TECHNICAL WORKSHOP ON

WIND AND EARTHQUAKE

LOADING USING NSCP 2015)
with ACTUAL DESIGN EXAMPLES using
various Software

Speaker: Eugene R. Torralba

Structural Engineer

WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING:

Code: NSCP 2015
Presentation Notes

• INTERACTIVE WEBINAR
• Participants -------- Q&A ICON
• DAY 1 to 3 -------- Wind Loading
• DAY 4 to 6 -------- Earthquake Loading

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Objective
DAY 3 - NSCP 2015 Wind Load Provision
for Components and Cladding (C&C) and
OTHER STUCTURES

Key Points
 Wind load Definition of TERMS
 Derivation of Wind Load Parameters for C&C - Aluminum
Curtain Wall System with sample Analysis Model using SAP
 Derivation of Wind Load Parameters for C&C –
Monoslope, Gable and Pitch Roof
 Derivation of Wind Load Parameters for MWFRS –
Parapet

 Q&A

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 NSCP 2015
WIND LOADS (SECTION 207)
Chapter 2- Minimum Design Loads

HIGHLY
RECOMMENDED

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Structural Code for Wind Load
WIND LOADS (SECTION 207)
Chapter 2- Minimum Design Loads

207.1 Specifications
Buildings and other vertical structures shall be designed and constructed to resist
wind loads as specified and presented in Sections 207A through 207F.
Wind
207.1A General Requirements Speed
207.1B Wind Loads on Buildings –
MWFRS (Directional Procedures)
MWFRS
207.1C Wind Loads on Buildings –
&
MWFRS (Enveloped Procedures) OTHER
STRUCTURE
207.1D Wind Loads on Other Structures and Buildings
Appurtenances - MWFRS
207.1E Wind Loads – Component and Cladding (C&C)
207.1F Wind Tunnel Procedure
C&C
Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary Figure 207A.1-1

Section 207A- General Requirements: Use to determine the Basic Parameters for determining wind loads on both
MWFRS and C&C. These basic parameters are:
> Basic Wind Speed, V see Figure 207A.5-1aA, B or C
> Wind directionality factor, Kd, see section 207A.6
> Exposure category, see Section 207A.7
Wind
> Topographic factor, Kzt, see Section 207A.8 Speed
> Gust Effect Factor, G see Section 207A.9
> Enclosure classification, see Section 207A.10
> Internal pressure coefficient, (Gcpi), see Section 2047A.11

Wind loads on the MWFRS Wind loads o the C&C

maybe determined by: maybe determined by: C&C
Directional
Section 207B: Directional Procedure Procedure
for buildings of ALL HEIGHTS
Section 207E:
- Envelope Procedure in Parts 1 and 2, or
- Directional Procedure in Parts 3,4 and 5
Section 207C: Envelope Procedure - Buildings appurtenances ( roof overhangs
and parapets ) in Part 6
for low rise buildings (<18m)

Section 207D: Directional Procedure Section 207F: Wind Tunnel Procedure

for buildings appurtenances ( roof overhangs and for any building or other structure
parapets) and other structures

Section 207F: Wind Tunnel Procedure

for any building or other structure

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR, Kzt Section 207A.8.2

Kzt = (1 + K1 K2 K3)2 (207A.8-1)

K1 = Factor to account for shape of topographic feature

K2 = Factor to account for reduction in speed-up wind
with distance upwind and downwind of crest
K3 = Factor to account for reduction in speed-up wind
with height above local terrain
Lh

Figure 207A.8-1
Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Speed-up over Hills, Ridges and Escarpment
Section 207A.8.1
• Hill, ridge and escarpment is ISOLATED and
cause ABRUPT change in the general topography
• Satisfy ALL 5 criteria

1. The hills, ridges or escarpment is ISOLATED and

OBSTRUCTED in the upwind

100H or 3.2km whichever is less

2. Hill, ridge or escarpment PROTRUDES above the height of

upwind terrain features within a 3.20km radius in any quadrant
by a factor of two or more.

