Academy of Technology

Department : ME Semester : 1st

Paper Name : Basic Electrical Engineering Paper Code: ES EE 101

Power Point Presentation on[“Explanation of Working Principle of Single Phase Transformer”]

Presented by

Name of the Student : Shubhranil Ghara University Roll NO. : 16900723022

To fulfil the requirement of Continuous Assessment 1 [CA1] of B.Tech Course.

Fig.1 : Transformer
Winding Dots :
These are placed at one end of each winding such that these ends have the same polarity of induced emf in the
windings (caused by time varying core flux). The reader should verify this for the transformer of Fig. 1.
The constructional features of the transformer and the functions performed by its essential parts are now
described with reference to Fig.1
1. Core : It is a closed high permeability magnetic path constructed of silicon sheet steel lightly insulated (by
varnish) from each other. The core generally takes a rectangular shape with a rectangular or stepped rectangular
cross-section. Its function is to carry alternating flux (determined by coil voltage). Silicon steel has a low eddy
current loss and hysteresis loss. Further laminated construction prevents increase of eddy current loss which
otherwise would occur in a solid core.
2. Primary winding (labelled '1’) : It acts as the input port for electric energy (or power), i.e. the primary winding
draws energy from the source.
3. Secondary winding (labelled '2’) : It acts as the output port for electric energy (or power), i.e. the secondary
winding puts out energy to the external circuit. Remark. It is easily possible to interchange the roles of primary
and secondary windings by altering the electric conditions prevailing the two windings. To avoid confusion in
practice, the two transformer coils are known as HV (high voltage) and LV (low voltage) windings.
4. Mutual flux φ . : It is the major part of the core flux which is confined to the magnetic core and so
links both the coils (windings). This flux participates in the energy transfer process.
5. Leakage flux φl1 , φl2. :This flux links either of the windings and completes part of its path through
air, so it is much smaller in magnitude compared to the mutual flux. This flux does not contribute to
the energy transfer process. Instead, it causes both windings to possess leakage reactance (xl1= ωLl1 ,
xl2= ωLl2)Leakage reactance causes reactive voltage drops (Ix) in the two windings.
6. Winding resistances r1 ,r2 : Each of the windings possesses a small resistance which causes
insignificant voltage drops (IR) but are important in efficiency consideration as these cause
ohmic loss (I2R).
TRANSFORMER CORE TYPES :
1.Core type core (Fig. 2(a)). : Half LV and half HV are wound on each outer limb of the core with LV
placed inside next to the core limb and the HV wound outside it. This arrangement reduces leakage
flux and leakage reactance of the two windings. Also, LV on the inner side means less insulation cost.

Fig. 2.1
2. Shell type core (Fig. 2(b)). : The LV and HV winding packets are placed on the central limb in a
sandwiched fashion with the LV (1/2 packet) placed near both outer ends of the limb.

Fig. 2.2
3. Insulation. : Windings made of copper/aluminium conductor (round/strip) are insulated by braided
cotton, cotton tape, empire tape etc. and then impregnated with varnish under vacuum to displace air
packets inside the insulation. Windings are insulated from the core by means of bakelite cylinders and
plastic spacers are also so insulated from each other. Such insulation must be spacedto allow free space
for circulation of coil.

4. Housing, cooling. : A transformer core with windings is placed inside a steel tank filled with
transformer oil so that no ingress of moisture can take place to the windings which would otherwise
deteriorate the insulation. The oil circulating under natural thermal connection removes heat of losses
(hysteresis and eddy current loss in the core and ohmic loss in the windings) which then is radiated and
taken away to the environment from the tank surface. The tank surface is increased by providing
cooling pipes, fins, etc. for improved cooling of large transformers. Forced external cooling of oil may
be needed for very large transformer installations.
Working Principle of a Transformer:
The working principle of a single-phase transformer is based on electromagnetic induction. Here's a step-
by-step explanation of how it operates:
1.AC Power Input:
1. The transformer is connected to an AC power source, typically the electrical grid.
2. The AC input voltage creates an alternating magnetic flux in the transformer's core.
2.Magnetic Flux in the Core:
1. The transformer core is usually made of laminated iron or steel to enhance magnetic properties.
2. As the AC current in the primary winding alternates, it generates a changing magnetic field in the
core.
3.Induction of Voltage in Primary Winding:
1. The changing magnetic field induces a voltage in the primary winding according to Faraday's law
of electromagnetic induction.
2. This induced voltage in the primary winding causes an alternating current to flow through it.
4.Transfer of Magnetic Flux to Secondary Winding:
1. The alternating magnetic flux generated in the core extends to the secondary winding, which is
wound around the same core.
2. The magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary winding, following the same principles of
electromagnetic induction.
5.Voltage Output in Secondary Winding:
1. The induced voltage in the secondary winding depends on the turns ratio between the
primary and secondary windings.
2. If the secondary winding has more turns than the primary winding, the output voltage is
higher. Conversely, if it has fewer turns, the output voltage is lower.
6.Isolation and Transformation:
1. The transformer provides electrical isolation between the primary and secondary circuits
since they are not electrically connected.
2. The primary function of the transformer is to transform voltage levels between the
primary and secondary sides without changing the frequency of the AC signal.
7.Power Transfer:
1. Electrical power is transferred from the primary winding to the secondary winding
through the magnetic coupling in the core.
In summary, a single-phase transformer operates by utilizing the principles of electromagnetic
induction to transfer electrical power between two or more circuits with different voltage levels.
It is a fundamental component in power distribution systems, enabling efficient voltage
transformation and electrical isolation.
Conclusion:
The single-phase transformer serves as a cornerstone in electrical power systems, embodying the
principles of electromagnetic induction to enable the seamless transfer of energy across varying
voltage levels. Its significance lies in providing essential functions such as voltage
transformation, electrical isolation, and power distribution. Widely employed in residential,
commercial, and industrial settings, the transformer's adaptability, reliability, and efficiency make
it a linchpin in ensuring the stable and effective supply of electrical power. As a critical element
of infrastructure, regular maintenance is imperative to sustain optimal performance, underscoring
its enduring in contemporary electrical engineering and power delivery.

References:
1) Basic Electrical Engineering by Chakrabarti Abhijit
2) Electrical Engineering 101 – Darren Ashby.
“Thank You”