TECHNICAL WORKSHOP ON

WIND AND EARTHQUAKE

LOADING USING NSCP 2015
with ACTUAL DESIGN EXAMPLES using
various Software

Speaker: Eugene R. Torralba

Structural Engineer

WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING

Code: NSCP 2015
 Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Objective
DAY 1 - NSCP 2015 Wind Load Provision
Sample Project: 20 Storey Concrete Building

Key Points
 Overview: Wind Load Provision of NSCP 2010 & NSCP 2015
 Introduction to NSCP 2015
 Wind Load Definition of TERMS
 Derivation of Wind Load Parameters for MWFRS - Medium
Rise Building (20-Storey)
 Actual Input of Wind Load in Structural Analysis Model - ETABS

 Verification of Wind Load by checking Analysis Model behavior

 Summary & Q&A

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Transition for Wind Load NSCP 2010 to NSCP 2015
NSCP 2010 NSCP 2015
1.0 Reference Code
ASCE 7-05 ASCE 7-10
2.0 Wind Map
Single Map at Service Level Three Maps at Strength Level
3.0 Velocity Pressure
qz=47.3X10-6 kz kzt kd V2 Iw qz=0.613 kz kzt kd V2
4.0 Load Factor for Wind (refer to Section 203.3)
1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L (203-4) 1.2D + 1.0W + 1.0L (203-4)

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Transition for Wind Load NSCP 2010 to NSCP 2015

NSCP 2010 NSCP 2015

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Transition for Wind Load NSCP 2010 to NSCP 2015
NSCP 2010 NSCP 2015
1.0 Reference Code
ASCE 7-05 ASCE 7-10
2.0 Wind Map
Single Map at Service Level Three Maps at Strength Level
3.0 Velocity Pressure
qz=47.3X10-6 kz kzt kd V2 Iw qz=0.613 kz kzt kd V2
4.0 Load Factor for Wind (refer to Section 203.3)
1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L (203-4) 1.2D + 1.0W + 1.0L (203-4)

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Structural Code for Wind Load

HIGHLY
RECOMMENDED

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Structural Code for Wind Load
WIND LOADS (SECTION 207)
Chapter 2- Minimum Design Loads

207.1 Specifications
Buildings and other vertical structures shall be designed and constructed to resist
wind loads as specified and presented in Sections 207A through 207F.
Wind
207.1A General Requirements Speed
207.1B Wind Loads on Buildings –
MWFRS (Directional Procedures)
MWFRS
207.1C Wind Loads on Buildings –
&
MWFRS (Enveloped Procedures) OTHER
STRUCTURE
207.1D Wind Loads on Other Structures and Buildings
Appurtenances - MWFRS
207.1E Wind Loads – Component and Cladding (C&C)
207.1F Wind Tunnel Procedure
C&C
Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary Figure 207A.1-1

Section 207A- General Requirements: Use to determine the Basic Parameters for determining wind loads on both
MWFRS and C&C. These basic parameters are:
> Basic Wind Speed, V see Figure 207A.5-1aA, B or C
> Wind directionality factor, Kd, see section 207A.6
> Exposure category, see Section 207A.7
Wind
> Topographic factor, Kzt, see Section 207A.8 Speed
> Gust Effect Factor, G see Section 207A.9
> Enclosure classification, see Section 207A.10
> Internal pressure coefficient, (Gcpi), see Section 2047A.11

Wind loads on the MWFRS Wind loads o the C&C

maybe determined by: maybe determined by: C&C

Section 207B: Directional Procedure

for buildings of ALL HEIGHTS
MWFRS Section 207E:
- Envelope Procedure in Parts 1 and 2, or
& - Directional Procedure in Parts 3,4 and 5
Section 207C: Envelope Procedure - Buildings appurtenances ( roof overhangs
Other for low rise buildings (<18m)
and parapets ) in Part 6

Structures
Section 207D: Directional Procedure Section 207F: Wind Tunnel Procedure
for buildings appurtenances ( roof overhangs and for any building or other structure
parapets) and other structures

Section 207F: Wind Tunnel Procedure

for any building or other structure

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Enclosed Building, (Section 207B.4.1)

ENCLOSED/PARTIALLY
ENCLOSED BLDG

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Sample Project Wind
Speed
Project: 20 Storey Office Building
Location: Roxas Boulevard, Manila
Type of
Structural
System

WHAT IS THE MAGNITUDE Enclosure

OF WIND LOAD? Classification

Code
Procedure

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
WHAT IS THE MAGNITUDE
OF WIND PRESSURE?