3. The Structure is located in the upper one-half of a hill or ridge

or near the crest or the escarpment

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Speed-up over Hills, Ridges and Escarpment
Section 207A.8.1
4. H/Lh ≥ 0.20
5. H ≥ 4.5m for Exposure C and D
≥ 18m for Exposure B
Kzt = 1.00 Kzt > 1.00

Figure 207A.8-1
Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR, Kzt Section 207A.8.2

Assumed:
NO Topographic feature
upwind for a distance of
100H = 2500m or 3.20km
whichever is lesser

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR, Kzt Section 207A.8.2

Check the CRITERIA if we need to consider the WIND SPEED-UP

1. ISOLATED with the 100H or 3.20km upwind √

2. PROTRUDES above by a factor of 2 or more √

in any quadrant
3. Structure is located at upper one half of √
the Escarpment or Hill or at the crest
4. H/Lh ≥ 0.20 √
4.50m for Exposure C and D
18m for Exposure B

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR, Kzt Section 207A.8.2
Kzt = (1 + K1 K2 K3)2 Table (207A.8-1&2)

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR, Kzt Section 207A.8.2
Kzt = (1 + K1 K2 K3)2 (207A.8-1)

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR, Kzt Section 207A.8.2
Kzt = (1 + K1 K2 K3)2 (207A.8-1)

= 0.75
.
K1 = 0.375

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR, Kzt Section 207A.8.2
Kzt = (1 + K1 K2 K3)2 (207A.8-1)

K2 = (1 - )

K2 = [1 – (0.30 / 4.00)]
K2 = 0.925

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR, Kzt Section 207A.8.2
Kzt = (1 + K1 K2 K3)2 (207A.8-1)

γ = 2.50

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Velocity Pressure, q Section 207B.3.2

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR, Kzt Section 207A.8.2
Kzt = (1 + K1 K2 K3)2 (207A.8-1)

SPEED-UP VELOCITY PRESSURE

Height, Kz z/Lh K3 Kzt qz
z (m) (N/m2)
0-4.50 0.572 0.150 0.687 1.533 2204
15 0.807 0.400 0.368 1.272 2580
24 0.923 0.900 0.105 1.074 2491
50 1.138 1.633 0.017 1.012 2895

@ 4.50m
Kzt_4.5 = (1+K1K2K3)2
= [1+(0.375)(0.925)(0.687)]2
= 1.533
qz_4.5 = 0.613Kz_4.5Kzt_4.5KdV2
= 0.613 x 0.572 x 1.533 x 0.85 x 69.452
= 2044 N/m2
γ = 2.50

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 The Project:
Curtain Wall System
and with Example using SAP

Day 2

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
WHAT IS THE MAGNITUDE
OF WIND PRESSURE? Wind
• WIND
PARAMETER
Sample Project Speed

Project: Curtain Wall for the

20 Storey Office Building • MWFRS
Location: Roxas Boulevard, Manila Type of • C&C
Structural
System • Other
Structure

• OPEN
Enclosure • PARTIALLY
Classification ENCLOSED
• ENCLOSED

• DIRECTIONAL
Code
Procedure • ENVELOPED
• WIND TUNNEL

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Type of Structural System
MWFRS = Main Wind-Force Resisting System
Assembly of Structural elements that provide support and
stability for the overall structure
Ability to transfer the Wind Load to the Ground (Support)

C&C = Components & Cladding

Cladding receives Wind load DIRECTLY

Components receives wind load DIRECTLY or receives from
cladding and TRANSFER the load to MWFRS
Cladding: Roof and Wall Covering, Curtain Wall and Doors
Component: Purlins, Roof Decking and Roof Trusses

Other Structure
Signage, Communication Tower, Overhead Water tank

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Loads – Component and Cladding (C&C)
(Section 207E)

Code Section Consist of 6 PARTS

PART 1 & 2: Enveloped Procedure (Low Rise Building)

PART 3 & 6: Directional Procedure (ALL Building height)

