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minerals and decaying organic matter, which covers the earth in thin layers and
which supplies when containing the proper amounts of air and water, mechanical
support and sustenance for plants}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \
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langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cf3 }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 - a slope of rocks formed from weathered debris
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langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 - a filled vent through magma moves or plug
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highlight7 Diastrophism}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 - a process acting on the earth which includes
the movements of the part of the lithosphere through the action of the external
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\highlight7 Fault}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \
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langfenp1033 \alang1025 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \
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langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 - kind of soils that had developed from
materials deposited by running water}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Colluvial }{\
group of soils that had developed from materials transported by gravity}{\rtlch \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cf3 \highlight7 Magma}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 }{\rtlch \fcs1 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 - a natural
very hot fluid formed beneath the surface of the earth and made up largely of
natural solutions of silicate, oxides and sulfites}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch
alang1025 \cf3 \highlight7 Aggradation}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22
\rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 - the building up of the earth's surface as a
result of laying down of transported material}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \
alang1025 \cf3 \highlight7 Lithosphere}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 - this is referred to the solid part of the
earth and so called "Sphere of rocks"}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi-716 \li720 \ri0 \
highlight7 Batholiths}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 - the largest and originally the deepest
bodies of igneous rock known.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \
lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx450 \itap0 \rtlch \
fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \loch \af0 \hich \
af0 \dbch \af0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 {\rtlch \
fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \
af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Regolith }
{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \
the term which implies the unconsolidated materials above the bedrock.}{\rtlch \
pard \plain \fi-720 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa120 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \
lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx360 \tql \tx720 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \page }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 I.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \
af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af5 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 INTRODUCTION}{\
rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \
af0 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025
\par }\pard \plain \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \
adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1080 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 1.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Pedological
definition of soils:}{\rtlch \fcs1
\af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af5 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \
plain \s27 \qj \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \
rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1080 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Soil is defined as a natural body
differentiated into horizon of mineral and organic constituent, usually
unconsolidated, of variable depth, and which differs from the parent material below
in morphology, physical properties and constitution, chemical properties and
composition, and biological characterization.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \fi-360 \li720 \
ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 2.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Edaphological definition of soils:}{\rtlch \
pard \plain \s26 \qj \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \
lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1080 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Soil may be defined as a natural
body, synthesized in profile form from a variable mixture of broken and weathered
mineral and decaying organic matter, which covers the earth in a thin layer and
which supplies, when containing proper amounts of air and water, mechanical support
and , in part sustenance for plants.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1080 \itap0 \
hich \af0 \dbch \af0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 {\
hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 3.}
hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \tab
}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \
hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025
Definition of forest soils:}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \s27 \qj \li720 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1080 \
alang1025 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
alang1025 Forest soils are soils that developed under the influence of forest
cover.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \fi-720 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \
adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx450 \tql \tx720 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \
\ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \f5 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \s1 \
fi-720 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa120 \lisa0 \widctlpar \keepn1 \adjustright \lin720 \
rin0 \tql \tx360 \tql \tx720 \itap0 \outlinelevel0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \
ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \loch \af5 \hich \af5 \dbch \af0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 II.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 SOIL FORMATION}
{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \
\par }\pard \plain \qj \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \
adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx360 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1080 \itap0 \rtlch \
af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 1.}{\rtlch
\fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af5
\loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \tab }{\
Processes acting on the earth.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60
\lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1080 \tql \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 a.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Gradation - includes degradation and
aggradation}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li1080 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright
\lin1080 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1440 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Degradation - lowering of the
surface of the earth}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025
langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li1080 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \
