Cell Division
Cell Division
Cell Division
Q1.The figure below summarises the process of meiosis. The circles represent cells and the
structures within each cell represent chromosomes.
(a) Describe and explain the appearance of one of the chromosomes in cell X.
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(3)
(b) Describe what has happened during division 1 in the figure above.
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(c) Identify one event that occurred during division 2 but not during division 1.
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(1)
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q2. (a) Apart from increasing genetic variation, explain why meiosis is important in organisms
which reproduce sexually.
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(2)
Figure 1
Complete Figure 1 to show the four different combinations of these chromosomes in the
gametes produced by meiosis.
(2)
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(c) Figure 2 shows the main stages in the production of pollen grains in a flowering plant.
Figure 2
The diploid number of chromosomes in this plant is sixteen. How many chromosomes
would there be in
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(2)
(d) In tissues that produce gametes, there is a greater proportion of cells undergoing meiosis
in male tissue than in female tissue. Suggest one advantage of this.
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)
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(6)
(b) Meiosis results in genetic variation in the gametes which leads to variation in the
offspring formed by sexual reproduction. Describe how meiosis causes this variation and
explain the advantage of variation to the species.
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(5)
(c) An old form of wheat, emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum), has a diploid chromosome
number of 28 (2n = 28). A wild wheat, einkorn wheat (Triticum tauschii), has a diploid
chromosome number of 14 (2n = 14). These two species occasionally crossed and
produced sterile hybrid plants. Due to an error during cell division, one of these hybrid
plants formed male and female gametes with 21 chromosomes. Fusion of these gametes
resulted in viable offspring. These plants were a new species, Triticum aestivum (2n =
42), our modern bread wheat.
(i) How many chromosomes would there have been in each of the cells of the hybrid
plant produced by crossing Triticum turgidum with Triticum tauschii?
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(1)
(ii) Explain why Triticum aestivum is fertile while the majority of hybrid plants were not.
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(3)
(Total 15 marks)
Q4. (a) Give one process which occurs in the nucleus of a cell during interphase which is
necessary before cell division can take place.
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(1)
(b) The diagram shows the chromosomes from a cell with a diploid chromosome number of
six.
Draw a diagram to show the chromosomes from one of the resulting cells if
(2)
(2)
(c) Explain one advantage of cells lining the human gut dividing very frequently.
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
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Q5. Division of the nucleus by meiosis produces haploid cells from a diploid cell. Nuclei
produced by mitosis have the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
(a) What is the biological importance of reducing the chromosome number when the cell
divides by meiosis?
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(2)
(b) The table gives one difference between meiosis and mitosis. Complete the table by
giving three further differences.
Meiosis Mitosis
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Q6. (a) Complete the table to describe some of the events during the cell cycle.
Metaphase
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(5)
(b) The diagram shows the life cycle of an organism. The numbers show how many
chromosomes are present in one cell at each stage of the life cycle.
(i) Name the type of cell division that must be involved in producing the spores.
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(1)
(ii) How many chromosomes are there in a male gamete from this organism?
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)
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Identify the type and stage of cell division shown. Give evidence from the diagram to
support your answer.
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(3)
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q8. (a) In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place?
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(1)
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List the stages A to E in the correct sequence, beginning with the earliest stage.
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(2)
(d) Meiosis also occurs during the life cycle of organisms. What is the importance of
meiosis?
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q9. (a) Nucleus A and nucleus B come from the same organism. The diagram shows these
nuclei immediately before division and the nuclei formed immediately after their division.
The table gives information about some of the nuclei shown in the diagram.
Number of
Nucleus Mass of DNA / arbitrary units
chromosomes
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A 8 600
B 8 600
(b) A student investigated the process of meiosis by observing cells on a microscope slide.
The cells on the slide had been stained.
(i) Name an organ from which the cells may have been obtained.
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(1)
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(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q10.(a) Meiosis results in cells that have the haploid number of chromosomes and show genetic
variation. Explain how.
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(6)
Q11.The figure below shows some cells from an onion root tip at different stages of the cell cycle.
