Kecwge 42

Frt a
egine, ih ia reverille and
the Mot an be
ehient eghne posble.
characteized by to tempertue, T, ctd Te
Aeordingto Coano'o theoren,
fasunot
be evesilde)

lo

TH

T we a the hot input (meanir

erlog to the otem), then,
+
tyele
 the engine reveible, hen,
Te
TH

Fog Hhe neveroilde engine, 9re -0.

Now, we will live to eneralize tis elt. We
hwe oy ere:dezel ergmes operaing Lebm
tuo tempeatwes. towever, Teal ergines can ke mueh
Yorre eomgbedet oince thett wring Auetanee
iY a mueh more conpldel
way. he might opeahe thin mome thon one
And sinoe gou ne to Aet he
Sudthe rel erine quiedy quwi
tieyen eant be nainined, Ao, H ia prcty
Much dovious revaLiity is dotel. o,
we wll ive to geTde
and ue wou ive tho
qyole to be ether Treveraile or innevesible

Gyee peocOn and

We etad ron an qulibriun poaiton,
posthoy we mare
tranovhon, and udtimadey netn to the aame
 Some Gulsbrium
poirt and hen wai! erouh
to he
ubkrim posthan.
Causiu theone
T

Syslem
Sylen
Fpune 4

in 1. to
tQ. ete d a
f he yoe, whae he agatena receives the
aOnnec e to a
hedt hde Leig totl
in at temerature T. he ezheachal
Sinee the oyten
etms to the Aame tde eHer omplein of
AU =0. & ceotaigg to Hrt
hirust lauy
the cgde
AW
whee the taken Over He uhe

Now, let Hiny a t the Aecond qenerai zeton.We ine

gine het io leeng ied at ech poirt ot he
gyele to the yetem Via Camot engine. he
Caanot engine in tmmeded between a resenvir t
tempertreT here ean be morRe than one arnot
as ae onneded t t the son
egjne
rASNOIe wth temperaue .he engine danpA hadt
bygten ot ome
at tompenatune to

indend in te qok. Tn he pote,

dpeched oiad fond dW in Gch
doe some
the Conet egine a total of wonk
inervals. The byetem doe,
He hole yde.
Now, the indeval, oe he Cannat engine,

{)

not apeitel. The

migld oerae i a 4eûes o
ihneial in ehe dineehion.
he dytem
Now, ato the oyde their onigiral
and the ergine
Cants retun to
convert het
seem to
seem
tode. he uhole eheme uthole opertion
is,
Aome hont
ha
om the

esevoin
cmvecirg into a

of tal woTUK
um
in the
Atne
the
Oorh W
and the uwoTk ferte
Canotn engine
lenen done y the omplek yele
med a he ogtem in

seond law of henmody

thio ould violuBe
Bu ton
BL
nanie, Kolvin's baement.
done in the eyelo, AW+i <o
Total oork
posible, tht s0me w0u s
(he reveUse is ouever
that produed Aome het and
on the yatem
done
heee -the ineuaity)
 Naw, AW t

às, +
+ d, , <0

Smee T a non-zoo
and Mon-7egtve quanty
Can divide boh side
S
Knou imeyaliy
im the expreion therem

Clauiu heonem: foR

uhexe da io the hed
no). d <o, empertue
ayeton a
inezement oupbed to he

Conmequence o Caui' thenem

1. Eay, het io beig ieheduced tto the tem
manner ad we consider
in quasi-oBcha
eveTIble yde. For a revezaikle ycde,
We n un the
in the
oqposte diecten,
e

tht
Since Uauslus' o theorem ettes
qposite diedon imple,
unting the qyle
in

and i) mpbes
ev =0

Nou
0Wbider the quanty in

ABA,
the aydle
T
de
A
A
B
tgey
dgev T A
B
A
independent of the ath taken
So he intqzal is
tom A to B. he dan i all paky
A
T
goirg trom A to &.&
 hexetone, the qumty dgey is an exact

medhane,
done io indeendert Sne
whene the woK
uile down
the dlenerhal ia exact we
cal, entrofy, , by
we
new btde tunetion whieh
dS=

Se)- Sa) - A
A
thevesible adichernd
adiqbehe proces (a
Fon an
= 0
have Re

AS =0
in
adiabata prooes involva no dhange
and d0 an
40, doo caled inenkeo)
i uty hio peocey io
etroy reeene otade 0, ou an
Anywg. given OMe

ot Aone ote A a
de.ne the entroN

Gnee entaN i9 a Alale unehon, t depends

vaciables. T doent meler wheo
on the stete
to a dtade in evetade
path. A long as he ajolem is in a0me eguibhroa
 sade, you have a
uwel defined entray (up to ad
leaot frdahve t d0me nefoene otde).
to