widctlpar \adjustright \lin1080 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1440 \itap0 \rtlch \
af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025
Aggradation - building up of the earth's surface.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \s28 \
qj \fi-360 \li1080 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1080 \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 b.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Volcanism - denotes all
activities of the molten rocks and the formation of their products.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \
plain \qj \fi-360 \li1080 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1080
\rin0 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1440 \tql \tx2160 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch
\fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \loch \af0 \hich \af0 \dbch \af0 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 c.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Diastrophism - includes
movement of parts of the lithosphere through the action of the internal forces.}{\
}\pard \plain \li1080 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1080 \rin0 \
tql \tx1440 \tql \tx1800 \tql \tx2160 \tql \tx4950 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 c.1}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 kinds of
diastrophic movement: orogenics or epeirogenic}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \fi-360 \
li1440 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1440 \rin0 \tql \tx1080
\tql \tx1800 \tql \tx2160 \tql \tx5220 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0
\fs24 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \loch \af0 \hich \af0 \dbch \af0 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 c.2}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Classes of
diastrophic movement: Gentle tilts, Folds, Faults and Joints.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \li360
\ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin360 \rin0 \tql \tx360 \tql \
tx720 \tql \tx1080 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \
\langfenp1033 \alang1025 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Weathering Processes}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \
li1080 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1080 \rin0 \tql \tx1080 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Physical weathering}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
\tql \tx1440 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 b.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Chemical weathering}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
\ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin360 \rin0 \tql \tx-540 \tql \
tx360 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1080 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Products of weathering}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
fi3420 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx3420 \
alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1024 \langnp1024 \langfe1024
\langfenp1024 \alang1025 {\shp {\*\shpinst \shpleft3168 \shptop224 \shpright3457 \
shpbottom369 \shpfhdr0 \shpbxcolumn \shpbxignore \shpbypara \shpbyignore \shpwr3 \
shpwrk0 \shpfblwtxt0 \shpz8 \shplid1026 {\sp {\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp {\sn
fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fFlipV}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn WrapText}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
fFillOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fLineOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fShadowOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn
lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineEndArrowhead}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn lineStartArrowWidth}
{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineStartArrowLength}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineEndArrowWidth}{\sv 0}}
{\sp {\sn lineEndArrowLength}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn
fShadow}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn wzName}{\sv Lines 2}}{\sp {\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\
shprslt {\pict }}}}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfenp1033 \alang1025 Residual mantle --------> Sedentary parent materials}{\
lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp
{\sn lineEndArrowhead}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn lineStartArrowWidth}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
lineStartArrowLength}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineEndArrowWidth}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
lineEndArrowLength}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fShadow}{\sv
0}}{\sp {\sn wzName}{\sv Lines 3}}{\sp {\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt {\pict
}}}}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \
Bedrock--->Mantle rock}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \fi3427 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Transported mantle ---->
Transported parent material}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1024 \langnp1024 \langfe1024 \langfenp1024 \alang1025 {\
shp {\*\shpinst \shpleft1440 \shptop269 \shpright1440 \shpbottom885 \shpfhdr0 \
shpbxcolumn \shpbxignore \shpbypara \shpbyignore \shpwr3 \shpwrk0 \shpfblwtxt0 \
shpz6 \shplid1028 {\sp {\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp {\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn WrapText}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fFillOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
fLineOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fShadowOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn lineWidth}{\sv 12700}}{\sp {\
sn lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineStartArrowWidth}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
af0 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1024 \langnp1024 \langfe1024 \langfenp1024 \
alang1025 {\shp {\*\shpinst \shpleft4032 \shptop269 \shpright4032 \shpbottom1029 \
shpfhdr0 \shpbxcolumn \shpbxignore \shpbypara \shpbyignore \shpwr3 \shpwrk0 \
shpfblwtxt0 \shpz7 \shplid1029 {\sp {\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp {\sn fFlipH}{\sv
0}}{\sp {\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn WrapText}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fFillOK}{\sv 0}}{\
sp {\sn fLineOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fShadowOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn lineWidth}{\sv
12700}}{\sp {\sn lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineStartArrowWidth}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
4.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0
\hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \
tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \
Soil Genesis - the evolution of soil from its parent material}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
li1890 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1890 \rin0 \itap0 \rtlch \
af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Upper
layer of}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \fi1886 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx4680 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 "Regolith"}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 ----------->
"Parent Material" ---->}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 "Soils"}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0
\fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \fi720 \li0 \ri0
\lisb0 \sa120 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx1440 \tql \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 "Bedrock" ------------> "Regolith"}{\rtlch \
trowd \trql \trgaph0 \trleft1080 \trftsWidth1 \trftsWidthB3 \trftsWidthA3 \
