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7a THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND LYMPHOID ORGANS

The document discusses the lymphatic system including lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid organs such as the thymus and spleen, and tonsils. It provides detailed information on the histology and functions of these structures.

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AnjiZareer
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38 views20 pages

7a THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND LYMPHOID ORGANS

The document discusses the lymphatic system including lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid organs such as the thymus and spleen, and tonsils. It provides detailed information on the histology and functions of these structures.

Uploaded by

AnjiZareer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

HISTOLOGY
LYMPHATIC
CIRCULATION
Drains excess
fluid from the
circulation
(lymph)
LYMPHATIC
CIRCULATION

Lymph
nodes

Left or right
Lymphatic Lymphatic Venous
Lymph thoracic
capillaries vessels system
duct

 Lymphatic vessels also contain valves, but their


lumens are larger and their walls are thinner and
they do not contain any red blood cells
LYMPHOID ORGANS
PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
Sitewhere lymphocyte precursors
mature and are programmed to
recognize a specific antigen
Includes the bone marrow (B cell) and
thymus (T cell)
LYMPHOID ORGANS
SECONDARY LYMPHOID
ORGANS
Areas where collected antigens are used
to stimulate clonal expression of mature
T and B cells
Ex: lymph nodes, tonsils and the spleen
LYMPH NODES
 Filters lymph

Afferent Efferent
lymphatic Lymph nodes lymphatic
vessels vessels

 Encapsulated by a layer of dense


connective tissue pierced by many
afferent lymphatic vessels and has
inward trabecular projections that
partially compartmentalize the
cortex.
LYMPH NODES
CORTEX
OUTER CORTEX
Consists of B cells,
organized in lymphoid
follicles.
Germinal centers may be

observed in the follicles


PARACORTEX
Consists of T cells and is
found between the outer
cortex and medulla
LYMPH NODES
MEDULLA
Located centrally
Is less cellular
than the cortex
Contain the
medullary sinuses
TONSILS
 Partially or
nonencapsulated masses
of lymphoid tissue that
are found near the airway
and food passages
 Located in the lamina
propria of oral mucosa.
 Epithelial lining consists
of stratified squamous
epithelium continuous
with the surrounding oral
mucosa
TONSILS
PALATINE TONSILS
Located bilaterally at the opening of
pharynx between the anterior and
posterior faucial pillars
Histologically consists of lymphatic
nodules with germinal centers and
numerous epithelial invaginations which
form tonsillar crypts
TONSILS
PHARYNGEAL TONSILS
A single tonsil that lies in the
superoposterior portion of the pharynx
It has no crypts, has a thinner capsule,
and is composed of mucosa overlying
diffuse lymphoid tissue and nodules
TONSILS
LINGUAL TONSIL
Located at the base of the tongue
Histologically consists of lymphatic
nodules with germinal centers and one
associated tonsillar crypt
TONSILS
Together, the
palatine, lingual
and pharyngeal
tonsils form a
tonsillar ring,
known as
Waldeyer’s ring
SPLEEN
 A secondary lymph organ
 Functions:
Filtration of blood - removing pathogens and
destroying defective or old red blood cells
from the circulation
Antigen-stimulated activation of lymphocytes,
which is similar to the function of a lymph
node
In the fetus, plays a role in hematopoiesis
SPLEEN
WHITE PULP
 Site of activation and
clonal expansion of
lymphocyets
 T cells congregate
around central arteries
of the white pulp,
forming the periarterial
lymphatic sheath
 B cells are found in
follicles, adjacent to the
arterioles
SPLEEN
RED PULP
 Site of blood
filtration
 Consists of cords
(Bilroth’s cords)
containing
numerous
macrophages that
lie between the
venous sinusoids
SPLEEN
MARGINAL ZONE
 The sinusoidal interface between the red
and white pulp
 Area where antigen-presenting cells
interact and activate T-helper cells that,
in turn, activate B cells
THYMUS
Located in the anterior mediastinum
Is active at birth and increases in size
until puberty, after which it gradually
atrophies and is replaced by fatty
tissue
THYMUS
CORTEX
Outer zone
Site of T cell
maturation, where
T cells are
programmed to
recognize specific
antigens
THYMUS
MEDULLA
Central zone
Contain Hassall’s
corpuscles, which
consist of
epithelial cells
with keratohyaline
granules

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