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Design Wind Pressure Section 207E.6.2

q & qi = Velocity Pressure, qz or qh

(GCP) = External pressure coefficient
Figure 207E.6-1, for walls and flat roof
Figure 207E.6-1, Note 6 for other roof angles and
geometry
Figure 207B.4-3, footnote 4, for arched roof
Figure 207E.4-7, for domed roof
(GCPi) = Internal pressure coefficient, Table 207A.11-1

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Design Wind Pressure Section 207E.6.2

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Minimum Design Wind Loads Section 207E.2.2

Wind Load for C&C ≥ 770N/m2 acting Normal to the surface

Tributary Areas Section 207E.2.3

Tributary Area ≥ 65m2 ALLOWED to be design as MWFRS

Effective Wind Area, A

Area used to determine GCP
Does not necessarily correspond to the area of the building surface
contributing to the force being considered
A = Span Length x Effective Width

Note: Effective Width ≥ Span Length / 3

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Sample Project: Curtain Wall System

LOCATION
Roxas Blvd., Manila,
Philippines

Project: Curtain Wall for the

20 Storey Office Building

Curtain Wall System

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Design Wind Pressure Section 207E.6.2

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Sample Project: Curtain Wall System

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary
ENCLOSED Remarks
Classification of Structure
Category III Section 103
Table 103-1

Wind Load Parameters

Basic Wind Speed, V 258mph (71.67m/s) Figure 207A.5-1C
Wind Directionality Factor, kd 0.85 Section 207A.6

Exposure Category D Section 207A.7

Topographic Factor, kzt 1.00 Section 207A.8

Gust Effect Factor, G 1.15 Section 207A.9

Internal Pressure Coeff, Gcpi ± 0.18 Section 207A.11

Directional Procedure – C&C

Velocity Pressure, qz Section 207E.3.2

Velocity Pressure, qh Section 207E.3.2

External Pressure Coef, GCp Figure 207E.6-1

Wind Load, p Section 207E.6.2

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Velocity Pressure, q Section 207B.3.2

qz_3.3 = 0.613Kz_3.3KztKdV2
= 0.613 x 1.027 x 1.00 x 0.85 x 71.762
= 2756 N/m2

qz_78.45 = 0.613Kz_78.45KztKdV2
= 0.613 x 1.69 x 1.00 x 0.85 x 71.762
= 4523 N/m2

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary
ENCLOSED Remarks
Classification of Structure
Category III Section 103
Table 103-1

Wind Load Parameters

Basic Wind Speed, V 258mph (71.67m/s) Figure 207A.5-1C
Wind Directionality Factor, kd 0.85 Section 207A.6

Exposure Category D Section 207A.7

Topographic Factor, kzt 1.00 Section 207A.8

Gust Effect Factor, G 1.15 Section 207A.9

Internal Pressure Coeff, Gcpi ± 0.18 Section 207A.11

Directional Procedure – C&C

Velocity Pressure, qz 2756N/m2 Section 207E.3.2

Velocity Pressure, qh 4523N/m2 Section 207E.3.2

External Pressure Coef, GCp Figure 207E.6-1

Wind Load, p Section 207E.6.2

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Coefficient, GCp Figure 207E.6-1

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary
ENCLOSED Remarks
Classification of Structure
Category III Section 103
Table 103-1

Wind Load Parameters

Basic Wind Speed, V 258mph (71.67m/s) Figure 207A.5-1C
Wind Directionality Factor, kd 0.85 Section 207A.6

Exposure Category D Section 207A.7

Topographic Factor, kzt 1.00 Section 207A.8

Gust Effect Factor, G 1.15 Section 207A.9

Internal Pressure Coeff, Gcpi ± 0.18 Section 207A.11

Directional Procedure – C&C

Velocity Pressure, qz 2756N/m2 Section 207E.3.2

Velocity Pressure, qh 4523N/m2 Section 207E.3.2

External Pressure Coef, GCp +0.82; -0.82 Figure 207E.6-1

Wind Load, p Section 207E.6.2

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Design Wind Pressure Section 207E.6.2

