This leads to N > d + (2)(3.0 in). = 18.7 in.

 202  B > df + (2)(3.0 in.) = 18.2 in.

φN cbg = 0.70(1.25)(24) 0.004 (5.33)1.5  
 9(5.33) 2  Try N = 19 in. and B = 19 in.

= 25.5 kips < 69.8 kips n.g. 3. Determine e and ecrit.

Thus, it is necessary to transfer the anchor load to the

vertical reinforcing steel in the pier. The required area of LRFD ASD
steel AS = 69.8 kips/0.9(60) = 1.29 in.2 The minimum 4-#7 Mu 940 M 650
e= = = 2.5 in. e= a = = 2.5 in.
bars required per ACI 318-02 in the pier are adequate to Pu 376 Pa 260
take this tension. With the bars located in the corners of A2 (0.85 f c′) A2
f p ( max ) = φc (0.85 f c′) f p (max) =
the piers, use a lateral offset distance, g = [(20 in. − 4 in.)/ A1 Ωc A1
(2 − 2.4 in.)]√2. Using a Class B splice factor with a 1.3 = (0.65)(0.85)(4)(1) (0.85)(4)(1)
=
2.50
= 2.21 ksi
e 1.3 d 1.3(24.9) = 1.36 ksi
= = qmax = f p ( max ) × B
qmax = f p ( max ) × B
69.8 nAs φFy 4(0.6)(0.9)(60)
= (2.21)(19) = (1.36)(19)
= 42.0 kips/in. = 25.8 kips/in.
value and with a development length of the #7 bar equal
N P N P
to 24.9 in., compute e from the ratio ecrit = − u ecrit = − a
2 2 qmax 2 2 qmax
which leads to = 1 / 2[19 − 376 / 42.0] = 1 / 2[19 − 260 / 25.8]
= 5.02 in. = 4.46 in.
e = 17.4 in.
Therefore, e < ecrit, and the design meets the criteria for
where
the case of a base plate with small moment.
e is the effective steel reinforcement lap required to de-
4. Determine bearing length, Y.
velop the load in the reinforcing steel.
Y = N − 2e = 19 – (2)(2.50) = 14 in.
Therefore minimum required hef = 17.4 + 1.5 (concrete
cover) + 7.9/1.5 = 24.2 in. as illustrated in Figure 3.2.5. Verify bearing pressure:
Select 25-in. embedment for anchors.
LRFD ASD
4.6 Example: Small Moment Base Plate Design Pu Pa
q= = 376 kips/14 in. q= = 260 kips/14 in.
Y Y
Design a base plate for axial dead and live loads equal to 100 = 26.9 kips/in. < 42.0 = qmax o.k. = 18.6 kips/in. < 25.8 = qmax o.k.
and 160 kips, respectively, and moments from the dead and
live loads equal to 250 and 400 kip-in., respectively. Bending
is about the strong axis for the wide flange column W12×96 5. Determine minimum plate thickness.
with d = 12.7 in. and bf = 12.2 in. The ratio of the concrete to
base plate area is unity; Fy of the base plate is 36 ksi and f ′c At bearing interface:
of the concrete is 4 ksi.
N − 0.95d
1. Compute the required strength. m=
2
LRFD ASD 19 − 0.95(12.7)
=
Pu = 1.2(100) + 1.6(160) Pa = 100 + 160 = 260 kips 2
= 376 kips = 3.47 in.
Ma = 250 + 400 = 650 kip-in.
Mu = 1.2(250) + 1.6(400)
= 940 kip-in. LRFD ASD

2. Choose trial base plate size. Pu 376 fp =

Pa
=
260
= 0.977 ksi
fp = = = 1.41 ksi
BY (19)(14) BY (19)(14)
The base plate dimension N × B should be large enough for
the installation of four anchor rods, as required by OSHA.

DESIGN GUIDE 1, 2ND EDITION / BASE PLATE AND ANCHOR ROD DESIGN / 37
 The minimum thickness may be calculated from Equa- 2. Choose trial base plate size.
tion 3.3.14 since Y ≥ m:
N > d + (2)(3.0 in.) = 18.7 in.
fp B > bf + (2)(3.0 in.) = 18.2 in.
t p( req ) = 1.5m
Fy
Try N = 19 in. and B = 19 in.