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D
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(1)
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To obtain these images, the onion root tip was cut off, stained and put on a microscope
slide. A cover slip was placed on top. The root tip was then firmly squashed and viewed
under an optical microscope.
(b) Complete the table below to give one reason why each of these steps was necessary.
Step Reason
(2)
The figure below shows how the amount of DNA per cell changed during interphase and
meiosis in an animal.
(c) Explain how the behaviour of chromosomes causes these changes in the amount of DNA
per cell between F and G.
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(3)
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(d) What would happen to the amount of DNA per cell at fertilisation of cell G?
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q12.Figure 1 shows a pair of chromosomes at the start of meiosis. The letters represent alleles.
Figure 1
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(1)
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(2)
(c) The cell containing this pair of chromosomes divided by meiosis. Figure 2 shows the
distribution of chromosomes from this pair in four of the gametes produced.
Figure 2
(i) Some of the gametes formed during meiosis have new combinations of alleles.
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Explain how the gametes with the combinations of alleles Ef and eF have been
produced.
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(2)
(ii) Only a few gametes have the new combination of alleles Ef and eF. Most gametes
have the combination of alleles EF and ef. Suggest why only a few gametes have
the new combination of alleles, Ef and eF.
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(1)
Figure 3
(i) This cell produces gametes by meiosis. Draw a diagram to show the chromosomes
in one of the gametes.
(2)
(ii) How many different types of gametes could be produced from this cell as a result of
different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes?
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
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Figure 1
(i) Name X.
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(1)
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(2)
(iii) Homologous chromosomes carry the same genes but they are not genetically
identical.Explain why.
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(1)
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(b) Figure 2 shows three pairs of homologous chromosomes in a cell at the end of cell
division.
Figure 2
(i) The appearance of each chromosome in Figure 2 is different from those shown in
Figure 1. Explain why.
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(1)
(ii) Complete the diagram to show the chromosomes in one cell that could be produced
from the cell in Figure 2 as a result of meiosis.
(2)
(iii) Other than independent segregation, give one way in which meiosis allows the
production of genetically different cells.
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)
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(c) (i) 8;
(ii) 8;
2
(d) (in males) more gametes produced / rapid gamete production / more lost;
1
[7]
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M3. (a) 1. Chromosomes shorten / thicken / condense;
2. Chromosomes associate in homologous / (described) pairs /
formation of bivalents / tetrads;
3. Crossing-over / chiasma formation;
4. Join to spindle (fibres) / moved by spindle;(*)
5. (At) equator / middle of cell;(*)
6. (join via) centromere / kinetochore;(*)
7. (Homologous) chromosomes move to opposite poles /
chromosomes separate / move apart; (ALLOW ‘are pulled apart’)
8. (Pairs of) chromatids separated in 2nd division;
M5. (a) Later fertilisation / cell fusion; (NOT just ‘sexual reproduction’)
Restoring diploid / original number / not doubling chromosome number;
ALLOW ref ‘½ + ½’
2
Meiosis Mitosis
(ii) 32;
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1
[7]
(b) A D C E B;
1
(b) (i)
Parental phenotypes Agouti White
Gamete genotypes BA Ba bA ba ba ;
(ii)
Colour of Observe Expected
(O-E) (O-E)2
offspring d (O) (E)
Agouti 34 30 4 16 0.53
Black 35 30 5 25 0.83
White 51 60 9 81 1.35
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Σ = 2.71 or 2.72
;; 2
p = 0.05;
2 degrees of freedom;
Differences due to chance / no significant difference as χ2 less than / to left of
critical value OR Not due to chance / difference is significant as χ2 greater
than to right of critical value;
(as appropriate for candidates χ2)
3
[15]
M11.(a) (D)CBEA.
1
(b)
Step Reason
To allow light
(Firmly
through /
squashing
make tissue layer
the root tip)
thin;
(c) (Increase)
1. Chromosomes / DNA replicates;
(First decrease)
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M12.(a) (Different) form / type / version of a gene / different base sequence of a gene;
1
(ii) 8;
1
[9]
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(ii) 1. Three chromosomes;
Ignore shading
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