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Self Study, Lymphatic Sys

The lymphatic system is composed of lymphatic organs and tissue that work together to defend the body against pathogens. It contains three main cell types: T-cells, B-cells, and antigen-presenting cells. Lymph nodes are small encapsulated organs located throughout the body that filter lymph. They have a cortex containing lymphoid nodules and sinuses, and a medulla with cords and sinuses. Tonsils are aggregates of lymphoid tissue guarding entrances to the oral cavity and pharynx. The palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual tonsils contain lymphatic nodules with germinal centers and protect the respiratory and digestive systems.

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Amr Khattab
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26 views4 pages

Self Study, Lymphatic Sys

The lymphatic system is composed of lymphatic organs and tissue that work together to defend the body against pathogens. It contains three main cell types: T-cells, B-cells, and antigen-presenting cells. Lymph nodes are small encapsulated organs located throughout the body that filter lymph. They have a cortex containing lymphoid nodules and sinuses, and a medulla with cords and sinuses. Tonsils are aggregates of lymphoid tissue guarding entrances to the oral cavity and pharynx. The palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual tonsils contain lymphatic nodules with germinal centers and protect the respiratory and digestive systems.

Uploaded by

Amr Khattab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LYMPHATIC TISSUE

- The lymphatic system is responsible for the immunological defense of


the body.
- It is composed of:
Encapsulated lymphatic organs (thymus, lymph nodes,
spleen, and tonsils)
Diffuse lymphatic tissue (not encapsulated)
- The functional components of the immune system are 3 types of
cells:
1. T-cells
2. B-cells
3. antigen-presenting cells

I. Lymph Nodes
- They are small encapsulated oval or kidney-shaped organs formed
of lymphoid tissue.
Site:
- Groups scattered throughout the body, most numerous in the
neck, axilla, groin, around the major vessels.
- They are present along the path of lymph vessels
Structure:
- Lymph nodes have convex surface and concave surface (hilum)
(Fig. 1).

Fig. (1): Structure of lymph node


with reference to circulation of
the lymph from afferent to
efferent lymphatic vessels

1
- Lymph node is formed of stroma and parenchyma (Fig. 1,2).
1. Stroma (Connective tissue component):
A connective tissue capsule which surrounds the whole
organ.
The capsule sends trabeculae that divide the cortex into
incomplete compartments.
Reticular fibers in which the cells are freely suspended.

2. Parenchyma (Cellular component):


- The parenchyma of lymph node is divided into cortex and
medulla.
A. Cortex :
 It is outer zone under the capsule.
 It is divided by trabeculae into incomplete compartments which
contain:
a. Lymphoid nodules (primary & secondary)
b. Lymphatic sinus

o Primary lymphoid nodules


-They are spherical aggregates of dense small B-lymphocytes.
o Secondary lymphoid nodule
- They are formed in response to antigenic stimulation.
- They have pale central zone, called the germinal centre, and dark
peripheral area (Fig. 2, 3).
- The germinal center is made of large lymphocytes (pale),
macrophages and plasma cells.

Fig. (2): Histological structure of lymph node


2
-
-

B.
C.
Peripheral dark zone Germinal center

Fig. (3): Structure of secondary lymphatic nodule

B. Medulla: composed of medullary cords and medullary sinuses.

Function of lymph nodes:

1- They filter the lymph from bacteria and other substances.


2- Antigen recognition and removal.
3- B-lymphocytes differentiate into B-memory cells and plasma cells
that secret antibodies.

II. Tonsils
- Tonsils are incompletely encapsulated aggregates of lymphoid
tissue that guard the entrance of oral pharynx.
- These are palatine, phalangeal and lingual tonsils.

Fig. (4): Anatomical site of palatine & lingual


tonsils

3
(1) Palatine tonsils:

 There are 2 tonsils located in the oral part of pharynx.


 They are covered by non-keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium.
 The epithelium invaginates into parenchyma forming crypts.
 The lymphatic tissue consists of lymphatic nodules with germinal
centers (Fig.5).

Fig. (5): Histological structure of palatine tonsil

(2) Pharyngeal tonsil:

 This is single tonsil situated in the roof of the pharynx.


 The covering epithelium is pseudostratified columnar epithelium
(respiratory epithelium).

(3) Lingual tonsils

 They are situated at base of the tongue.


 Each tonsil is covered by stratified squamous epithelium.

Function of tonsils:
1- Tonsils react with antigens and produce antibodies.
2- They protect the digestive and respiratory systems against bacterial
and viral invasion.

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