1. MWFRS
Type of 2. C&C
Structural
System 3. Other
Structure

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Type of Structural System Type of
Structural
System
1. MWFRS = Main Wind-Force Resisting System
Assembly of Structural elements that provide support and
stability for the overall structure
Ability to transfer the Wind Load to the Ground (Support)
Building: Column-Beam-Slab
Warehouse: Steel Portal Frame
2. C&C = Components & Cladding
Cladding receives Wind load DIRECTLY
Components receives wind load DIRECTLY or receives from cladding
and TRANSFER the load to MWFRS
Cladding: Roof and Wall Covering, Curtain Wall and Doors
Component: Purlins, Roof Decking and Roof Trusses
3. Other Structure
Signage, Communication Tower, Overhead Water tank

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
WHAT IS THE MAGNITUDE
OF WIND PRESSURE?

1. DIRECTIONAL
Code
Procedure 2. ENVELOPED
3. WIND TUNNEL

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
CODE PROCEDURE Code
Procedure

1. DIRECTIONAL Procedure
Coefficient derives from experiment applying wind on a
SPECIFIC DIRECTION

Applicable to MWFRS for ALL HEIGHTS

Applicable to Building Appurtenances (roof overhang and parapets)
Applicable to Other Structures
Applicable to C&C

2. ENVELOPE Procedure
Coefficient derives from experiment applying wind on ALL DIRECTION
then obtained the maximum
Applicable to MWFRS & C&C of Building of LOW-RISE
BUILDING HT ≤ 18m)

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
CODE PROCEDURE Code
Procedure

3. WIND TUNNEL Procedure

Wind Pressure and or Forces and Moments derived from a
PHYSICAL MODEL of the Building and its surrounding structure

Applicable to all MWFRS, Other Structures & C&C NO LIMIT

Photo’s Extracted from Heggies Wind Tunnel Report for Adnec Tower “Capital Gate Tower”
dated May 2008

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
WHAT IS THE MAGNITUDE
OF WIND PRESSURE?

1. OPEN
2. PARTIALLY
Enclosure ENCLOSED
Classification 3. ENCLOSED

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Definition of Terms – Type of Building Enclosure
Classification
1. Building, OPEN
Ao > 0.80Ag

Open Structure Open Structure

Ao = total area of opening in the

wall that receives positive
external pressure
Ag = total gross area of that wall in
which Ao is identified

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Definition of Terms – Type of Building Enclosure
Classification
2. Building, PARTIALLY ENCLOSED
Aoi = sum of area of opening in the
1. Ao > 1.10Aoi building envelope (walls and roof)
not including Ao , m2
2. Ao > 0.37m2 or 0.01Ag,
whichever is smaller and Agi = the sum of the gross surface
area of the building envelope
Aoi/Agi ≤ 0.20
(Walls and Roof) not including Ag , m2

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Definition of Terms – Type of Building Enclosure
Classification
2. Building, PARTIALLY ENCLOSED

Partially Enclosed Structure

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Definition of Terms – Type of Building Enclosure
Classification
3. Building, ENCLOSED
Building NOT QUALIFIED for being OPEN or Partially
ENCLOSED

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
WHAT IS THE MAGNITUDE
OF WIND PRESSURE? Wind
• WIND
PARAMETER
Speed
Project: 20 Storey Office Building
Location: Roxas Boulevard, Manila
• MWFRS
Type of • C&C
Structural
System • Other
Structure

• OPEN
Enclosure • PARTIALLY
Classification ENCLOSED
• ENCLOSED

• DIRECTIONAL
Code
Procedure • ENVELOPED
• WIND TUNNEL

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 Sample Project
Derivation of Wind Load Parameters for MWFRS
(20-Storey Office Building)

Day 2

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 Sample Project: 20 Storey Office Building
5 bays @ 9.00m = 45m
3 bays @ 6.00m = 18m

Ground Floor Ht.: 4.50m

Typical Floor Ht. : 3.75m
Day 2
Project: 20 Storey Office Building Parapet Ht. : 1.20m

Location: Roxas Boulevard, Manila

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Sample Project: 20 Storey Office Building

PLAN VIEW

3D Structural
Day 2 Analysis Model
(using ETABS) 3D VIEW

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
ETABS AUTOMATIC Wind Load Input Wind
Speed

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
ETABS Wind Load Input Wind
Speed