trpaddfl3 \trpaddft3 \trpaddfb3 \trpaddfr3 \clvertalt \clbrdrl \brdrnone \clbrdrr \
brdrnone \clbrdrt \brdrnone \clbrdrb \brdrnone \cltxlrtb \clwWidth3870 \clftsWidth3
\cellx4950 \clvertalt \clbrdrl \brdrnone \clbrdrr \brdrnone \clbrdrt \brdrnone \
clbrdrb \brdrnone \cltxlrtb \clwWidth3780 \clftsWidth3 \cellx8730 \pard \plain \li0
\ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx1440 \intbl \itap1 \
Physical and chemical weathering: Little or no organic matter}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cell }\pard \plain \
li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx1440 \tql \
tx2880 \intbl \itap1 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Bio-chemical weathering; Addition and decay of
organic matter}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cell }\pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \intbl \itap1 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 {\trowd \trql \trgaph0 \trleft1080 \trftsWidth1
\trftsWidthB3 \trftsWidthA3 \trpaddfl3 \trpaddft3 \trpaddfb3 \trpaddfr3 \
clvertalt \clbrdrl \brdrnone \clbrdrr \brdrnone \clbrdrt \brdrnone \clbrdrb \
brdrnone \cltxlrtb \clwWidth3870 \clftsWidth3 \cellx4950 \clvertalt \clbrdrl \
brdrnone \clbrdrr \brdrnone \clbrdrt \brdrnone \clbrdrb \brdrnone \cltxlrtb \
clwWidth3780 \clftsWidth3 \cellx8730 \row }\pard \plain \li360 \ri0 \sb60 \lisb0 \
sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin360 \rin0 \tql \tx360 \tql \tx720 \tql \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Factors of Soil Formation}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \
lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1080 \itap0 \
hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Can
be equated to :}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi-547 \li1267 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \
lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1267 \rin0 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1350 \tql \tx1620
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 S}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 =}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 f(cl, o, r, p, t) where S, soil = f, function
of (cl, climate, o. organism or vegetative cover r, relief or topography, p, parent
material and t, time); or,}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \
lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1267 \rin0 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1350
\tql \tx1440 \tql \tx1620 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch
\alang1025 \ltrch \loch \af0 \hich \af0 \dbch \af0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 S}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 =}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 f (g, e, b) at where S, soil = f, function of
geological factors, e, environmental factors, biological factors), dt,
differentiated in time.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \li1267 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa40 \
\itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \loch \
alang1025 geological factor ------------------------}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 p}{\rtlch \fcs1
\af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af5 \loch
\f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \
\tql \tx1440 \tql \tx5310 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 environmental factors ------------------}{\
hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 cl,
r}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \
\par }\pard \plain \li1267 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa40 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \
lin1267 \rin0 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1440 \tql \tx5310 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 biological factors
------------------------}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 o}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22
alang1025 dt -------------------------------------------- }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 t}{\rtlch \fcs1
qj \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \
tql \tx360 \tql \tx1080 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Kinds of soils developed from sedentary and
transported parent materials.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \
lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1080 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Sedentary parent materials - materials that
are still in its original site:}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch
\alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033
\langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \s27 \qj \li1080 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \
lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1080 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1440 \itap0 \rtlch
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Residual and
commulose soils developed from these materials.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
li1080 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1080 \rin0 \tql \
tx720 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1440 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Transported parent
materials - materials that are moved in a new position through a number of agents.}
}\pard \plain \qj \li1080 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1080 \rin0
\tql \tx720 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1440 \tql \tx1800 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 b.1}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 By gravity
--------Colluvial soil}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \
lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1080 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1080 \tql \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 b.2}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 By water:}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \li1440 \ri0 \
lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1440 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1
\af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \loch \af0 \hich \af0 \dbch
\af0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 {\rtlch \fcs1 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 River
---------- Alluvial soil (Alluvium)}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \li1440 \ri0 \lisb0 \
lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1440 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Lake ----------
Lacustrine soil}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \li1440 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Ocean ---------
Marine soil}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 b.3}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 By ice
---------- Glacial soil}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \fi-360 \li1440 \ri0 \
lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1440 \rin0 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1800 \
alang1025 b.4}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch
alang1025 \tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfenp1033 \alang1025 By wind ------- Eolian or Aeolian soil}{\rtlch \fcs1 \
plain \fi720 \li1440 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1440 \rin0 \tql
\tx720 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \s1 \fi-360 \li360 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \widctlpar \keepn1 \adjustright \lin360 \rin0 \tql \tx360 \
itap0 \outlinelevel0 \ls1 \rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \
\langfenp1033 \alang1025 {\listtext \pard \plain \rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \loch \af5 \hich \af5 \dbch \af0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \f2 III.\tab }{\rtlch \
af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 SOIL
PROFILE}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar
\adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx360 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1080 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 1.}{\rtlch \
af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \tab }{\
hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Soil
profile - It is defined as a vertical section of the soil down to the various
layers to the less weathered portion or parent material.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \
rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \loch \af0 \hich \af0 \dbch \af0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 2.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Soil horizon - It is a layer of soil parallel
to the land surface with a more or less defined characteristics produced through
the operation of soil - building processes.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li720 \
tx1080 \tql \tx1440 \tql \tx2160 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24
\rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \loch \af0 \hich \af0 \dbch \af0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 2.1}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Major horizon groups}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22
fi-720 \li1800 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1800 \rin0 \tql
\tx1080 \tql \tx2160 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 A group - Eluvial zone - lies at the surface
and its characterized by zone of maximum leaching.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 B group - Illuvial zone - layer comes next to A
and includes the layers in which deposition from above takes place.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \
plain \qj \fi-720 \li1800 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1800
\rin0 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx2160 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 C. group - Parent material - where
A & B are derived.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx360 \tql \tx720 \itap0 \rtlch \
Solum - this includes the A and B horizons, or sometime referred to as depth of
true soils.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
\adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx360 \tql \tx720 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \
afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \
af0 \lang1024 \langnp1024 \langfe1024 \langfenp1024 \alang1025 {\shp {\*\shpinst \
shpleft2016 \shptop447 \shpright2448 \shpbottom1455 \shpfhdr0 \shpbxcolumn \
shpbxignore \shpbypara \shpbyignore \shpwr3 \shpwrk0 \shpfblwtxt0 \shpz14 \
shplid1030 {\sp {\sn shapeType}{\sv 88}}{\sp {\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fFlipV}
{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn WrapText}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fLineOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fShadowOK}{\
sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn wzName}{\sv AutoShape 6}}{\sp {\sn fLayoutInCell}{\
sv 0}}{\shptxt \pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
loch \af0 \hich \af0 \dbch \af0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \
alang1025 \par }}}{\shprslt {\pict }}}}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Regolith - this includes all the layers above
the bedrock which includes the parent material (C) and the solum (A & B horizons)}
fLineOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fShadowOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn wzName}{\sv AutoShape
7}}{\sp {\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}{\shptxt \pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \
fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \loch \af0 \hich \af0 \dbch \f0 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }}}{\shprslt {\pict }}}}{\
hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 A -}
horizons}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \
lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx3960 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch
rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1024 \langnp1024 \
langfe1024 \langfenp1024 \alang1025 {\shp {\*\shpinst \shpleft2448 \shptop204 \
shpright3601 \shpbottom205 \shpfhdr0 \shpbxcolumn \shpbxignore \shpbypara \
shpbyignore \shpwr3 \shpwrk0 \shpfblwtxt0 \shpz0 \shplid1032 {\sp {\sn shapeType}{\
sv 20}}{\sp {\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn WrapText}{\sv
0}}{\sp {\sn fFillOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fLineOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fShadowOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp {\sn lineWidth}{\sv 12700}}{\sp {\sn lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
lineDashing}{\sv 2}}{\sp {\sn lineEndArrowhead}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn
lineStartArrowWidth}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineStartArrowLength}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
lineEndArrowWidth}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineEndArrowLength}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn wzName}{\sv Lines 8}}{\sp
{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt {\pict }}}}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Solum}{\rtlch \fcs1 \
plain \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 B -}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 horizons}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Regolith}{\rtlch \fcs1 \
dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1024 \langnp1024 \langfe1024 \langfenp1024 \
12700}}{\sp {\sn lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineDashing}{\sv 2}}{\sp {\sn
lineEndArrowhead}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn lineStartArrowWidth}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
C -}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \
\tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \
horizons}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
langfenp1033 \alang1025 Parent Material}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa120 \lisa0 \
af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 R =}{\
Bedrock}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch
\af0 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \
alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 5.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Other
terminology}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 a.}{\rtlch
young soil vs. matured soil}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \
lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1080 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1080 \tql \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 surface soil vs. subsoil}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \fi-
360 \li1080 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1080 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \
tql \tx1080 \tql \tx2160 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \
rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 c.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 fertile soil vs. productive soil}{\rtlch \fcs1
fi-360 \li1080 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1080 \rin0 \tql \
tx720 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx2160 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 d.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 mineral soil vs. organic
soil}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \
\par }\pard \plain \fi-360 \li1080 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \
lin1080 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx2160 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24
\ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \loch \af0 \hich \af0 \dbch \af0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 e.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 light soil vs.