For WALLS For WALLS

At Windward At Windward
q = qz evaluated at qi = qh
height z above
ground
At Leeward At Leeward
q = qh qi = qh
At Sidewalls At Sidewalls
q = qh qi = qh
For Roof For Roof
q = qh qi = qh

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Summary of Forces – Curtain Wall System

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Sample Project: Curtain Wall System

SAP Analysis Model

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
SAP 2000 – Curtain Wall Analysis

Wind Load CASE 1

(POSITIVE WIND LOAD)

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
SAP 2000 – Curtain Wall Analysis

Wind Load CASE 1

(NEGATIVE WIND LOAD)

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 The Project:
Derivation of Loads for
Monosloped, Gable and Hip Roof

Day 2

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
VARIOUS ROOF CONFIGURATION

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary Figure 207A.1-1

Section 207A- General Requirements: Use to determine the Basic Parameters for determining wind loads on both
MWFRS and C&C. These basic parameters are:
> Basic Wind Speed, V see Figure 207A.5-1aA, B or C
> Wind directionality factor, Kd, see section 207A.6
> Exposure category, see Section 207A.7
> Topographic factor, Kzt, see Section 207A.8
> Gust Effect Factor, G see Section 207A.9
> Enclosure classification, see Section 207A.10
> Internal pressure coefficient, (Gcpi), see Section 2047A.11

Wind loads on the MWFRS Wind loads o the C&C

maybe determined by: maybe determined by:

Section 207B: Directional Procedure

for buildings of ALL HEIGHTS
Section 207E:
Envelope
- Envelope Procedure in Parts 1 and 2, or Procedure
- Directional Procedure in Parts 3,4 and 5
Section 207C: Envelope Procedure - Buildings appurtenances ( roof overhangs
and parapets ) in Part 6
for low rise buildings (<18m)

Section 207D: Directional Procedure Section 207F: Wind Tunnel Procedure

for buildings appurtenances ( roof overhangs and for any building or other structure
parapets) and other structures

Section 207F: Wind Tunnel Procedure

for any building or other structure

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary
ROOF Remarks
Classification of Structure
Category III Section 103
Table 103-1

Wind Load Parameters

Basic Wind Speed, V 258mph (71.67m/s) Figure 207A.5-1C
Wind Directionality Factor, kd 0.85 Section 207A.6

Exposure Category D Section 207A.7

Topographic Factor, kzt 1.00 Section 207A.8

Gust Effect Factor, G 1.15 Section 207A.9

Internal Pressure Coeff, Gcpi ± 0.18 Section 207A.11

Directional Procedure – C&C (Roof)

MONO GABLE HIP
Velocity Pressure, qh Section 207E.3.2
External Pressure Coef, GCp Figure 207E.6-1

Wind Load, p Section 207E.4.2

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Design Wind Pressure Section 207E.4.2

qh = Velocity Pressure evaluated at mean roof height,

Section 207E.3
(GCP) = External pressure coefficient
Figure 207E.4-1 (walls)
Figure 207E.4-2A to 207E.4-2C (flat, gable and hip roof)
Figure 207E.4-3 (stepped roof)
Figure 207E.4-4 (multi-span gable roofs)
Figure 207E.4-5A and 207E.4-5B (monoslope roofs)
Figure 207E.4-6 (sawtooth roofs)
Figure 207E.4-7 (domed roofs)
Figure 207E.4-3, footnote 4, (arched roofs)
(GCPi) = Internal pressure coefficient, Table 207A.11-1
Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Velocity Pressure, q Section 207B.3.2

qz_6.85 = 0.613Kz_6.85KztKdV2
= 0.613x1.10x1.00x0.85x71.762
= 2951 N/m2

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary
ENCLOSED BUILDING Remarks
Classification of Structure
Category III Section 103
Table 103-1

