Potier Reactance Experiment

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Jable Mo!

- 05
EXPERIMENT NO.: 5.
To determine Potier Reactance of Three Phase Alternator by "Zero Power Factor Lagging
Saturation Curve'"
1. Theory
The Potier reactance is the leakage reactance when generator is having rated voltage and
rated armature current or armature reaction at full load. The leakage reactance is obtained by the use
of Potier Triangle: therefore it is called as Potier reactance. The Potier Triangle can be drawn by
knowing the open circuit characteristic, the field excitation for rated armature current when
alternator is short circuited and zero power factor lagging saturation characteristic.
The open circuit characteristic is the plot between excitation () and per phase open circuit
voltage (E). The zero power factor lagging saturation curve (zpflsc) is a curve between field current
l) and armature terminal per phase voltage (V) when load current, speed are at rated values and
power factor is zero lagging i.e. the load is purely inductive. For an alternator, these characteristics
are obtained as follows:
1. An alternator is run at rated speed by prime mover.
2. The field winding excitation is increased from zero and open circuit voltage is noted
(OCC).
3. With armature shorted, field current is increased from zero in order to flow rated
armature current. The field current for rated I, is noted (SCC).
4. A purely inductive load is connected across the armature terminals and field current is
increased till full load armature current is flowing.
5. The load is varied in steps and the field current at each step is adjusted to maintain rated
full load armature current (ZPFLSC).
Voltage FE
E. B

ZPFLSC
L-Rated
Rated
Phase D

L, Voltage

900
909
F.
A G H I,of mmf
(a) (b)
Fig. 1. (a) Phasor Diagram of Cylindrical Rotor Alternator at Zero Power Factor Overexcited.
(b) OCC, SCC, ZPFLSC and Potier Triangle
The terminal voltage V, and air gap voltage E, are very nearly in phase and are related by the
simple algebraic equaticon, V, =E, - I,r, -INa:
The resultant mmf E, and the field mmf Frare also very nearly in phase and are related by the
simple algebraic equation, F, =F +,
The OCC and (FL) ZPFLSC are shown in Fig. 1. For field eXcitation Fr (I), equal to OH. the
open circuit voltage is HF (E). The curves are on per phase basis. OH is also the excitation required
to produce rated terminal voltage at full load with zero pf lagging and OA is the
to get rated armature current when terminals of alternator are short circuited.
excitation required
E,

Fig. 2. Phasor Diagram of the Alternator for Short Circuit Condition


Under short circuit condition, the terminal voltage V, is zero and the phasor diagram is
shown in Fig. 2. The air gap emf E, generated by the resultant mmf F, or air gap flux ,
sufficient to overcome the leakage impedance drop 1rtjxal). It can be expressedis
as E, =I,r,+jl,x, . Generally Xal is much greater than r, and, therefore, the armature current I,
lags E, by an angle of nearly 90° (inductive winding). Phasor diagram reveals that F, is almost
opposite to Ff, so Fa is almost entirely demagnetizing in nature. The air gap flux is reduced showing
no saturation under short circuit condition.
The point A in Fig. 1(b), on ZPFLSC corresponds to the zero terminal voltage and can,
therefore, be obtained from short circuit test. The excitation OA can be divided into two parts OC
and CA. The field due to armature reaction is in direct opposition to the main field because
power
factor is zero lagging as shown in Fig. 1 (a). Due to this phase opposition, more field current CA is
required toovercome l¡a or to counter balance the armature reaction (i.e. armature mmf).
The remaining excitation OC generates the voltage which is equal to the leakage reactance
drop Iatal, which is shown by vertical line BC in Fig. 1(b). However present position of C is
assumed and is not known.
The rated phase voltage line DA' is drawn. The point A' is on zpflsc and mmf is Fr, which is
also responsible for no load voltage E=HE. With the known value of OA (from short circuit test),
cut the line DA' at 0' so that OA= 0'A'. From point O',draw a line parallel to air gap line, cutting
OCC at B', which gives air gap voltage E,, due to resultant mmf F. The same mmf Fr is responsible
for the generation of terminal voltage V,. From B', a perpendicular on DA', gives point C' and
leakage reactance voltage drop B'C. The armature leakage reactance xl=B'C'Il, rated)= X. The
difference between Frand F, is Fa, which is equal to C'A'.
The triangle obtained after joining the points 0', A' and B', is called the Potier Triangle.
Thus from Potier triangle, the armature leakage reactance X¡l and armature reaction mmf F, can be
determined.
If the armature resistance is assumed zero and the armature current is kept constant, then the
size of Potier triangle O'A'B remains constant and can be shifted parallel to itself with its corner B'
remaining on OCC and corner A' tracing the ZPFLSC. Thus the ZPFLSC has the same shape as the
OCC.
3. Apparatus Required
1. Synchronous Machine: Rating:.
2. DCShunt Motor (Prime Mover): Rating.
3. ACAmmeter: Three, 0-10 Amps.
4. AC Voltmeter: One, 0-300Volts.
5. DC Ammeter: One 0-1Amp
6. Rheostat: Two, 4002, 2Amps and 300 2, 2Amps (Not required for table number 5).
7. Variable Inductor: Three, 230V, 24A,
8. Triple Pole Double Throw Switch: One.
9. Tachometer or speedometer: One

