273.15 273.

15
∴= × TA = × TB
200 350
200
TA = TB
350
Therefore, the ratio TA : TB is given as 4: 7.
Answer 3:
It is given that:
R = R = Ro 1 + α ( T − To )  … (i)
Where,
R0 and T0 are the initial resistance and temperature respectively
R and T are the final resistance and temperature respectively
α is a constant
At the triple point of water, T0 = 273.15 K
Resistance of lead, R0 = 101.6 Ω
At normal melting point of lead, T = 600.5 K
Resistance of lead, R = 165.5 Ω
Substituting these values in equation (i), we get:
R = R0 1 + a (T − To ) 
165.5 = 101.6 1 + a ( 600.5 − 273.15 ) 
1.629 = 1 + a ( 327.35 )
0.629
∴a = = 1.92 × 10−3 K −1
327.35
For resistance, R1 = 123.4 Ω
R = R0 1 + a (T − To ) 
Where, T is the temperature when the resis tan ce of lead is 123.4 Ω
123.4 = 101.6 1 + 1.92 × 10−3 (T − 273.15 ) 
1.214 = 1 + 1.92 × 10−3 (T − 273.15 )
0.214
= T − 273.15
1.92 × 10−3
∴T = 384.61 K
Answer 4:
(a) The triple point of water has a unique value of 273.16 K. At particular values of volume
and pressure, the triple point of water is always 273.16 K. The melting point of ice and
boiling point of water do not have particular values because these points depend on
pressure and temperature.
(b) The absolute zero or 0 K is the other fixed point on the Kelvin absolute scale.
(c) The temperature 273.16 K is the triple point of water. It is not the melting point of ice.
The temperature 0°C on Celsius scale is the melting point of ice. Its corresponding value
on Kelvin scale is 273.15 K.
Hence, absolute temperature (Kelvin scale) T, is related to temperature tc, on Celsius
scale as:
 Therefore, the absolute temperature of the normal melting point of sulphur as read by
thermometer B is 391.98 K.
(b) The oxygen and hydrogen gas present in thermometers A and B respectively are not
perfect ideal gases. Hence, there is a slight difference between the readings of
thermometers A and B.
To reduce the discrepancy between the two readings, the experiment should be carried
under low pressure conditions. At low pressure, these gases behave as perfect ideal gases.
Answer 6:
Length of the steel tape at temperature T = 27°C, l = 1 m = 100 cm
At temperature T1 = 45°C, the length of the steel rod, l1 = 63 cm
Coefficient of linear expansion of steel, α = 1.20 × 10−5 K −1
Let l2 be the actual length of the steel rod and l' be the length of the steel tape at 45°C.
l ′ = l + al (T1 − T )
∴ l ′ = 100 + 1.20 ×10−5 × 100 ( 45 − 27 )
= 100.0216 cm
Hence, the actual length of the steel rod measured by the steel tape at 45°C can be calculated
as:
100.0216
l2 = × 63 = 63.0136 cm
100
Therefore, the actual length of the rod at 45.0°C is 63.0136 cm. Its length at 27.0°C is 63.0 cm.
Answer 7:
The given temperature, T = 27°C can be written in Kelvin as:
27 + 273 = 300 K
Outer diameter of the steel shaft at T, d1 = 8.70 cm
Diameter of the central hole in the wheel at T, d2 = 8.69 cm
Coefficient of linear expansion of steel, α steel = 1.20 ×10−5 K −1
After the shaft is cooled using 'dry ice', its temperature becomes T1 .
The wheel will slip on the shaft, if the change in diameter, Δd = 8.69 – 8.70
= – 0.01 cm
Temperature T1 , can be calculated from the relation:
∆d = d1 α steel (T1 − T )
0.01 = 8.70 ×1.20 × 10−5 (T1 − 300 )
(T1 − 300 ) = 95.78
∴ T1 = 204.21 K
= 204.21–273.16
= –68.95°C
Therefore, the wheel will slip on the shaft when the temperature of the shaft is -69°C.