Wind Load Parameters

Basic Wind Speed, V 258mph (71.67m/s) Figure 207A.5-1C
Wind Directionality Factor, kd 0.85 Section 207A.6

Exposure Category D Section 207A.7

Topographic Factor, kzt 1.00 Section 207A.8

Gust Effect Factor, G 1.15 Section 207A.9

Internal Pressure Coeff, Gcpi ± 0.18 Section 207A.11

Directional Procedure – C&C (Roof)

MONO GABLE HIP
Velocity Pressure, qh 2951N/m2 Section 207E.3.2
External Pressure Coef, GCp Figure 207E.6-1

Wind Load, p Section 207E.6.2

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Comparison of Effective Wind Area – Purlin in Zone 1

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Coefficient, GCp Figure 207E.4-5B

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Comparison of Effective Wind Area – Purlin in Zone 1

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Coefficient, GCp Figure 207E.4-2B

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Comparison of Effective Wind Area – Purlin in Zone 1

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Coefficient, GCp Figure 207E.4-2B

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Comparison of Wind Load Coefficient, GCp

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary
ENCLOSED BUILDING Remarks
Classification of Structure
Category III Section 103
Table 103-1

Wind Load Parameters

Basic Wind Speed, V 258mph (71.67m/s) Figure 207A.5-1C
Wind Directionality Factor, kd 0.85 Section 207A.6

Exposure Category D Section 207A.7

Topographic Factor, kzt 1.00 Section 207A.8

Gust Effect Factor, G 1.15 Section 207A.9

Internal Pressure Coeff, Gcpi ± 0.18 Section 207A.11

Directional Procedure – C&C (Roof)

MONO GABLE HIP
Velocity Pressure, qh 2951N/m2 Section 207E.3.2
External Pressure Coef, GCp +0.30;-1.10 +0.30;-0.80 +0.30;-0.80 Figure 207E.6-1

Wind Load, p Section 207E.6.2

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Summary of Forces – Purlin (Monoslope Roof)

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 Guide for determination of
Windward, Leeward and
Sideward for
VARIOUS Roof Configuration

Day 2

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
L-Shaped Building with Gable or Hip Roof

w1
w1

8 w2 w4 w6
w2
7
9 w3 w5
10
w6 11 w3
8
w4
9
w5
7 10 11

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
L-Shaped Building with Gable or Hip Roof

w1
w6

8 w1 w3 w5
w2
7
9 w4 w2
10
w6 11 w3
10
w4
11
w5
7 8 9

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
U-Shaped Building

w3
w2 w6
5
w1 w3 w5 w7
4

w7 w4
w4 w8

2
6
3
w8 7
2 6
w6
w2 3 7

1 8
1 8 4 5
w1 w5

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
U-Shaped Building

w3
w1 w5 w7
5
w2 w4 w6 w8
4

w7 w4
w3

2
6
3
w8 7
1 4 8
w6
w2 5

2 3
1 8 6 7
w5
w1

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Multi-span Gable Roof Figure 207E.4-4

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
AS 1170.2 guide only

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Sawtooth Roof Figure 207E.4-6

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 The Project:
Derivation of Loads for Parapet

Day 2

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Parapet, Section 207B.4.5

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Sample 20 Floor Office Building

Top Parapet Ht. = (78.45+1.20)m

= 79.65m

TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN

3D Structural
Day 2 Analysis Model
(using ETABS) 3D VIEW

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary
Basic Wind Speed, V 258mph (71.67m/s) Section 207A.5.1
Classification of Structure III Section 103
(Special Occupancy Table 103-1
Structure)
Exposure Category D Table 207A.7
Topographic Factor, Kzt 1.00 Table 207A.8
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd 0.85 Table 207A.6
Gust Effect Factor, Gf 1.15 Table 207A.9
Enclosure Classification Enclosed Section 207A.10
Directional Procedure – MWFRS (Parapet)
Velocity Pressure, qp Table 207B.3.2
Combined Net Pressure +1.50 for Windward Section 207B.4.5
Coefficient, GCpn -1.00 for Leeward
Wind Load, Pp Section 207B.4.5