3. Determine e and ecrit; check inequality in Equation 3.4.4

LRFD ASD
to determine if a solution exists.
1.41 0.977
= (1.5)(3.47) = (1.83)(3.47) LRFD ASD
36 36
= 1.03 in. = 1.04 in. qmax = 24.0 kips/in. qmax = 25.8 kips/in.
(See Example 4.6) (See Example 4.6)
M 3, 600 kip-in. Ma 2,500 kip-in.
e= u = e= =
Check the thickness using the value of n. Pu 376 kips Pa 260 kips
= 9.57 in. = 9.62 in.
B − 0.8b f 19 − (0.8)(12.2) N P N P
n = = = 4.62 in. ecrit = − u ecrit = − a
2 2 2 2 qmax 2 2 qmax
19 376 19 260
= − = −
LRFD ASD 2 (2)(42.0 ) 2 (2)(25.8 )
= 5.02 in. = 5.03 in.
1.41 0.977 e > ecrit e > ecrit
t p( req ) = (1.5)(4.62) t p( req ) = (1.83)(4.62)
36 36
t p( req ) = 1.36 in. controls t p( req ) = 1.39 in. controls
Therefore, this is the case of base plate with large mo-
Use a base plate 12"×19"×1'-7". Use a base plate 12"×19"×1'-7".
ment.

Check the inequality of Equation 3.4.4:

6. Determine the anchor rod size.
Assume that the anchor rod edge distance is 1.5 in.
Since no anchor rod forces exist, the anchor rod size can Therefore,
be determined based on the OSHA requirements and N
f = −1.5
practical considerations. 2
f = 9.5 - 1.5 = 8 in.
Use four w-in.-diameter rods, ASTM F1554, Grade 36;
 2
rod length = 12 in.  f + N  = (8 + 9.5)2 = 306
 2 
4.7 Example: Large Moment Base Plate Design
Design a base plate for axial dead and live loads equal to LRFD ASD
100 and 160 kips, respectively, and moments from the dead 2 Pu (e + f ) (2)(376)(9.57 + 8) 2 Pa (e + f ) (2)(260)(9.62 + 8)
and live loads equal to 1,000 and 1,500 kip-in., respectively. = =
qmax 42 qmax 25.8
Bending is about the strong axis for a W12×96 wide flange = 315 = 355
column with d = 12.7 in. and bf = 12.2 in. Conservatively,
Since 315 > 306, the inequality Since 315 > 306, the inequality
consider the ratio of the concrete to base plate area is unity;
is not satisfied. is not satisfied.
Fy of the base plate is 36 ksi and fc′ of concrete is 4 ksi.
Hence, a larger plate dimension Hence, a larger plate dimension
1. Compute the required strength. is required. is required.

LRFD ASD
As the second iteration, try a 20 × 20 plate.
Pu = 1.2(100) + 1.6(160) Pa = 100 + 160
= 376 kips = 260 kips
The increased dimensions cause a modification in the
M u = 1.2(1, 000) + 1.6(1,500) M a = 1, 000 + 1,500 maximum bearing pressure, qmax, f, and ecrit. The new val-
= 3, 600 kip-in. = 2 ,500 kip-in. ues become

38 / DESIGN GUIDE 1, 2ND EDITION / BASE PLATE AND ANCHOR ROD DESIGN
 LRFD ASD Because Y ≥ m:

qmax = (2.21)( B ) qmax = (1.36)( B ) LRFD ASD

= (2.21)(20) = 27.2 kips/in.
= 44.2 kips/in. 20 f p(max) f p(max)
f = −1.5 t p( req ) = 1.5m
20 2 t p( req ) = 1.83m
f = −1.5 = 8.5 in. Fy Fy
2 = 8.5 in.
20 376 20 260 2.21 1.36
ecrit = − = −
2 (2)(44.2)
ecrit
2 (2)(27.2) = (1.5)(3.97) = (1.83)(3.97)
36 36
= 5.75 in. = 5.22 in.
The eccentricity, e, still exceeds The eccentricity, e, still exceeds ecrit;
t p( req ) = 1.48 in. t p( req ) = 1.41 in.
ecrit; therefore, the load combination therefore, the load combination is for
is for large moments. Also: large moments. Also:
At tension interface:
 2  2
 f + N  = (8.5 + 10)2  f + N  = (8.5 + 10)2
 2   2 
N d 20 12.7
= 342 = 342 x= − −1.5 = − −1.5
2 Pu (e + f ) (2)(376)(9.57 + 9.5) 2 Pa (e + f ) (2)(260)(9.62 + 9.5) 2 2 2 2
= =
qmax 44.2 qmax 29.9 = 2.15 in.
= 324 = 332
324 < 342, therefore the inequality 332 < 342, therefore the inequality in
in Equation 3.4.4 is satisfied and a Equation 3.4.4 is satisfied and a real LRFD ASD
real solution for Y exists. solution for Y exists.
Tu x Ta x
t p ( req ) = 2.11 t p( req ) = 2.58
BFy BFy
4. Determine bearing length, Y, and anchor rod tension, Tu or
Ta. (156 )(2.15 ) (117)(2.15)
= 2.11 = 2.58
(20)(36) (20)(36)
LRFD ASD