heavy soil}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
pard \plain \fi-360 \li1080 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1080 \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \fi-360 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \s2 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa120 \lisa0 \widctlpar \keepn1 \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx360 \tql \tx720 \
itap0 \outlinelevel1 \rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 IV.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
b1 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF
SOILS}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \
\lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \
lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \
{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fLockAspectRatio}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fFillOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
fLineOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fShadowOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fNoFillHitTest}{\sv 1}}{\sp
{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineWidth}{\sv 12700}}{\sp {\sn lineStartArrowWidth}
{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineStartArrowLength}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineEndArrowWidth}{\sv 0}}
{\sp {\sn lineEndArrowLength}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn
fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn shadowColor}{\sv 8421504}}{\sp {\sn
fshadowObscured}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn wzName}{\sv Lines 10}}
{\sp {\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt {\pict }}}}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \
ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \
lang1024 \langnp1024 \langfe1024 \langfenp1024 \alang1025 {\shp {\*\shpinst \
shplid1035 {\sp {\sn shapeType}{\sv 3}}{\sp {\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fFlipV}{\
sv 0}}{\sp {\sn WrapText}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fLineOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fShadowOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp {\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineWidth}{\sv 12700}}{\sp {\sn lineStyle}{\
sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn wzName}{\sv Oval 11}}{\sp {\sn
fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}{\shptxt \pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \
alang1025 \ltrch \loch \af0 \hich \af0 \dbch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }}}{\shprslt {\pict }}}}{\rtlch
\fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \
pard \plain \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \
lineWidth}{\sv 12700}}{\sp {\sn lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineStartArrowWidth}{\
sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineStartArrowLength}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineEndArrowWidth}{\sv 0}}{\
sp {\sn lineEndArrowLength}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn
fShadow}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn wzName}{\sv Lines 12}}{\sp {\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\
shprslt {\pict }}}}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfenp1033 \alang1025 \tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Organic}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \tab }{\rtlch \
af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 matter}{\
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 5%}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Pore Spaces}{\rtlch \fcs1
\f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \tab }{\rtlch \
af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Soil
spaces}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \fi180 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \
af0 \loch \af0 \lang1024 \langnp1024 \langfe1024 \langfenp1024 \alang1025 {\shp {\
*\shpinst \shpleft3024 \shptop125 \shpright4032 \shpbottom845 \shpfhdr0 \
shpbxcolumn \shpbxignore \shpbypara \shpbyignore \shpwr3 \shpwrk0 \shpfblwtxt0 \
shpz5 \shplid1037 {\sp {\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp {\sn fFlipH}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn
fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn WrapText}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fFillOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
fLineOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fShadowOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn lineWidth}{\sv 12700}}{\sp {\
sn lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineStartArrowWidth}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
0}}{\sp {\sn wzName}{\sv Lines 13}}{\sp {\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt {\
pict }}}}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
alang1025 (Voids)}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Soil air 25%}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Mineral}{\rtlch \fcs1 \
af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 (Soil
Solids)}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch
\af0 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \
lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx4320 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 matter}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 45%}{\
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Soil water}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 25%}{\
}\pard \plain \qj \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0
\itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi1980 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \
adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Ideal Volume Composition}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
fi1980 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \itap0 \
}\pard \plain \s2 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \keepn1 \adjustright \
lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx360 \tql \tx720 \itap0 \outlinelevel1 \rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \
ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \loch \af5 \hich \af5 \dbch \af0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 V.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF SOILS}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \
alang1025 1.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Soil texture - relative proportions of various
size-groups in a given soil mass.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \
lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1080 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1440 \itap0
\rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \loch \af0 \
hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 1.1}
Separate - one of the individual size-groups of mineral particles with definite
diameter size ranges, i.e. sand silt and clay.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \s28 \qj \fi-360
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 ISSS system and USDA system of classifying
soil separates.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \s28 \qj \fi-360 \li1080 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1080 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1440 \
alang1025 1.3}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch
langfenp1033 \alang1025 Mechanical Analysis - process of separating various size-
groups in a given soil mass.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li1080 \ri0 \lisb0 \
1.3.1}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \
hydrometer Method (Bouyoucos) based on Stoke's Law}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li1080 \ri0
\lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1080 \rin0 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1620 \
alang1025 1.3.2}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Pipette Method}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li1080 \ri0
\lisb0 \sa120 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1080 \rin0 \tql \tx1080 \tql \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 1.3.3}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 "Feel Method"}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch
ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1440 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 1.4}{\rtlch \fcs1
af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Soil
textural classes}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\trowd \trql \trgaph0 \trleft1080 \trftsWidth1 \
trftsWidthB3 \trftsWidthA3 \trpaddl108 \trpaddr108 \trpaddfl3 \trpaddft3 \trpaddfb3
\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt \clbrdrl \brdrnone \clbrdrr \brdrnone \clbrdrt \brdrnone \
clbrdrb \brdrnone \cltxlrtb \clwWidth2790 \clftsWidth3 \cellx3870 \clvertalt \
clbrdrl \brdrnone \clbrdrr \brdrnone \clbrdrt \brdrnone \clbrdrb \brdrnone \
cltxlrtb \clwWidth2610 \clftsWidth3 \cellx6480 \clvertalt \clbrdrl \brdrnone \
clbrdrr \brdrnone \clbrdrt \brdrnone \clbrdrb \brdrnone \cltxlrtb \clwWidth2304 \
clftsWidth3 \cellx8784 \pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \sb120 \lisb0 \sa120 \lisa0 \
widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1440 \tql \tx2160 \intbl \
alang1025 Common Names}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs20 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cell }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \sb120 \lisb0
\sa120 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1440 \tql \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Texture}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cell }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \
sb120 \lisb0 \sa120 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx1080 \tql \
tx1440 \tql \tx2160 \intbl \itap1 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Textural Classes}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \
li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \intbl \itap1 \rtlch \
af0 \dbch \af0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 {\trowd \
trql \trgaph0 \trleft1080 \trftsWidth1 \trftsWidthB3 \trftsWidthA3 \trpaddl108 \
trpaddr108 \trpaddfl3 \trpaddft3 \trpaddfb3 \trpaddfr3 \clvertalt \clbrdrl \
clwWidth2790 \clftsWidth3 \cellx3870 \clvertalt \clbrdrl \brdrnone \clbrdrr \
clbrdrb \brdrnone \cltxlrtb \clwWidth2304 \clftsWidth3 \cellx8784 \row }\pard \
plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Sandy Soil}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 - - - - - - -}{\rtlch \
af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cell }\
pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Coarse}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 - - - - - - -}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cell }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Sand}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1440 \tql \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Loamy sand}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cell }\pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \intbl \itap1 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \
af0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 {\trowd \trql \
trgaph0 \trleft1080 \trftsWidth1 \trftsWidthB3 \trftsWidthA3 \trpaddl108 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cell }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0
\widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx1440 \tql \tx2160 \intbl \itap1 \
Moderately}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs20 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
langfenp1033 \alang1025 - - - - - - -}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0
\widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx1440 \tql \tx2160 \intbl \itap1 \
Coarse}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs20 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
alang1025 \cell }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \
lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1440 \tql
\tx2160 \intbl \itap1 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Sandy loam}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \
tql \tx2160 \intbl \itap1 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Fine sandy loam}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \
li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \intbl \itap1 \rtlch \
af0 \dbch \af0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 {\trowd \
trql \trgaph0 \trleft1080 \trftsWidth1 \trftsWidthB3 \trftsWidthA3 \trpaddl108 \
lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx1602 \tql \tx2160 \intbl \itap1 \
}\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \
tql \tx1602 \tql \tx2160 \intbl \itap1 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Loamy soil}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 - - - - - - -}
hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \
cell }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \tql \tx1440 \tql \tx2160 \intbl \itap1 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \
lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx1440 \tql \tx2160 \intbl \
alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \
lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx1440 \tql \tx2160 \intbl \itap1 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Medium}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5
\afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs20 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af5 \loch \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 - - - - - - -}
hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \
cell }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1440 \tql \tx2160 \intbl \itap1 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Very fine sandy loam}{\
tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1440 \tql \tx2160 \intbl \itap1 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch
\fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \loch \af0 \hich \af0 \dbch \af0 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Loam}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Silt loam}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Silt}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cell }\pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \
widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \intbl \itap1 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 {\trowd \trql \trgaph0 \
trleft1080 \trftsWidth1 \trftsWidthB3 \trftsWidthA3 \trpaddl108 \trpaddr108 \
cltxlrtb \clwWidth2304 \clftsWidth3 \cellx8784 \row }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \
lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx1440 \tql \tx2160 \intbl \itap1 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \
li0
\ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx1440 \tql \tx2160 \
intbl \itap1 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
alang1025 Moderately}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs20 \rtlch \alang1025
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 - - - - - - -}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 fine}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cell }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1440 \tql \tx2160 \
alang1025 Clay loam}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs20 \rtlch \
alang1025 Sandy clay loam}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs20 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \
alang1025 Silty clay loam}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs20 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cell }\pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \
cltxlrtb \clwWidth2304 \clftsWidth3 \cellx8784 \row }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \
sp {\sn fLineOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fShadowOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp
{\sn lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineDashing}{\sv 6}}{\sp {\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp
{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn wzName}{\sv Lines 14}}{\sp {\sn fLayoutInCell}
{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt {\pict }}}}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \
fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineDashing}{\sv 6}}{\sp {\sn
fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn wzName}{\sv Lines 15}}{\sp