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Velocity Pressure, q Section 207B.3.2

qp_79.65 = 0.613Kz_79.65KztKdV2
= 0.613 x 1.713 x 1.00 x 0.85 x 71.672
= 4585 N/m2

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary
Basic Wind Speed, V 258mph (71.67m/s) Section 207A.5.1
Classification of Structure III Section 103
(Special Occupancy Table 103-1
Structure)
Exposure Category D Table 207A.7
Topographic Factor, Kzt 1.00 Table 207A.8
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd 0.85 Table 207A.6
Gust Effect Factor, Gf 1.15 Table 207A.9
Enclosure Classification Enclosed Section 207A.10
Directional Procedure – MWFRS (Parapet)
Velocity Pressure, qp 4585N/m2 Table 207B.3.2
Combined Net Pressure +1.50 for Windward Section 207B.4.5
Coefficient, GCpn -1.00 for Leeward
Wind Load, Pp Section 207B.4.5

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Summary of Forces – Parapet

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Objective
DAY 3 - NSCP 2015 Wind Load Provision
for Building Appurtenances and Other Structures

Key Points
 Wind load Definition of TERMS

 Derivation of Wind Load Parameters for OTHER

STRUCTURES – Billboard Solid Sign Structure
Supported on Flexible Poles
 Q&A

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 NSCP 2015
WIND LOADS (SECTION 207)
Chapter 2- Minimum Design Loads

HIGHLY
RECOMMENDED

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Structural Code for Wind Load
WIND LOADS (SECTION 207)
Chapter 2- Minimum Design Loads

207.1 Specifications
Buildings and other vertical structures shall be designed and constructed to resist
wind loads as specified and presented in Sections 207A through 207F.
Wind
207.1A General Requirements Speed
207.1B Wind Loads on Buildings –
MWFRS (Directional Procedures)
MWFRS
207.1C Wind Loads on Buildings –
&
MWFRS (Enveloped Procedures) OTHER
STRUCTURE
207.1D Wind Loads on Other Structures and Buildings
Appurtenances - MWFRS
207.1E Wind Loads – Component and Cladding (C&C)
207.1F Wind Tunnel Procedure

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary Figure 207A.1-1

Section 207A- General Requirements: Use to determine the Basic Parameters for determining wind loads on both
MWFRS and C&C. These basic parameters are:
> Basic Wind Speed, V see Figure 207A.5-1aA, B or C
> Wind directionality factor, Kd, see section 207A.6
> Exposure category, see Section 207A.7
Wind
> Topographic factor, Kzt, see Section 207A.8 Speed
> Gust Effect Factor, G see Section 207A.9
> Enclosure classification, see Section 207A.10
> Internal pressure coefficient, (Gcpi), see Section 2047A.11

Wind loads on the MWFRS Wind loads o the C&C

maybe determined by: maybe determined by:

Section 207B: Directional Procedure

for buildings of ALL HEIGHTS
MWFRS Section 207E:
- Envelope Procedure in Parts 1 and 2, or
& - Directional Procedure in Parts 3,4 and 5
Section 207C: Envelope Procedure - Buildings appurtenances ( roof overhangs
Other for low rise buildings (<18m)
and parapets ) in Part 6

Structures
Section 207D: Directional Procedure Section 207F: Wind Tunnel Procedure
for buildings appurtenances ( roof overhangs and for any building or other structure
parapets) and other structures
For this
exercise we
Section 207F: Wind Tunnel Procedure
for any building or other structure will use
Directional
Procedure
Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
WHAT IS THE MAGNITUDE
OF WIND PRESSURE? Wind
• WIND
PARAMETER
Speed
Sample Project
Project: BILLBOARD
Location: Roxas Boulevard, Manila • MWFRS
Type of • C&C
Structural
System • Other
Structure