Keversbilty; inrevezasible taanstonmabon: lomider an

irnevSWhe change om Ato &, Then

make a y neturnig
eomleke yekea reversible A
fuom B to Aaong
trom to Qlausid theonem
path. Now, aceondng

B
A B

A
A

A B
A
Se)-8a)> A

hold tor reVersble

Hhe eraly
quaiy oiouy

now etne that the inevEsble ph

adiahetmal
alag aiabaO, meanig ibdleled tron the
 environment, ten t -0
So)> SA) dS>0
So, entrapy of
f any isoladel ytem never

f the adictremd proces

deorease. Morneoyer
he resdting otates
eversite then
tave the Aame entay -that io the etrogy ang
number of
A0. Consider adabahal iodetrg
a

cah inetialy eaadedy

qlibrim. A they come to
a

oade of jont equlbbroun,

must have
the net d-0,
we
iooldel) b cdbainy
akabahe
0. Hus,an in aqkbriun
value of entogs
maximun
only mozEase (ineoveildy dhy). The
he entro
iechon of nneaig entr
of time he peth to enuibism
aUlow
hermogtaie ony evove to ottes d qu

tiger ertrapy.
anoher atement of
gives
of an
he entay
 Maxomum'
Ne can ay ti idea to the
univeWe as a uhole. Amluning the wivelse taett
lau
gotem, the i t two
be wrtlen a
tenmady namicn an

1.
Cowstart
unverse
an only ineee (f gou distganl
2. ho impovsibk Reveeoible
univene
procenes)

Reviatrg
e law ot henoyyunes stes thd

Now, onor neveslde hange,

and tN= -pdV

woik slong
dV= TA-AV the ony
eganding
wolune). and
we can have generalized tonee J,
and the firt la
genulzd diaploeemed dx,
wsl take he alleng oom:
dU= TaS +
 aa domideson
TEN•TOile conges. Houeve, he equahon te,
a
been furnchono d ota, sinee a
the quantte ae funeho tae. We thee
fone mane a mor Impordant Tage of vaudty
d the euon, and dedare it inn agiale o any
dHferensal change. eveuilde on iareveUble. Hhene
is soneig ubte gog hee. Yau con
stede to another in iaewalde paea. Say, you ane
qoirg Hco A to Bin inevexilde pathe that iabde
net quasi- oetia peoaes ard tucon may be). You wort to
lan duny eongtauet a
B

neveZide pah rom A to B, and cdoul oe au.

A

the erion. Bhe ting in du is gornajoma be the sone

Tom A to B in Reveblo
wheher gou ase

iaeveuilde peto. Bo, the equaion wil oeepnd

to the Aame

FoR exomplk, te any hange in tid, dä- dw+ t

Hio orly toe a neezslde

 tTS and dw--V. Houwever, ustion
an irevesie pRoces,

tw>Pdv, 40 tha
In an ieveie proces then,
qion O ie valid. If
W=-pdV+¬
Hri Qan be
vacoum Under isslded mtom
gs expanda into letue in
Itereted eatezs of taio
alupten 3 of the bok by A. B.

Prpand named "Elemerto ot Cloial hemadyanio'

and then Caper 4 (rge 42)].
(Pges 49-28
19-Q3
Naw, we tave mody onkeal the pmollem of tncisg
ueona
or d6 and d in temo of uneiong
exnenio
we wil have to on dea with
tes, and
exa difeentids. quaion ) ia
afpleztong
hermonanie, to thyaiead prbema dtern
of
 Nos,
V changes. Thun, he onetion V ear
vadae S and V,
he varb-o ich ane
be wren n e
Ag alled nau Narialden. These vaiales ane boa
where
edewone love ad genorabzad siapsemend)
vaiades (lwe all
bh inkensive
P and T are
genealzed tonae). e an
hence,
dä=
and imneliatdy Upon

T- ) and -
The rathio o and T an albo be wne
=
We ean ome Variable, n tenm ohea

Tds
dS-dU - dx;
S- S(ux) where X=%)
wih implis, S=
thee aJe n ulen of way to woK. he

and

&
For owR kane uhere thene in ony one wgy to
Work,

and
-
Here.
owe Btdishal
tou to Stcdotaal
I! we reall fo
mehanio,
bshieh
how, the Botemann themayamio
grneche! ech ohen ard nly the

ome