Answer 8: Initial temperature, T1 = 27.0°C

Diameter of the hole at T1 , d1 = 4.24 cm
Final temperature, T2 = 227°C
 F = Tension developed in the wire
A = Area of cross-section of the wire.
ΔL = Change in the length, given by the relation:
ΔL = αL (T2 − T1 ) … (ii)
Equating equations (i) and (ii), we get:
FL
aL (T2 − T1 ) = 2
d 
π   ×Y
2
2
d 
F = a (T2 − T1 ) π  
2
2
 2 ×10−3 
F = 2 ×10 × ( −39 − 27 ) × 3.14 × 0.91× 10 × 
−5 11

 2 
= − 3.8 ×102 N
3.8 ×102 N
(The negative sign indicates that the tension is directed inward.)
Hence, the tension developed in the wire is 3.8 ×102 N .
Answer 10:
Initial temperature, T1 = 40°C
Final temperature, T2 = 250°C
Change in temperature, ∆T = T2 − T1 = 210°C
Length of the brass rod at T1 , l1 = 50 cm
Diameter of the brass rod at T1 , d1 = 3.0 mm
Length of the steel rod at T2 , l2 = 50 cm
Diameter of the steel rod at T2 , d 2 = 3.0 mm
Coefficient of linear expansion of brass, α1 = 2.0 × 10−5 K −1
Coefficient of linear expansion of steel, α 2 = 1.2 × 10−5 K −1
For the expansion in the brass rod, we have:
Change in area ( △ A )
= a1 △T
Original area ( A )
∴△l1 = 50 × ( 2.1× 10−5 ) × 210
= 0.2205 cm
For the expansion in the steel rod, we have:
Change in area ( △ A )
= a2 △T
Original area ( A )
∴△l2 = 50 × ( 2.1× 10−5 ) × 210
= 0.126 cm
Total change in the lengths of brass and steel,
∆l = ∆l1 + ∆l2
= 0.2205 + 0.126
 Part – II
Class –XI Physics
Chapter – 11 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Answer 12:
Power of the drilling machine, P= 10 kW = 10 ×103 W
Mass of the aluminum block, m= 8.0 kg = 8 × 103 g
Time for which the machine is used, t= 2.5 min = 2.5 × 60 = 150 s
Specific heat of aluminium, c= 0.91 J g −1K −1
Rise in the temperature of the block after drilling = δ T
Total energy of the drilling machine = Pt
= 10 ×103 ×150
= 1.5 ×106 J
It is given that only 50% of the power is useful.
50
Useful energy, △Q = × 1.5 ×106 = 7.5 × 105 J
100
But △Q = mc△T
△Q
∴△T =
mc
7.5 ×105
=
8 ×103 × 0.91
= 103° C
Therefore, in 2.5 minutes of drilling, the rise in the temperature of the block is 103°C.

Answer 13:
Mass of the copper block, m = 2.5 kg = 2500 g
Rise in the temperature of the copper block, Δθ = 500°C
Specific heat of copper, C = 0.39 J g −1 C −1
Heat of fusion of water, L = 335 J g −1
The maximum heat the copper block can lose, Q = mCΔθ
= 2500 × 0.39 × 500
= 487500 J
Let m1 g be the amount of ice that melts when the copper block is placed on the ice block.
The heat gained by the melted ice, Q = m1 L
Q 487500
∴ m1 = = = 1455.22 g
L 335
Hence, the maximum amount of ice that can melt is 1.45 kg.