• OPEN
Enclosure • PARTIALLY
Classification ENCLOSED
• ENCLOSED

• DIRECTIONAL
Code
Procedure • ENVELOPED
• WIND TUNNEL

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Type of Structural System
MWFRS = Main Wind-Force Resisting System
Assembly of Structural elements that provide support and
stability for the overall structure
Ability to transfer the Wind Load to the Ground (Support)

C&C = Components & Cladding

Cladding receives Wind load DIRECTLY
Components receives wind load DIRECTLY or receives from
cladding and TRANSFER the load to MWFRS

Other Structure
Signage, Communication Tower, Overhead Water tank

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Loads on OTHER Structures and Building
Appurtenances – MWFRS Section 207D

Building Appurtenances
Rooftop Structures
Rooftop Equipment
OTHER Structures
Solid Free Standing Wall
Free Standing Solid Sign
Chimneys
Tanks
Truss Tower

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 The Project:

Derivation of Wind Load Parameters

for OTHER STRUCTURES –
Billboard Solid Sign Structure
Supported on Flexible Poles

Day 2

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Design Wind Loads – Solid Freestanding Walls
and Solid Sign Section 207D.4

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 Sample: SOLID SIGN OF FLEXIBLE POLES

Location: Roxas
Day 2
Blvd, Manila

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
SOLID SIGN ON FLEXIBLE POLES

Solid Sign

Pole

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary
Basic Wind Speed, V Section 207A.5-1A
Classification of Structure Section 103
Table 103-1
Exposure Category Table 207A.7
Topographic Factor, Kzt Table 207A.8
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd Table 207A.6
Gust Effect Factor, Gf Table 207A.9
Directional Procedure – OTHER Structure (Solid Freestanding Sign)
Velocity Pressure, qh Section 207D.3.2
Net Force Coefficient, Cf Figure 207D.4-1
Wind Load, F Section 207D.4.1

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
BASIC WIND SPEED (Section 207A.5.1)

Location: Roxas Blvd, Manila

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURE (Section 103)

Project: Solid Sign on Flexible Poles

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
BASIC WIND SPEED Section 207A.5.1
V is a 3-sec gust speed at 10m above the ground in Exposure C (see Section 207A.7.3)

Figure 207A.5-1A Figure 207A.5-1B Figure 207A.5-1C

Category I & II Category III Category IV & V

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
BASIC WIND SPEED Section 207A.5.1
V is a 3-sec gust speed at 10m above the ground in Exposure C (see Section 207A.7.3)

Category IV
Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary
Basic Wind Speed, V 250mph (69.40m/s) Section 207A.5-1A
Classification of Structure IV Section 103
(Standard Occupancy Table 103-1
Structure)
Exposure Category Table 207A.7
Topographic Factor, Kzt Table 207A.8
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd Table 207A.6
Gust Effect Factor, Gf Table 207A.9
Directional Procedure – OTHER Structure (Solid Freestanding Sign)
Velocity Pressure, qh Section 207D.3.2
Net Force Coefficient, Cf Figure 207D.4-1
Wind Load, F Section 207D.4.1

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
EXPOSURE CATEGORIES Section 207A.7.3

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR, Kzt Section 207A.8.2

The wind speed-up effect shall be included in the calculation of

design wind loads by using factor Kzt:

Kzt = (1 + K1 + K2 + K3)2 (207A.8-1)

where K1, K2, and K3 are given in Figure 207A.8-1

If siteDayconditions
2 and locations of structures do not meet all the
conditions specified in Section 207A.8.1 then Kzt = 1.0

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
WIND DIRECTIONALITY FACTOR, Kd
(Section 207A.6.1)
Table 207A.6-1
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd
Structure Type Directionality Factor Kd *
Buildings
Main Wind Force Resisting System 0.85
Components and Cladding 0.85
Arched Roofs 0.85
Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Structures
Square 0.90
Hexagonal 0.95
Round 0.95
Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid 0.85
Freestanding and Attached Signs
Open Signs and Lattice Framework 0.85
Trussed Towers
Triangular, square, rectangular 0.85
All other cross sections 0.95

*Directionality Factor Kd has been calibrated with combinations of loads specified in Section
203. This factor shall only be applied when used in conjunction with load combinations
specified in Section 203.3 and 203.4.