{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt {\pict }}}}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \
sp {\sn fLineOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fShadowOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp
{\sn lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineDashing}{\sv 6}}{\sp {\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp
{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn wzName}{\sv Lines 16}}{\sp {\sn fLayoutInCell}
{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt {\pict }}}}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs20 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Clayey soil}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 - - - - - - - }{\rtlch \
af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cell }\
pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \
lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx1440 \tql \tx2160 \intbl \itap1 \
Fine}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs20 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \
- - - - - - -}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs20 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch
lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1440 \tql \tx2160 \intbl \itap1 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Sandy clay}{\rtlch \
af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Silty clay}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Clay}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cell }\pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \
cltxlrtb \clwWidth2304 \clftsWidth3 \cellx8784 \row }\pard \plain \li360 \ri0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Density and Porosity}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22
\ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx1080 \tql \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Particle density}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Bulk density}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Porosity}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
\lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx4140 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \
{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn WrapText}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fLineOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fShadowOK}{\
sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn wzName}{\sv AutoShape 17}}{\sp {\sn fLayoutInCell}
{\sv 0}}{\shptxt \pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
alang1025 \par }}}{\shprslt {\pict }}}}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24
\rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1024 \langnp1024 \
langfe1024 \langfenp1024 \alang1025 {\shp {\*\shpinst \shpleft3888 \shptop2 \
shpright4176 \shpbottom722 \shpfhdr0 \shpbxcolumn \shpbxignore \shpbypara \
shpbyignore \shpwr3 \shpwrk0 \shpfblwtxt0 \shpz12 \shplid1042 {\sp {\sn shapeType}
{\sv 85}}{\sp {\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn WrapText}{\sv
0}}{\sp {\sn fLineOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fShadowOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}
{\sp {\sn lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn wzName}{\sv
AutoShape 18}}{\sp {\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}{\shptxt \pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \
\ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \loch \af0 \hich \af0 \dbch \f0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }}}{\shprslt {\
pict }}}}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
langfenp1033 \alang1025 Bulk density}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \
12700}}{\sp {\sn lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn lineStartArrowWidth}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
lineEndArrowLength}{\sv
0}}{\sp {\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn wzName}{\sv
Lines 19}}{\sp {\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt {\pict }}}}{\rtlch \fcs1 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 % Pore space =
100 \uc1 \u8211 ? }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 x 100}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
Particle Density}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \
Structure - combination or arrangement of primary soil particles into secondary
particles, units or peds.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \
langfenp1033 \alang1025 Types, classes and grades of soil structure.}{\rtlch \
pard \plain \li360 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin360 \rin0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Soil water}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Energy concepts of soil water: }{\rtlch \
af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cf3 \
highlight7 Adhesion}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 and }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cf3 \highlight7 Cohesion}{\rtlch \
pard \plain \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \
tql \tx720 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1440 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 4.2}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Soil Moisture
Constants}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
lin1080 \rin0 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1440 \tql \tx1800 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 a.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Field capacity}
tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1440 \tql \tx1800 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Moisture equivalent}{\
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 c.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Permanent Wilting Point
or Wilting Coefficient}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22
alang1025 d.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Hygroscopic Coefficient}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Determination of soil moisture}{\rtlch \fcs1 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Gravimetric method}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Gypsum block (Moisture bridge)}{\rtlch \fcs1 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 c.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Tensiometer}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 d.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Neutron probe}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch
langfenp1033 \alang1025 Infiltration rate}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 4.5}
Percolation and Seepage}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \
color; use of Munsell Soil Color Chart}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22
consistence}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Plasticity}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Stickiness}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Soil permeability}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Aggregate stability}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
720 \li1440 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1440 \rin0 \tql \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \s2 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa120 \lisa0 \widctlpar \keepn1 \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx360 \tql \tx720 \
itap0 \outlinelevel1 \rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 VI.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
SOIL}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \li360 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \
Essential elements}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi-360 \li1080 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \
af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 1.1}{\
Macronutirents - elements used by plants in larger quantities.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Micro-nutrients}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cf3 (}{\rtlch \fcs1 \
highlight7 trace elements}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cf3 )}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 - elements used by plants in very small