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary Figure 207A.1-1

Section 207A- General Requirements: Use to determine the Basic Parameters for determining wind loads on both
MWFRS and C&C. These basic parameters are:
NSCP 2015 > Basic Wind Speed, V see Figure 207A.5-1aA, B or C
> Wind directionality factor, Kd, see section 207A.6
> Exposure category, see Section 207A.7
> Topographic factor, Kzt, see Section 207A.8
> Gust Effect Factor, G see Section 207A.9
> Enclosure classification, see Section 207A.10
> Internal pressure coefficient, (Gcpi), see Section 2047A.11

Wind loads on the MWFRS Wind loads o the C&C

maybe determined by: maybe determined by:

Section 207B: Directional Procedure

for buildings of all heights
Section 207E:
- Envelope Procedure in Parts 1 and 2, or
- Directional Procedure in Parts 3,4 and 5
Section 207C: Envelope Procedure - Buildings appurtenances ( roof overhangs
and parapets ) in Part 6
for low rise buildings (<18m)

Section 207D: Directional Procedure Section 207F: Wind Tunnel Procedure

for buildings appurtenances ( roof overhangs and for any building or other structure
parapets) and other structures

Section 207F: Wind Tunnel Procedure

for any building or other structure

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary
Basic Wind Speed, V Section 207A.5.1
Classification of Structure Section 103
Exposure Category Table 207A.7
Topographic Factor, Kzt Table 207A.8
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd Table 207A.6
Gust Effect Factor, Gf Table 207A.9

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
BASIC WIND SPEED (Section 207A.5.1)
V is a 3-sec gust speed at 10m above the ground in Exposure C (see Section 207A.7.3)

Figure 207A.5-1A Figure 207A.5-1B Figure 207A.5-1C

Category I & II Category III Category IV & V

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
BASIC WIND SPEED (Section 207A.5.1)

Location: Roxas Blvd, Manila

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURE (Section 103)

Project: 20 Storey Office Building

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
BASIC WIND SPEED (Section 207A.5.1)
V is a 3-sec gust speed at 10m above the ground in Exposure C (see Section 207A.7.3)

Category III
Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary
Basic Wind Speed, V 258mph (71.67m/s) Section 207A.5.1
Classification of Structure III Section 103
(Special Occupancy
Structure)
Exposure Category Table 207A.7
Topographic Factor, Kzt Table 207A.8
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd Table 207A.6
Gust Effect Factor, Gf Table 207A.9

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
EXPOSURE CATEGORIES (Section 207A.7.3)

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
EXPOSURE CATEGORIES (Section 207A.7.3)

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR, Kzt (Section 207A.8.2)
The wind speed-up effect shall be included in the calculation of
design wind loads by using factor Kzt:

Kzt = (1 + K1 + K2 + K3)2 (207A.8-1)

where K1, K2, and K3 are given in Figure 207A.8-1

If siteDayconditions
2 and locations of structures do not meet all the
conditions specified in Section 207A.8.1 then Kzt = 1.0

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
WIND DIRECTIONALITY FACTOR, Kd
(Section 207A.6.1)
Table 207A.6-1
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd
Structure Type Directionality Factor Kd *
Buildings
Main Wind Force Resisting System 0.85
Components and Cladding 0.85
Arched Roofs 0.85
Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Structures
Square 0.90
Hexagonal 0.95
Round 0.95
Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid 0.85
Freestanding and Attached Signs
Open Signs and Lattice Framework 0.85
Trussed Towers
Triangular, square, rectangular 0.85
All other cross sections 0.95

*Directionality Factor Kd has been calibrated with combinations of loads specified in Section
203. This factor shall only be applied when used in conjunction with load combinations
specified in Section 203.3 and 203.4.

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary
Basic Wind Speed, V 258mph (71.67m/s) Section 207A.5.1
Classification of Structure III Section 103
(Special Occupancy
Structure)
Exposure Category D Table 207A.7
Topographic Factor, Kzt 1.00 Table 207A.8
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd 0.85 Table 207A.6
Gust Effect Factor, Gf Table 207A.9

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Gust Effects, G (Section 207A.9)
Building or Other Structure, RIGID
Fundamental natural frequency > 1.0Hz

Building and Other Structure, FLEXIBLE

SLENDER building and other structure that have a fundamental
natural frequency < 1.0Hz

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Gust Effects, G (Section 207A.9)

207A.9.1 Rigid Buildings, Gust Effects, G = 0.85

207A.9.5 Flexible or Dynamically-Sensitive Buildings or Other
Structures, Gust Effects, Gf