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary
Basic Wind Speed, V 250mph (69.40m/s) Section 207A.5-1A
Classification of Structure IV Section 103
(Special Occupancy Table 103-1
Structure)
Exposure Category D Table 207A.7
Topographic Factor, Kzt 1.00 Table 207A.8
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd 0.85 Table 207A.6
Gust Effect Factor, Gf Table 207A.9
Directional Procedure – OTHER Structure (Solid Freestanding Sign)
Velocity Pressure, qh Section 207D.3.2
Net Force Coefficient, Cf Figure 207D.4-1
Wind Load, F Section 207D.4.1

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Gust Effects, Gf Section 207A.9

Fundamental Natural Frequency of the Building, n1 = 0.70 Hz

Terrain Exposure Constants, Table 207A.9-1

Gf = 1.37

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary
Basic Wind Speed, V 250mph (69.40m/s) Section 207A.5-1A
Classification of Structure IV Section 103
(Special Occupancy Table 103-1
Structure)
Exposure Category D Table 207A.7
Topographic Factor, Kzt 1.00 Table 207A.8
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd 0.85 Table 207A.6
Gust Effect Factor, Gf 1.37 Table 207A.9
Directional Procedure – OTHER Structure (Solid Freestanding Sign)
Velocity Pressure, qh Section 207D.3.2
Net Force Coefficient, Cf Figure 207D.4-1
Wind Load, F Section 207D.4.1

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Velocity Pressure, q Section 207D.3.2

qz_16 = 0.613Kz_16KztKdV2
= 0.613 x 1.294 x 1.00 x 0.85 x 69.402
= 3247 N/m2

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Velocity Pressure, q Section 207D.3.2

Velocity Pressure calculated for the SOLID SIGN

Z (m) Kz qz (N/m2)
0-4.50 1.027 2577
4.50-6.00 1.080 (by Interpolation) 2710
6.00-10.00 1.198 3006
10.00-16.00 1.294 3247

Velocity Pressure Summary

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary
Basic Wind Speed, V 250mph (69.40m/s) Section 207A.5-1A
Classification of Structure IV Section 103
(Special Occupancy Table 103-1
Structure)
Exposure Category D Table 207A.7
Topographic Factor, Kzt 1.00 Table 207A.8
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd 0.85 Table 207A.6
Gust Effect Factor, Gf 1.37 Table 207A.9
Directional Procedure – OTHER Structure (Solid Freestanding Sign)
Velocity Pressure, qh Section 207D.3.2
Net Force Coefficient, Cf Figure 207D.4-1
Wind Load, F Section 207D.4.1

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Design Wind Loads – Solid Freestanding Walls
and Solid Sign Section 207D.4

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
SOLID SIGN

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 Net Force Coefficient, Cf Figure 207D.4-1

Solid Sign

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Net Force Coefficient, Cf Figure 207D.4-1

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Net Force Coefficient, Cf Figure 207D.4-1

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Net Force Coefficient, Cf Figure 207D.4-1

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Summary of Forces – Solid Sign

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Force Application for the Solid Sign, F

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
SOLID SIGN ON FLEXIBLE POLES

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Design Wind Loads – OTHER STRUCTURES,
(Section 207D.5)

Gf = 1.37

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Velocity Pressure, q Section 207D.3.2

Velocity Pressure calculated for the POLE

Z (m) Kz qz (N/m2)
0-4.50 1.027 2577
4.50-6.00 1.080 (by Interpolation) 2710
6.00-10.00 1.198 3006

Velocity Pressure Summary

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Net Force Coefficient, Cf Figure 207D.5-3

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Summary of Forces – POLES

Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 Eugene Torralba
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 THANK YOU
Speaker: Eugene R. Torralba
Structural Engineer

WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING:

Code: NSCP 2015