4. Procedure
1. Make the connection as shown in Fig. 4.
2. Set potential divider (connected to field winding of alternator) to zero output position and
triple pole double throw switch to open position i.e. position no. 1 in which alternator
terminals are all open.
3. Set field rheostat of motor to minimum resistance point or set the speed control handle to
slowspeed point (if available in starter of dc motor).
4. Switch on dc supply and start dc motor with the help of starter.
5. Adjust the motor speed to synchronous speed of alternator with the help of field rheostat or
speed control handle.
6. Note voltmeter reading. Increase the excitation in step and note the corresponding voltage
reading. Take reading up to 20% above the rated voltage.
7. Bring the potential divider to zero output position and close the TPDT switch to position no
2, in which alternator terminals are shorted.
8. Increase the excitation till ammeters read rated current of alternator. Note the value of field
current. This value gives stating point of ZPFLSC i.e. the position of point A in Fig. 1.
9. Bring the potential divider to zero output position and close the TPDT switch to position no
3. in which RYB of alternator are connected to three variable inductors.
10. Keen variable inductors to minimum reactance position (Top) and increase excitation such
that all the ammeters read rated armature current of alternator. Note field current and the
armature voltage.
11. Now increase the excitation in step and increase reactance of inductors (towards bottom)
such that the ammeters again read rated armature current of alternator. Note field current and
the armature voltage.
12. Repeat step n0. 11to get readings up to rated armature voltage.
13. Reduce the excitation tO zero and switch off the dc supply.
E, is
his method is also Useful for calculating voltage regulation, For any load, first
caleulated by using the relation , ,+7,(0, +jN,). According to the magnitude of f E,, F, is
bained ftom OCC and is drawa leading by 90 to E, By knowing E, from Potier triangle, F;is
calculated by using the relation F, =+I, Corresponding to , no load voltage E,
is obtained from OCC and then voluge regulation is caleulated by using the relation
%Regulation = E, -V)7V,x100.

Vi

Fig. 3. Phasor Diagram for Determination of Voltage Regulation byZPFLSC Method


2. Circuit Diagram
Main Switch
Stárter
CB) 0-10A ac
L A
Triple Pole
+ Double Throw
Switch
30052
2A
R

M
FF
ALT) 0-10Aac
1-0CC

AA 3-ZPFLSC
300V ac
0-10A ac
A

0-1A d

400 2, 2A
+o230 V
DC Supply
Fig, 4. Experimental set up for
Determination of Potier Reactance

M
5. Observations
Speed of the set Synchronous speed t**. rpm,
1. Open Circuit Test:
Fielf Current Arm Terminal
I, A Voltage/ phase, V
0.1 A

0.2 A

20% above rated


value

2. Short Circuit Test:


Field current required to get rated armature current of alternator, Ir= ..Amp
3. Zero Power Factor Lagging Saturation Test:
Rated armature current of alternator, I=........Amp

Fielf Current Arm Terminal Arm current


I, A Voltage/ phase, V, I,A

RATED

up to rated value

6. Result and Conclusion


Plot OCC, ZPFLSC and fromn this draw Potier triangle. Measure B'C'. pu
B'C
Rated Armature Current

The Potier reactance Xp of thealternator is found to be ......Q i.e. per unit

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