Answer 14: Mass of the metal, m = 0.20 kg = 200 g

Initial temperature of the metal, T1 = 150°C
Final temperature of the metal, T2 = 40°C
Calorimeter has water equivalent of mass, m' = 0.025 kg = 25 g
Volume of water, V = 150 cm3
 C is the triple point of the CO 2 phase diagram. This means that at the temperature and
pressure corresponding to this point (i.e., at -56.6°C and 5.11 atm), the solid, liquid, and
vaporous phases of CO 2 co-exist in equilibrium.
(b) The fusion and boiling points of CO 2 decrease with a decrease in pressure.
(c) The critical temperature and critical pressure of CO 2 are 31.1°C and 73 atm respectively.
Even if it is compressed to a pressure greater than 73 atm, CO 2 will not liquefy above the
critical temperature.
(d) It can be concluded from the P-T phase diagram of CO 2 that:
(a) CO 2 is gaseous at -70°C, under 1 atm pressure
(b) CO 2 is solid at -60°C, under 10 atm pressure
(c) CO 2 is liquid at 15°C, under 56 atm pressure

Answer 17:
(a) No
(b) It condenses to solid directly.
(c) The fusion and boiling points are given by the intersection point where this parallel line
cuts the fusion and vaporisation curves.
(d) It departs from ideal gas behaviour as pressure increases.
Explanation:
(a) The P-T phase diagram for CO 2 is shown in the following figure.

At 1 atm pressure and at -60°C, CO 2 lies to the left of -56.6°C (triple point C). Hence, it
lies in the region of vaporous and solid phases.
Thus, C CO 2 condenses into the solid state directly, without going through the liquid
state.
(b) At 4 atm pressure, CO 2 lies below 5.11 atm (triple point C). Hence, it lies in the region of
vaporous and solid phases. Thus, it condenses into the solid state directly, without
passing through the liquid state.
(c) When the temperature of a mass of solid CO 2 (at 10 atm pressure and at -65°C) is
increased, it changes to the liquid phase and then to the vaporous phase. It forms a line
parallel to the temperature axis at 10 atm. The fusion and boiling points are given by the
intersection point where this parallel line cuts the fusion and vaporisation curves.
 KA (T − 0 ) t
θ=
l
Where,
2
A= Surface area of the box = 6 s 2 = 6 × ( 0.3 ) = 0.54 m3
0.01× 0.54 × ( 45 ) × 6 × 60 × 60
θ= = 104976 J
0.05
But θ = m′L
θ
∴ m′ =
L
104976
= = 0.313 kg
335 ×103
Mass of ice left = 4 – 0.313 = 3.687 kg
Hence, the amount of ice remaining after 6 h is 3.687 kg.

Answer 20:
Base area of the boiler, A = 0.15 m2
Thickness of the boiler, l = 1.0 cm = 0.01 m
Boiling rate of water, R= 6.0 kg/min
Mass, m = 6 kg
Time, t = 1 min = 60 s
Thermal conductivity of brass, K= 109 J s –1m –1 K –1
Heat of vaporisation, L= 2256 × 103 J kg –1
The amount of heat flowing into water through the brass base of the boiler is given by:
KA (T1 − T2 ) t
θ= …………(i)
l
Where,
T1 = Temperature of the flame in contact with the boiler
T2 = Boiling point of water = 100°C
Heat required for boiling the water:
θ = mL … (ii)
Equating equations (i) and (ii), we get:
KA (T1 − T2 ) t
∴ ml =
l
mLl
T1 − T2 =
KAt
6 × 2256 ×103 × 0.01
=
109 × 0.15 × 60
= 137.98°C
Therefore, the temperature of the part of the flame in contact with the boiler is 137.98°C.

Answer 21:
2.3026 80 − 20
log10 = −300
K 50 − 20
2.3026
log10 2 = −300
K
−2.3026
log10 2 = K …….(ii)
K
The temperature of the body falls from 60°C to 30°C in time = t'
Hence, we get:
−2.3026 60 − 20
'
log10 = −t '
t 30 − 20
−2.3026
log10 4 = K ………….(iii)
t'
Equating equations (ii) and (iii), we get:
−2.3026 −2.3026
'
log10 4 = log10 2
t 300
∴ t ' = 300 × 2 = 600 s = 10 min
Therefore, the time taken to cool the body from 60°C to 30°C is 10 minutes.