Fundamental Natural Frequency of the Building, n1

Exposure Category, Exposure B, C and D
Building Dimension, Plan Dimension (B x L) and height (h)
Terrain Exposure Constants, Table 207A.9-1

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Gust Effects, G (Section 207A.9)
207A.9.2 Frequency Determination

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Gust Effects, G (Section 207A.9)
Frequency Determination by ETABS

3D Structural Analysis Model

(using ETABS)
Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Gust Effects, Gf (Section 207A.9)

Gf = 1.155

Fundamental Natural Frequency of the Building, n1 = 0.163

Exposure Category, Exposure D

Building Dimension, Plan Dimension

B=18m; L=45m and h= 78.45m
Terrain Exposure Constants, Table 207A.9-1

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary
Basic Wind Speed, V 258mph (71.67m/s) Section 207A.5.1
Classification of Structure III Section 103
(Special Occupancy
Structure)
Exposure Category D Table 207A.7
Topographic Factor, Kzt 1.00 Table 207A.8
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd 0.85 Table 207A.6
Gust Effect Factor, Gf 1.15 Table 207A.9

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 ETABS Wind Load Input

Wind Pressure
Coefficient

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Parameter Summary Figure 207A.1-1

Section 207A- General Requirements: Use to determine the Basic Parameters for determining wind loads on both
MWFRS and C&C. These basic parameters are:
> Basic Wind Speed, V see Figure 207A.5-1aA, B or C
> Wind directionality factor, Kd, see section 207A.6
> Exposure category, see Section 207A.7
> Topographic factor, Kzt, see Section 207A.8
> Gust Effect Factor, G see Section 207A.9
> Enclosure classification, see Section 207A.10
> Internal pressure coefficient, (Gcpi), see Section 2047A.11

Wind loads on the MWFRS Wind loads o the C&C

maybe determined by: maybe determined by:

Section 207B: Directional Procedure

for buildings of ALL HEIGHTS
Section 207E:
Directional - Envelope Procedure in Parts 1 and 2, or
- Directional Procedure in Parts 3,4 and 5
Procedure - Buildings appurtenances ( roof overhangs
Section 207C: Envelope Procedure
and parapets ) in Part 6
for low rise buildings (<18m)

Section 207D: Directional Procedure Section 207F: Wind Tunnel Procedure

for buildings appurtenances ( roof overhangs and for any building or other structure
parapets) and other structures

Section 207F: Wind Tunnel Procedure

for any building or other structure

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Coefficient, Cp (Figure 207B.4.1)

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Coefficient, Cp (Figure 207B.4.1)

For WALLS

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Wind Load Coefficient, Cp (Figure 207B.4.1)

For Roof

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Design Wind Load Cases (Figure 207B.4.8)

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
ETABS AUTOMATIC Wind Load Input Wind
Speed

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
ETABS Wind Load Input

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
ETABS Wind Load Input

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
ETABS Wind Load Input

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
ETABS Wind Load Input – Define Diaphragm

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 Summary - ETABS Wind Load Input

NSCP 2015
Wall Pressure
Coefficient, Cp

NSCP
2015
Figure
207B 4-8

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
ETABS Wind Load Input

WL
Wind Load towards the 45m face

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
ETABS Wind Load Input
WLh1
WLh2

45m

18m

WL
WLWW WLLW
Wind Load towards the 45m face
Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
ETABS Wind Load Input

WL
Wind Load towards the 18m face

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 18m
ETABS Wind Load Input
WLh1
WLh2

45m

WLLW
WL
WLWW
Wind Load towards the 18m face
Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
ETABS Wind Load Input

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Design Wind Load Cases (Figure 207B.4.8)

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
ETABS ANIMATION – AUTOMATIC Wind Load
Case 1 *Set 1*

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
ETABS Wind Load Input

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
Design Wind Load Cases (Figure 207B.4.8)

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
ETABS ANIMATION – AUTOMATIC Wind Load
Case 1 *Set 3*

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
ETABS Wind Load Input

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
ETABS ANIMATION – MANUAL Wind Load
Case 1 *Set 1*

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
SUMMARY
• WIND
Wind PARAMETER
Speed

• MWFRS
Type of • C&C
Structural
System • Other
Structure

• OPEN
Enclosure • PARTIALLY
Classification ENCLOSED
• ENCLOSED

• DIRECTIONAL
Code
Procedure • ENVELOPED
• WIND TUNNEL

Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 Eugene Torralba
WIND LOADING: Structural Engineer
Code: NSCP 2015
 THANK YOU
Speaker: Eugene R. Torralba
Structural Engineer

WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADING

Code: NSCP 2015