t p ( req ) = 1.44 in t p( req ) = 1.52 in
n.
 N N
Y =  f +  Y =  f + 
 2  2
 N
2
2 Pu (e + f )  N
2
2 Pa (e + f )
±  f +  − ±  f +  −
 2  qmax  2 qmax Check the thickness using the value of n.
 20   20 
Y = 9.5 +  Y = 9.5 + 
 
2 2 B − 0.8b f 20 − 0.8(12.2)
 20 
2
2 (376)(9.57 + 9.5)  2 (260)(9.62 + 9.5)
2 n= = = 5.12 in.
± 9.5 +  − 20  2 2
± 9.5 +  −
 2 44.2  2 29.9
= 19.5 ± 7.47 = 19.5 ± 6.90
Y = 12.0 in. Y = 12.6 in. LRFD ASD
Tu = qY − Pu = (44.2)(12.0) − 376 Ta = qY − Pa = (29.9)(12.6) − 260
2.21 1.36
= 156 kips = 117 kips t p( req ) = (1.5)(5.12) t p( req ) = (1.83)(5.12)
36 36
= 1.90 in. controls = 1.82 in. controls
5. Determine minimum plate thickness.

At bearing interface: Bearing interface governs the design of base plate thick-
ness. Use 2-in. plate.
N − 0.95d
m= 6. Determine the anchor rod size and embedment (LRFD
2
only).
20 − 0.95(12.7)
=
2 From the above, Tu = 156 kips. If three anchor rods are
= 3.97 in. used on each face of the column, the force per rod equals
52 kips. From Table 3.1, the design strength of 12-in.-
LRFD ASD diameter Grade 36 anchor rods is 57.7 kips. The recom-
mended hole size for the 12-in. rod is 2c in. (AISC,
fp = fp(max) = 2.21 ksi fp = fp(max) = 1.36 ksi 2005). Using an edge distance to the center of the hole of
24 in., the initial assumption of 12 in. must be adjusted.

DESIGN GUIDE 1, 2ND EDITION / BASE PLATE AND ANCHOR ROD DESIGN / 39
 Using the adjusted edge distance the 1�-in. rods are still Thus, the required flange embedment depth is
adequate.
10.2 in.2 
The pullout strength of each anchor rod with a heavy   = 1.26 in.
 8.08 in. 
hex nut is selected from Table 3.2 as 52.6 kips, which is 
greater than the required strength per rod = 52 kips.
Use a total embedment of 4 in. for the flange and base
For completeness determine the embedment length for plate.
the anchor rods.
4.9 Example: Shear Lug Design
Try 18 in. of embedment.
Design a shear lug detail for the W10×45 column consid-
The design concrete breakout strength is ered in Example 4.6, but with an additional shear of 23 kips
(nominal load) due to wind. See Figure 4.9.1. The anchor
A 
φ N cbg = φψ 316 f c′ hef 5 / 3  N  for hef > 11 in. rods in this example are designed only to transfer the net
 ANo  uplift from the column to the pier. The shear lug will be de-
signed to transfer the entire shear load to the pier with the
If the rods are placed 6 in. apart, the plan area of the fail- confinement component being ignored.
ure cone is (3)(18) = 54 in. in width and (2)(18) + 12 = 48 in.
in length, thus the total area AN = 2,590 in.2 The plan area Procedure:
of the failure cone for a single anchor rod embedded
to 18 in. is (3)(18)2 = 972 in.2 The ratio of these areas 1. Determine the required embedment for the lug into the
is 2.67, so for uncracked 4,000 psi concrete, the design concrete pier.
concrete breakout strength is
2. Determine the appropriate thickness for the lug.
5/ 3
φN cbg = 0.70 (1.25)16 4 , 000 (18) (2.67) 3. Size the welds between the lug and the base plate.
= 295, 000 lb or
= 295 kipss o.k. Solution:
1. Two criteria are used to determine the appropriate embed-
For moderate or high seismic risk, in ACI 318 indicates ment for the lug. These criteria are the bearing strength
that the strength of anchors is to be multiplied by 0.75. In of the concrete and the shear strength of the concrete in
this case, the steel strength would be 0.75 times 57.7 = front of the lug. The shear strength of the concrete in front
43.1 kips per rod. Larger anchor rods would be required. of the lug is evaluated (in ultimate strength terms) as a

