, modifications
– Smooth ER
• No ribosomes on surface
• Lipid synthesis
• Packages the proteins

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 Nucleus

Rough ER

Vesicle

Smooth ER

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.16

Golgi Apparatus

• Refines synthesized products

• Packaging and shipping center
• Products are packaged into vesicles and
shipped to other locations within the cell or
to the cell membrane for export

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 Smooth ER

Golgi apparatus

Vesicles

Lysosome
Secretory vesicle
Plasma
membrane

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.17

Vesicles
• Storage and shipping vesicles
• Secretory vesicles
• Endocytic vesicles
• Peroxisomes
– Contain enzymes that detoxify
• Lysosomes
– Contain digestive enzymes

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 Harmless
waste
Alcohol

Peroxisome

Cell toxic
Golgi
waste
apparatus

Lysosome

Residual
body

Bacterium

Plasma membrane

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.18

Mitochondria

• “Power plant” of the cell

• Surrounded by a double membrane
• Utilizes O2 and produces CO2
• Generates ATP

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 Nutrients
from
foodstuffs

Inner
membrane
Outer
membrane

a) The structure and overall function of a b) A photomicrograph of a mitochondrion.

mitochondrion.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.19

 Nutrients
from
foodstuffs

Inner
membrane

Outer
membrane

a) The structure and overall function of a

mitochondrion.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.19a
b) A photomicrograph of a mitochondrion.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.19b
Fat and Glycogen: Sources of Energy

• Fat
– Triglycerides
– Long-term energy storage in animals
• Glycogen
– Carbohydrate storage
– Short-term energy storage in animals

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Cell Structures for Support and Movement
• Cytoskeleton
– Microtubules
– Microfilaments
• Cilia
– Short, many
– Found on cells lining airways
• Flagella
– Long, single
– Enable spermatozoa to swim
• Centrioles
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Glycoprotein

Plasma
membrane
Microfilaments

Microtubule

Golgi
apparatus

Mitochondrion

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.20

Cells Use and Transform Matter
and Energy

• Anabolism
– Requires enzymes
– Used in making/assembling large molecules
– May require energy (ATP)
– Used in building and assembling cell
components
– Used in storing energy

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Cells Use and Transform Matter
and Energy

• Catabolism
– Requires enzymes
– Breakdown of molecules
– May release energy
– Used in breaking down nutrients and recycling
cell components
– Used to access energy storage

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Glucose Provides the Cell with Energy

• Glucose provides energy for the cell

• Energy in glucose is used to generate
ATP
• In absence of glucose, other
carbohydrates, fats, and protein can be
catabolized to generate ATP

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(glucoce + oxygen) (carbon dioxide + water)

• Anabolism
• Transport
• Muscle contraction
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.23
Glucose Provides the Cell with Energy

• Four stages of cellular respiration

– Glycolysis
– Preparatory step
– Citric acid cycle
– Electron transport system

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Energy Energy

Energy Energy

Citric Electron
Glycolysis Prepatory acid transport
step cycle system

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.24

Glycolysis

• Occurs in the cytoplasm

• Series of 10 reactions that split glucose
into two molecules of pyruvic acid
• 2 ATP are produced (net)
• High-energy electrons and hydrogen ions
are removed and picked up by a coenzyme
NAD+, forming NADH

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Glycolysis

1 Glucose
(6-carbon)

Energy
Investment
steps

2 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (PGAL)
(3-carbon)

Energy-yielding
steps

2 Pyruvate
(3-carbon)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.25

Preparatory Step for Citric Acid Cycle

• Pyruvate enters mitochondria

• Pyruvate converted to acetyl group and
CO2
• High-energy electrons and hydrogen
ions are removed and picked up by a
coenzyme NAD+, forming NADH
• Acetyl group joined to coenzyme A to
form acetyl CoA
• Acetyl CoA will enter citric acid cycle

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Preparatory step

Pyruvate
(3-carbon)

Acetyl group
(2-carbon)
Coenzyme A

Acetyl CoA

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.26

Citric Acid Cycle

• Occurs in mitochondria
• Also known as Krebs cycle
• Extracts high-energy electrons to form NADH
and FADH2
• Produces two ATP and carbon dioxide

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Acetyl CoA

Acetyl group
(2-carbon)

Citric acid
(6-carbon)
Oxaloacetate
(4-carbon)

Citric acid cycle

Fumarate -ketoglutarate
(4-carbon) (5-carbon)

Succinate
(4-carbon)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.27

Electron Transport System
• Located in inner mitochondrial membrane
• Takes electrons from NADH and FADH2
• Movement of electrons from one electron
carrier to the next releases energy that is
harvested to generate ATP
• Final electron acceptor is O2, which forms
water upon receiving electrons and hydrogen
ions
• ATP generated by ATP synthase enzyme
• Process also known as oxidative
phosphorylation

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 Outer membrane

Inner membrane
of mitochondrion

Electron transport system ATP Synthase

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.28

Summary of Energy Production
from Glucose

• Over 20 enzyme-catalyzed reactions

• Approximately 36 ATP (net) produced from
each molecule of glucose
• Oxygen consumed, carbon dioxide
produced
• Cellular respiration: cellular process that
uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide
in the process of making ATP

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 to shuttle electrons from
Mitochondrion NADH in cytosol to NADH
within mitochondrion

Glycolysis 2 Citric Electron

2 Preparatory acid transport chain
Acetyl and oxidative
Glucose Pyruvate step cycle
CoA phosphorylation

to initiate by substrate-level by substrate-level by oxidative

glycolysis phosphorylation phosphorylation phosphorylation

a) Most of the ATP generated during cellular respiration is synthesized in the electron transport system.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.29a

Additional Energy Sources

• Glycogen
• Fats
– Triglycerides have twice the energy of
carbohydrates
• Proteins
– Have the same energy as carbohydrates

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 Fats Glycogen Protein

Glucose Amino acids

Carbon NH3 Urea (waste)

Fatty acids Glycerol Pyruvate
backbone

Acetyl Citric Electron

Preparatory acid transport
step CoA
cycle system

(2) many

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.30

Anaerobic Pathways Make Energy
Available without Oxygen
• Cellular respiration cannot continue in the
absence of O2
• Glycolysis will continue, pyruvate will build up
• Pyruvate will be converted to lactic acid
• Lactic acid buildup in muscles will cause a
burning sensation
• 2 ATP produced per molecule of glucose
• When O2 is available, lactic acid will be
metabolized aerobically
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 Glucose

(Glycolysis)

Pyruvate Lactic acid

buildup

Mitochondrial
metabolism
blocked without
oxygen

Mitochondrion

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.31

Breaking Down Glucose for Energy

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.