3 situations with different situations for ex.

Dyadic, mass and small group

ST. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE, INC. Oral Communication
Candon City, Ilocos Sur GRADE 11
School Year 2021 – 2022 HANDOUT # 3

SPEECH CONTEXT, SPEECH STYLE AND SPEECH ACT

Learning the types of Speech Context

The first type of Speech Context is INTRAPERSONAL Communication, meaning communicating with oneself. What
does this mean? Intrapersonal Communication may be seen in situations involving talking to or writing to oneself, even
thinking to oneself. To clarify further, talking to oneself may mean repeating a song heard while looking in the mirror,
memorizing out loud a dialogue in a play, or berating oneself in a mutter on the way to school for forgetting one's homework.
A teenager may write in a diary or on a private blog which nobody else is supposed to read. One also writes on post-it notes
to remind oneself of things to be done. And, of course, there is daydreaming, meditating, or mental planning.
Clearly, in Intrapersonal Communication, the Speaker and the Listener are one and the same: YOU. You send the Message
to yourself and you yourself receive that Message.

Beyond intrapersonal communication are several types of speech context which we are more familiar with, such as
INTERPERSONAL Communication which involves more than one person. Of course, it is not just the number of participants
that determine each particular type of communication. They can each be differentiated by its purpose. Remember that
communication is always intentional.

Types of Interpersonal Communication:

a. Dyadic Communication
 It involves only two participants forming the DYAD. One Speaker and one Listener come together to exchange
thoughts, ideas, opinions, and information. The roles of Speaker and Listener are not fixed, they are
interchangeable. Conversation is informal dyadic communication, while interview and dialogue are formal dyadic
communication.

b. Small Group Communication

 It requires from 3 to 15 people to study an issue, discuss a problem, and come up with a solution or a plan. This is
not just a gathering of people with no goal in mind but to pass the time. The group has an agenda, a leader, and an
outcome to accomplish.Small groups may be divided into two according to purpose: Study Groups and Task-
oriented Groups.

c. Public Communication
 It is different from Dyadic or Small Group Communication in that one Speaker addresses many Listeners,
collectively known as an Audience. There is no interchanging of the Speaker and Listener roles. Many Public
Communication events are formal.
 Usually, the programs are formally structured, with a Master of Ceremonies or MC (emcee), a Welcome Address,
an Introduction of the Keynote speaker, the speech by the Keynote Speaker or Paper Presenter, and Closing
Remarks. The informal version of Public Communication does not necessarily have a stage, the Speaker may be
dressed informally, and there may or may not be a microphone or, sometimes, just a megaphone.

d. Mass Communication
 It is any of the above human verbal interactions carried out with the aid of mass media technology. Mass media
used to mean only radio and television, which reached more people with the use of their technical systems.

e. Organizational Communication
 It refers to the interaction of members along the links in an organizational structure. There are two variations of
Organizational Communication. Formal Organizational Communication uses the proper channels graphically
illustrated by an organizational chart. Memos, announcements, and reports are passed along to the members of the
organization following the chain of command. The Informal version bypasses the links, skips forward or backwards,
or even goes sideways just to achieve the same goal. This is not to say that one is more important than the other,
or that one is bad, the other not. Both types of Organizational Communication are necessary for the organization to
survive.

f. Intercultural Communication
 It is the exchange of concepts, traditions, values, and practices between and among people of different nationalities
and ways of life. It goes beyond showcasing folk dances, local songs, and native delicacies. To make the exchange
more meaningful, there should be a deeper understanding and awareness of what makes various nationalities
different and unique, but also similar and familiar.
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ST. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE, INC. Oral Communication
Candon City, Ilocos Sur GRADE 11
School Year 2021 – 2022 HANDOUT # 3

Learning the Types of Speech Style

Each Speech Style is as distinct as the Types of Speech Context and can be paired according to usage. The styles
according to Martin Joos (1959) are the following:

a. Intimate
 It is a non-public Speech Style that uses private vocabulary and includes nonverbal messages. It is a style in which
meaning is shared even without "correct linguistic forms". This occurs among people who have known each other
for a long time and have shared many experiences. Because they know each other well, they can sometimes
complete each other's sentences and know what the other person is thinking even before they open their mouths.
Even without the correct linguistic forms, people using the Intimate Style understand each other.
Examples: husband and wife; siblings; parents and children

b. Casual
 It is a Speech Style used among friends and acquaintances that do not require background information. The use of
slang is common, and interruptions occur often. Casual Style is used when there are no social barriers to consider.
Examples: buddies, chats and emails, blogs

c. Consultative
 It is the opposite of the Intimate style because this style is used precisely among people who do not share common
experiences or meaning. This does not preclude disclosure of background information later in order to become the
basis of shared meaning. Consultative Style requires two-way participation and interruptions can occur during the
communication.
Examples: when strangers meet; doctor and patient; counselor and client

d. Formal
 It is used only for imparting information. The speech is well organized and correct in grammar and diction. Technical
vocabulary and exact definitions are important in the Formal Style, such as in presentations. Straightforward and
direct, with no circumlocution, this style does not allow interruptions.
Examples: sermons; announcements; rhetorical statements and questions

e. Frozen
 It is a formal style whose quality is static, ritualistic, and may even be archaic. Frozen Style is exemplified by
prayers that have been recited in the same way for years, the Pledge of Allegiance or Panatang Makabayan, and
the Oath of Office of any officer, whether of the Student Council or of Congress.
Examples: The Lord’s Prayer; wedding vows

Learning the Types of Speech Act

a. Locutionary Speech Act
 This Act happens with the utterance of a sound, a word, or even a phrase as a natural unit of speech. What is
required for the utterance to be a Locutionary Act is that it has sense, and most importantly, for Communication to
take place, has the same meaning to both the Speaker and the Listener. In fact, the utterance gives rise to shared
meaning when it is adjusted by the Speaker for the Listener. Even though the utterance might be a sound, a word,
or a phrase, the utterance follows the rules of language.

Examples of Locutionary Acts:

"Doh!" (favorite expression of TV cartoon character Homer Simpson)
"What?" (when someone is surprised)
"It's a bird!" (when people see Superman in the sky)

b. Illocutionary Speech Act

 In an Illocutionary Speech Act, it is not just saying something itself but the act of saying something with the intention
of:
 stating an opinion, confirming, or denying something
 making a prediction, a promise, a request

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ST. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE, INC. Oral Communication
Candon City, Ilocos Sur GRADE 11
School Year 2021 – 2022 HANDOUT # 3
 issuing an order or a decision; or
 giving advice or permission.
 This Speech Act uses the Illocutionary Force of a statement, a confirmation, a denial, a prediction, a promise, a
request, etc.

Examples of Illocutionary Acts:

There's too much homework in this subject. (opinion)
I'll do my homework later. (promise)
Go do your homework! (order)
change the decision of people
c. Perlocutionary Speech Act
 This is seen when a particular effect is sought from either the Speaker, the Listener, or both. The response may not
necessarily be physical or verbal and is elicited by:
 inspiring or insulting
 persuading/convincing
 deterring/scaring
 The aim of a Perlocutionary Speech Act is to change feelings, thoughts, or actions.

Examples of Perlocutionary Acts:

"l was born a Filipino, I will live a Filipino, I will die as Filipino!" (inspiring)
"It is the bleak job situation that forces Filipinos to find jobs overseas." (persuading)
"Texting while driving kills—you, your loved ones, other people!" (deterring)

References:
Flores, R. S. (2016) Oral communication in context. Rex Book Store
Apolonio, J. A. & Basilan, M.L.A. C. (Ph.D.). (2017). Oral communication in context. Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.