4.8 Example: Shear Transfer Using Bearing

Calculate the minimum embedment depth of a shallowly
embedded W12×50 in 6,000-psi grout for a factored shear
load of 100 kips. The base plate is 15 in. × 15 in. and is 1.5
in. thick. The projected area of the plate Abrg = (1.5)(15) =
22.5 in2. The design shear strength in bearing on the base
plate edge per ACI 318-02 is

0.6 (0.85) f c′Abrg = 0.6 (0.85)(6)(22.5) = 68.8 kips

The remaining 31.2 kips must be taken by bearing of the

flange of the W12×50 against the concrete. The width of the
flange is 8.08 in. The required bearing area is

31.2 kips
Abrg = = 10.2 in.2
0.6(0.85)(6 ksi)

Figure 4.9.1 Shear lug design.

40 / DESIGN GUIDE 1, 2ND EDITION / BASE PLATE AND ANCHOR ROD DESIGN
uniform tensile stress of 4φ f c′ with φ = 0.75 acting on The projected area of this plane (Av), excluding the area of
an effective stress area defined by projecting a 45° plane the lug, is then calculated as
from the bearing edge of the shear lug to the free surface
(the face of the pier). The bearing area of the lug is to be Av = (20)(11.0) – (1.5)(9) = 207 in.2
excluded from the projected area. Since this criterion is Using this area, the shear capacity of the concrete in front
expressed in ultimate strength terms, the bearing strength of the lug (Vu) is calculated as
of the concrete is also evaluated with an ultimate strength
approach. The ultimate bearing strength of the concrete in
Vu = 4φ f c′ Av
contact with the lug is evaluated as 0.8fc′ A .
4(0.75) 4, 000 (207)
Since the anchor rods are sized for only the required uplift =
1, 000
tension, the 1.2(Ny − Pa) term addressed in Section 3.5.2
will be small and thus is ignored in this example. = 39.2 kips > 36.8 kips o.k.

The factored shear load = (1.6)(23) = 36.8 kips

2. Using a cantilever model for the lug,
Equating this load to the bearing capacity of the concrete,
Ml = V(G + d/2)
the following relationship is obtained:
= (36.8)(2 + 1.5/2) = 101 kip-in.
(0.8)(4,000)(A)req’d = 36,800
Note: G = 2 in. = thickness of grout bed.
(A) req’d = 11.5 in.2
bt 2
Assuming the base plate and shear lug width to be 9 in., Z=
the required embedded depth (d) of the lug (in the con- 4
crete) is calculated as φFy bt 2 (0.90)(36)(9)t 2
M l = φFy Z = = = 72.9t 2
4 4
d = 11.5/9 = 1.28 in.
treq ’d = 1.18 in.
Use 12 in.
Use a 14- in.-thick lug (Fy = 36 ksi).
See Figure 4.9.2.
Based on the discussion in Section 3.5.2, it is recom-
Using this embedment, the shear strength of the concrete mended to use a base plate of 14-in. minimum thickness
in front of the lug is checked. The projected area of the with this shear lug.
failure plane at the face of the pier is shown in Figure 4.9.3.
3. Most steel fabricators would prefer to use heavy fillet
Assuming the lug is positioned in the middle of the pier welds rather than partial or full penetration welds to at-
and the lug is 1 in. thick,

a = 5.5 in. in the 20-in.-wide pier

B = 1.5 in. + 9.5 in. = 11.0 in.

Figure 4.9.2. Shear lug depth. Figure 4.9.3. Lug failure plane.

DESIGN GUIDE 1, 2ND EDITION / BASE PLATE AND ANCHOR ROD DESIGN / 41