amounts.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
\adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx360 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1080 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1
Organic Matter}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi-360 \li1080
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Sources}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \s28 \qj \fi-360
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Role of organic matter (effects in soil)}{\
}\pard \plain \qj \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \
lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx360 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1440 \tql \tx2250 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1
Rapid chemical test (Methods of chemical analysis)}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 4.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Soil reaction and pH;
reserved potential or active acidity}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Nitrogen transformations; Nitrogen cycle}{\
tql \tx720 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1440 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 5.1}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Aminization -
protein and allied compounds to amino acids.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Amonification - amino acids to ammonia to
ammonium}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \
alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa120 \lisa0 \widctlpar \
adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1080 \tql \tx1440 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 5.3}{\rtlch \
Nitrification - ammonium form to nitrite and finally to nitrate}{\rtlch \fcs1 \
plain \qj \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \
tql \tx360 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1440 \itap0 \ls2 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 {\listtext \pard \plain \rtlch \
af0 \dbch \af0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \f2 6.\
tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \
Ionic exchange, Cation exchange capacity and Base saturation}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
alang1025 VII.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af5 \loch \f5
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 BIOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES OF SOIL (Soil Organism, Soil Fauna and Soil Flora)}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Bacteria}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Fungi}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Actinomycetes}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Algae}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \s3 \fi-1440 \li1440 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa120 \lisa0 \widctlpar \keepn1 \adjustright \lin1440 \rin0 \tql \tx450 \tql
\tx720 \itap0 \outlinelevel2 \rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 VIII.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 FERTILIZER AND
FERTILIZATION}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \
widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx360 \tql \tx1080 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \
dbch \af0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 {\rtlch \
Fertilizer - materials which when added to the soil or directly to the plants
provide essential elements or nutrients for plant utilization.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Classification of fertilizers}{\rtlch \fcs1 \
plain \qj \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Sufficiency level and fertilizer
recommendation; Sample problems}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch
\alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033
\langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \
widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \tx360 \tql \tx1080 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \
dbch \af0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 {\rtlch \
Fertilizer application rate; sample problems}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0
alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \s4 \qj \fi-1440 \li1440 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa120 \lisa0 \
widctlpar \keepn1 \adjustright \lin1440 \rin0 \tql \tx360 \tql \tx720
\itap0 \outlinelevel3 \rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 IX.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 LIME AND LIMING}{\rtlch \
pard \plain \qj \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \
rin0 \tql \tx360 \tql \tx720 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cf3 \highlight7 Lime}{\rtlch \fcs1
\f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 - any calcium or
magnesium compound capable of neutralizing acidity in soils.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \cf3 \highlight7 Relative
Neutralizing Power}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfenp1033 \alang1025 - capacity of the liming material to neutralize soil acids
expressed as percentage of the molecular weight of calcium carbonate.}{\rtlch \fcs1
qj \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Lime requirement}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Lime application (sample problems)}{\rtlch \
pard \plain \qj \fi-720 \li1440 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1440
\rin0 \tql \tx720 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }\pard \plain \s4 \qj \fi0 \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa120 \lisa0 \widctlpar \keepn1 \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx360 \tql \
tx720 \itap0 \outlinelevel3 \rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 X.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 SOIL SURVEY AND
CLASSIFICATION}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Definition}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \
li1440 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin1440 \rin0 \tql \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Soil survey - systematic examination,
description, classification and mapping of soil in an area.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Soil classification - systematic arrangement of
soils into groups or categories on the basis of their characteristics.}{\rtlch \
lin1440 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1800 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0
\fs24 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \loch \af0 \hich \af0 \dbch \af0 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Soil order - highest category in
soil classification}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \
lisb0 \sa60 \lisa0
\widctlpar \adjustright \lin1440 \rin0 \tql \tx720 \tql \tx1800 \itap0 \rtlch \
af5 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Soil type
- lowest unit in the natural system of soil classification.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Kinds of soil survey}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \afs22
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Specific use of soil survey}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5
\afs22 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs22 \rtlch \alang1025 \ltrch \dbch \af0 \hich \af5 \loch \
qj \fi-360 \li720 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \adjustright \lin720 \rin0 \tql \
tx360 \tql \tx720 \itap0 \ls3 \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \rtlch \
\langfenp1033 \alang1025 {\listtext \pard \plain \rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs24 \ltrch \
langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \f2 4.\tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af5 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 Soil mapping units}{\
af0 \loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1033 \langfenp1033 \alang1025 \par }}

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{\rtf1 \ansi \ansicpg1252 \deff0 \stshfdbch2 \stshfloch0 \stshfhich0 \deflang1033 \

deflangfe1033 {\fonttbl {\f0 \froman \fcharset0 \fprq2 {\*\panose

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